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	Sukkot Four minim, 4 Species for Sukkot minim
		The mitzvah of waving the Four Species derives from the Torah.
		To prepare the species for the mitzvah, the lulav is first bound together with the hadass and aravah (this bundle is also referred to as "the lulav") in the following manner: One lulav is placed in the center, two aravah branches are placed to the left, and three hadass boughs are placed to the right.
		For the Four Species specifically, there is a further "technical" requirement of hadar (beauty), which does impede the mitzvah of the Four Species from being performed.
	www.abanys.com (1316 words)

	The Four Species - Judaica Guide
		The Four Species are four types of plants that grow in Israel, for which a blessing must be said on each day of Sukkot (besides Sabbath).
		The Four Species are a symbol for the Israelites.
		There are all kinds of people, but just like the four species, all kinds of Israelites should stick together despite their differences.
	www.judaica-guide.com /the_four_species (221 words)

	Four Worlds \| telshemesh.org
		There are four corners on the ritual garment called the tallit, four species of plants gathered together for the ritual bundle called the lulav, and four poles to hold up the Jewish wedding canopy known as the chuppah.
		Fourness reflects the ages of human experience: youth, maturity and generativity, reaching one's full power in mid-life, and the challenges and joys of old age.
		Fourness is like a table: for the table to stand, each of its four corners must be equally strong.
	telshemesh.org /four (641 words)

	Human and Ape Chromosomes
		The four species have a similar number of chromosomes, with the apes all having 24 pairs, and humans having 23 pairs.
		Chromosomes 3, 11, 14, 15, 18, 20, and Y look the same in three of the four species (those three being gorilla, chimps, and humans), and chromosomes 1, 2p, 2q, 5, 7 - 10, 12, and 16 are alike in two species.
		The biggest single chromosomal rearrangement among the four species is the unique number of chromosomes (23 pairs) found in humans as opposed to the apes (24 pairs).
	www.gate.net /~rwms/hum_ape_chrom.html (2900 words)

	National recovery plan for four species of handfish
		Four species of handfish are listed as threatened under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act):
		All of theses species of handfish are endemic to Tasmania.
		The recovery plan is supported by a non-statutory, peer reviewed issues paper which describes the biology, threats and conservation status of the species.
	www.environment.gov.au /biodiversity/threatened/publications/recovery/4-handfish/index.html (204 words)

	The Four Species
		Let us meditate on the four major limbs which correspond to the four species of Sukkot, in accordance with the general principle of Kabbalah and Chassidut that all of the elements of the spiritual service of the High Holidays which precede Sukkot, find their material manifestation in the physical mitzvot of the festival of Sukkot.
		The Kabbalistic interpretation of this verse is central to the kavanot [mystical meditations] of Rosh HaShanah.).
		The lulav stands higher than all the other species, for which reason we pronounce the blessing of all the species over it ("Blessed be You...who has...commanded us to lift up the lulav").
	www.inner.org /times/tishrei/sukkot57.htm (916 words)

	Maryland Horseshoe Crabs
		The fourth species, Limulus polyphemus, is found in the waters of the North American continent.
		Check out a map of the world showing where all four species are located.
		Of the four species of horseshoe crabs that exist today, all have a similar ecology and morphology.
	www.dnr.state.md.us /education/horseshoecrab/species.html (218 words)

	Hanefesh: Jewish Laws & Customs for the Holiday of Sukkot, including How to build a sukkah and the four species
		Perhaps this is the reason why on Sukkot we take the four species -- Etrog, Lulav, myrtle and willow -- bind them close together, and wave them in all directions.
		Your local Jewish bookstore may have a "Four Species Set" with a rabbinical seal certifying their validity.
		The four species must be taken together as a unit.
	www.hanefesh.com /edu/Holidays/Sukkot.htm (3242 words)

	TPWD:Exceptions to Freshwater Harvest Regulations
		Daily bag for all species of fl bass=5 bass in any combination of which no more than 3 fish can be either smallmouth or spotted bass.
		In Comal County from the second bridge crossing on River Road upstream to the easternmost bridge crossing on FM Road 306, rainbow and brown trout may not be retained when taken by any method except artificial lures.
		Catch and release only for largemouth bass except that any bass 21 inches or greater may be retained alive in a livewell, weighed at a lakeside weigh station and then immediately released or donated to the ShareLunker program.
	www.tpwd.state.tx.us /publications/annual/fish/limits_freshwater/exceptions.phtml (2716 words)

	Calculating machine / Computer - Computerit-solutions.com
		Over the serviceability of the machine for the everyday life enterprise one stated when measuring and to make a replication that she could work only over three to four places faultlessly: The decimal carry did not function over a larger number of places.
		From this machine it manufactured four or five copies, which partially today still exist federal state museum Stuttgart) and are functional.
		It is the first fully functional four-species calculator with of several characters and two-stage decimal carry.
	www.computerit-solutions.com /calculating-machine (1201 words)

	Migratory Pollinators
		These types of migrations have been termed "endangered natural phenomena." We examined the migratory routes of these four species, and we studied their biology and the floral resources upon which they depend during migration.
		The four species of pollinators that were the focus of this project are surrogates for the countless other migratory pollinator species that will survive only if we have a clear understanding of their biology and migrations and implement effective conservation plans.
		Pollinators are "keystone species," linking the fate of many other species scattered over large landscapes.
	desertmuseum.org /pollination (855 words)

	Fish Species of Lake Lanier, Georgia
		The temperate bass family includes four species in North America, 3 that are native to Georgia and two are found in Lake Lanier.
		One species, striped bass, are anadromous (live in fresh and salt water) and occur in the coastal area.
		Four pairs of barbels around the mouth, no scales, stout spines at the pectoral and dorsal fin origins, and abdominal pelvic fins are characteristics of the family.
	lanier.sam.usace.army.mil /FishSpecies.htm (1067 words)

	Point Reyes National Seashore - Exotic Deer (U.S. National Park Service) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Of the four species of wild ungulates seen at Point Reyes National Seashore, only two are native to the California coastal ecosystem, tule elk and fl-tailed deer.
		The other two species, fallow deer and axis deer, were purchased from the San Francisco Zoo in the 1940s and released by a local landowner prior to the establishment of the Seashore.
		Four species of pinnipeds (seals and sea lions) rest onshore or breed at Point Reyes: the Northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris), the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina), the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), and the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus).
	www.nps.gov /pore/nature_wldlf_edeer.htm (632 words)

	Tapirs
		The Mountain Tapir (Tapirus pinchaque) is the smallest of the four species of tapir and is the only one to live outside of tropical rainforests in the wild.
		The Mountain Tapir is referred to as Sacha Huagra by Quechua speakers, danta cordillerana (cordilleran tapir) and danta lanuda (woolly tapir) by Spanish-speakers in Colombia, danta negra (fl tapir) by Spanish-speaking Ecuadorians, and tapir de altura (tapir of the heights) or gran bestia (large beast) by Spanish-speaking Peruvians.
		The species needs continuous stretches of cloud forest, rather than isolated patches, to successfully breed and maintain a healthy population, and this obstacle is a major concern for conservationists trying to protect the endangered animal.
	www.latinartmall.com /Tapirs.htm (1018 words)

	Journal of Experimental & Clinical Assisted Reproduction \| Full text \| Comparative analysis of follicle morphology and ...
		The use of different species to determine the morphological relationship between the follicle and oocyte has led to a recognizable pattern of follicular stages, but differences in follicle size, oocyte diameter and granulosa cell proliferation are not consistent across the different species.
		This is validated by previous data showing that in each species studied, the oocyte becomes mature at the inception of the antral fluid accumulation, but the oocyte may continue to grow in diameter to the ovulatory stage [12,18-20].
		This correlates with data presented in other mammalian species that have shown the rate of granulosa cell doubling, which is defined as the length of time required for the number of granulosa cells in the midsection of the follicle to double, is much slower in early follicular stages than at the incipient antral stage [3].
	www.jexpclinassistreprod.com /content/3/1/2 (3331 words)

	Shulchan-Aruch - Chapter 45 - Torah.org
		The first three species should be tied together, with their lower ends aligned and with the myrtle extending higher than the willow, and it is also customary to bind the LULAV in three places; see 651:1.
		The three species are held in the right hand and the citron in the left hand, all pointing upward (see 651:2); on what is done by a left-handed person or a person who is missing a hand see 651:3-4.
		The four species should be first held in the morning (after sunrise, or if necessary after dawn); they may be held all day, but especially when HALLEL is recited (652:1).
	www.torah.org /advanced/shulchan-aruch/classes/orachchayim/chapter45.html (597 words)

	Cedar Creek: In the Defense of Species
		From each functional group they selected four species that were either native to the area or had existed in the area for a while and had become firmly established.
		In the first, the researchers grew between one and four species in grassland plots, but all of the species that were together in a plot had to come from the same functional group.
		Species and functional group diversity independently influence biomass accumulation and its response to C02 and N.
	cedarcreek.umn.edu /about/kuross/defenseofspecies.html (1263 words)

	Species identification results (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Of the 15 species included in the study, 12 were polymorphic (showed more than one digest pattern) for at least one enzyme (Table 2), although not all the same species were polymorphic for the two enzymes.
		A total of 11 species were monomorphic (showed a single digest pattern) for at least one of the enzymes, leaving four species that were polymorphic for both.
		For the four species polymorphic for both ND4 enzymes, restriction enzyme digest patterns of the amplified 12S/16S rRNA region cut with Rsa I were determined from 15-20 individuals of each species for each of two years (total of 35-40 individuals per species).
	www.vims.edu /fish/fishgenetics/speciesid_results.htm (406 words)

	U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service \| Southeast Region News Release
		Although there are no confirmed historical records, biologists believe the four fish -- the endangered duskytail darter, the endangered smoky madtom, the threatened yellowfin madtom, and the threatened spotfin chub -- likely inhabited the Tellico River in the past.
		The Service has also proposed special rules stating that there would be no violation of the Act for the accidental and incidental killing or injuring of these reintroduced fish.
		For instance, if a person inadvertently takes a reintroduced species while engaged in a legal activity such as boating, fishing, or wading, and the resulting injury to or death of the fish is not considered the result of negligence, then no violation will have been committed.
	www.fws.gov /southeast/news/2001/r01-034.html (1074 words)

	Filoviruses \| CDC Special Pathogens Branch
		Four species of Ebola virus have been identified: Ivory Coast, Sudan, Zaire, and Reston.
		The outbreaks involved what eventually proved to be two different species of Ebola virus; both were named after the nations in which they were discovered.
		However, because the virus can be replicated in some species of bats, some types of bats native to the areas where the virus is found may prove to be the viruses’ carriers.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/filoviruses.htm (819 words)

	Rhyacotriton (Dunn, 1920) Torrent Salamanders
		All four species are found in the western United States, and are characterized by their preference for cold streams and temperate, coniferous forests.
		Originally, the single species in the genus Rhyacotriton was included in the families Ambystomatidae and Dicamptodontidae, and later placed at the family level, and further divided into four species...
		The four species are very similar in appearance, with a characteristic tannish-gold to brown dorsal coloration and bright orange belly.
	www.livingunderworld.org /caudata/database/rhyacotritonidae/rhyacotriton (2285 words)

	The Tapir Gallery - Tapirs Described - Discussion of the four tapir species
		There are probably more similarities between species than differences, once we ignore the superficial aspects of color and shape, and at least one species combination has been known to interbreed.
		All species are now endangered due to hunting, encroachment by humans, and habitat destruction, but the mountain tapir and Asian tapir are the most seriously threatened of the four.
		In shape, this species resembles the Baird's tapir more closely than it does the Brazilian, although it's impossible to mistake it for either of the others due to its longer, dark hair (about an inch long) and the clear white markings around its lips.
	www.tapirback.com /tapirgal/describd.htm (1669 words)

	'O'opu of Hawai'i
		Four species (Stenogobius hawaiiensis, Awaous guamensis, Lentipes concolor, and Sicyopterus stimpsoni) are in the family Gobiidae (gobies) and one species (Eleotris sandwicensis) is a member of the family Eleotridae (sleepers).
		Hawaiian 'o'opu have recently been reclassified: four species are now considered endemic, and one species 'o'opu nakea (A.
		Four of the five o'opus are endemic (found nowhere else on earth) to Hawai'i.
	www.odu.edu /sci/cqfe/Research/Areas%20of%20Research/Hawai'i/'O'opu%20of%20Hawai'i.htm (638 words)

	Photosynthesis and water relations of four oak species: impact of flooding and salinity
		Quercus species are frequently dominant in these forest, yet little is known about their salinity tolerance, especially in combination with flooding.
		The four species demonstrated two response patterns of photosynthesis (A), conductance, and leaf water potential, apparently related to their relative flood tolerance.
		Photosynthesis of all species was reduced by 6 ppt watering or flooding, with the latter treatment killing all species within 8 weeks.
	www.uga.edu /srel/Reprint/2384.htm (376 words)

	Judaism 101: Sukkot
		With these four species in hand, one recites a blessing and waves the species in all six directions (east, south, west, north, up and down), symbolizing the fact that G-d is everywhere.
		The four species are also held and waved during the Hallel prayer in religious services, and are held during processions around the bimah (the pedestal where the Torah is read) called hakafot each day during the holiday.
		We bring all four of these species together on Sukkot to remind us that every one of these four kinds of Jews is important, and that we must all be united.
	www.jewfaq.org /holiday5.htm (1646 words)

	The Nature Conservancy in the Dominican Republic - Parque Nacional del Este
		Eight species of birds are found only on Hispaniola, including the ashy-faced owl and the Hispaniolan lizard-cuckoo.
		Four species of sea turtles use the park's shores as nesting sites.
		Four luxury hotels outside the park's borders are indicators of the expanding tourism industry that increases pressure on coral reefs and other natural resources.
	www.nature.org /wherewework/caribbean/dominicanrepublic/work/art8532.html (379 words)

	Study a middle ground in 'cows vs. condos' debate \| www.azstarnet.com ®
		And for other species, low-density subdivisions are critters' best hope, because of what researchers call the "oasis effect" caused by people putting ponds or birdbaths in yards.
		Their research suggests that it's possible for what they call exurban landscapes to support a rich variety of native plants and wildlife — if housing densities are low, homeowners provide water, and land outside the homes' immediate vicinity is left undisturbed.
		This year, those hills are tinted fierce green because of the heavy monsoon rains, but most of their research for this study was done during the intensely dry period of 2002-04.
	www.azstarnet.com /sn/environment/149179 (1368 words)

	DNA barcode finds four new bird species
		In earlier studies, Hebert and colleagues at the University of Guelph showed that the COI gene was easy to isolate from a variety of animals, and that species in a broad range of animal life, from flatworms to vertebrates, have distinct COI sequences.
		Based on traditional species identification methods such as morphology and behavior, some taxonomists had already suspected that these species should be split.
		In the future many more species will be discovered both by splitting currently described species and by identifying the millions of unknown organisms yet to be collected and analyzed by taxonomists.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-09/ru-dbf092104.php (1140 words)

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