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Topic: Four Year Sejm

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	Sejm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		1.1 Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
		The legislation was drafted in the lower chamber (Sejm).
		The Sejm would vote on the budget as well as on the periodic "national plans" that were a fixture of communist economies.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sejm (1882 words)

	Poland - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		The prime minister is chosen by the president with the approval of the lower legislative house.
		The national legislature of Poland is a bicameral body consisting of a lower house, or Sejm, of 460 members elected to four-year terms, and an upper house, or Senat, of 100 members, also elected to four-year terms.
		In the general elections of June 1989, 65 per cent of the seats in the lower house were reserved for the Communist Party and its allies and 35 per cent for the opposition, led by the trade union Solidarity; no such restrictions applied to the parliamentary election held in October 1991.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /text_761559758___127/Poland.html (714 words)

	Mike Rosenzweig Ph.D.: Early History of the Jews in Poland
		The legal position of the Jews was still regulated by royal and princely privileges and Sejm statutes, with the difference that in 1539 Polish Jews from private towns and villages became subordinated to the judiciary and administration of the owners.
		In 1764 the Sejm passed a resolution on the liquidation of the central and land organization of the Jews.
		The only important concession for the Jews during the debates of the Four Year Sejm was contained in the law of the police commission of 24 May 1792 which said that Jews, like all other citizens of the Commonwealth, could avail themselves of the right not to be put in prison without a court verdict.
	www.zchor.org /heritage/history.htm (6841 words)

	500 Years of Poland's Sejm - The Sejm Chronicle Special Edition
		The year 1493 marks the beginning of the two-house parliament composed of the Senate and the House of Deputies.
		The 10th Sejm's decision to disband and shorten its term and the passing of a new electoral law on June 28, 1991, made it possible for the President to order the first fully democratic parliamentary elections in postwar Poland.
		The inaugural sitting of the Sejm was held on October 14 and that of the Senate on October 15, 1993.
	kronika.sejm.gov.pl /kronika.97/text/spec/spec0.htm (1353 words)

	Great Sejm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Since the beginning of its deliberations in Warsaw, the Sejm was accompanied by increasing publicity and interest of the general population, one of the most famous being the "fl procession" of burghers demanding more equality with the nobility (szlachta).
		The Sejm abolished the Permanent Council and from 1790 was dominated by the pro-reform king and his political supporters.
		Kazimierz Nestor Sapieha, Marshal of the Sejm (Lithuania)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Four-Year_Sejm (747 words)

	Legia Warszawa - legia.net - Warsaw (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		On 3 May 1791 the Four-Year Sejm adopted the first in Europe, and the second in the world democratic constitution, laying foundations for the new "shape" of the country.
		Following the third partition in 1795 Poland disappeared from the European maps for 123 years, and its territory was absorbed by Russia, Prussia and Austria.
		The exact date of reconstruction is difficult to determine as in some respects its processes have to be continued nowadays, and on the other hand decisions as regards the simultaneous city development were taken at a very early stage.
	english.legia.net /warsaw.php (1954 words)

	Poland - Judicial System
		Selected by the Sejm for their superior legal expertise, the members of the Constitutional Tribunal are independent and bound only by the constitution.
		The body's twenty-seven members are appointed by the Sejm from outside its membership for a term coinciding with that of the Sejm.
		Four years later, the Sejm enacted legislation establishing the Office of the Commissioner for Citizens' Rights.
	countrystudies.us /poland/79.htm (1257 words)

	Our Lady of Czestochowa - Stained-Glass Windows
		Missionaries, among whom were Portuguese Paulines in the initial years of the XVI century, participated in the expeditions to America.
		Sessions of the American Congress were held there between 1774 and 1781; George Washington was nominated as commander in chief of the Army in 1775; the signing of the Declaration of Independence and its announcement to the sounds of the Liberty Bell took place in 1776; and the Constitution was drafted in 1776.
		Arrested by the Bolsheviks in 1920, and imprisoned for two years, in a prominent trial he was sentenced to death for propagating and defending the Catholic faith and for spreading patriotism for Poland.
	www.czestochowa.us /stained_glass_us.php (10303 words)

	Legislature - Government - Poland - Europe
		The national legislature of Poland is comprised of two chambers, the Sejm, or lower house, and the Senat, or upper house.
		The Sejm consists of 460 members who are elected for four-year terms according to a system of proportional representation.
		In the general elections of June 1989, 65 percent of the seats in the Sejm were reserved for the Communist Party and its allies, the United Peasant Party and the Democratic Party, and 35 percent were reserved for the opposition, led by Solidarity.
	www.countriesquest.com /europe/poland/government/legislature.htm (195 words)

	Pulaskis of the Slepowron Crest
		He took part in the Grodno Sejm of 1744, and in 1748 he represented the Ciechanow area at the "Boni Ordinis" Sejm where he was a leading representative for the Czartoryski faction.
		In the third pair was Tomasz Zielinski the Lomza podkomorzy, uncle of Kazimierz's mother, and Ludwika Maria Poniatowska wife of the Mazowsze voivode.
		Even so, in 1793 Antoni wrote a new Sejm constitution which invalidated and annulled the decree that was issued in connection with the attempt on the life of the king.
	www.poles.org /Gorzynski.html (3972 words)

	The Sejm of the RTC
		The Kębra Rzejeni (Chamber of Regions) is elected simultaneously with the two national chambers, and thus its term lasts four years.
		They are elected by the provincial councils, immediately after the provincial elections, which take place every four years, but not simultaneously to the general elections.
		This huge number of polical parties is not only due to the aforementioned national spirit, but also to the Republic's multinational character: almost every possible space in the matrix of nationality and political orientation is representated by one or more parties.
	steen.free.fr /rtc/sejm.html (621 words)

	Sejm Sitting No 140
		Single parents will be entitled to file joint tax returns with their children until the latter reach 25 years of age if they continue to study until that time.
		Next year, companies will be entitled to deduct 25% of their income on that account, with 50% available to some categories of investors.
		The Sejm vote means that the act will be sent to the President to be signed into law in the version adopted by the Sejm, which envisages the possibility of abortion in the woman has difficult living conditions or is in a difficult personal situation.
	kronika.sejm.gov.pl /kronika/ss-140.htm (1466 words)

	Diaries and Shorthand Reports of Debates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The earliest surviving diary is from the year 1548.
		Material collected for the diarists of the Four-year Sejm exists in the archive of its Secretariat, which was thought to have been lost but which turned up in the USSR in 1960.
		In the twenty years between the two World Wars, the Shorthand Office of the Sejm and Senate of the Republic of Poland and the Editorial Office of Shorthand Reports and the Diary were available to the Sejm and Senate.
	www.senat.gov.pl /k5eng/historia/noty/nota22a.htm (843 words)

	History of Belarus Short Overvie
		The failures of the Grand Ducal army, one of which was the capture of Polatsk by Russians, resulted in the establishment of the Ljublin Union, according to which a new federative state was formed-the Rzeczpospolita-with a joint ruler, who was elected by the nobility (shljahta) and the Sejm (the Parliament).
		In order to keep the country intact, the Four-year Sejm (1788-1792) adopted on 3 May 1791 a constitution, which proclaimed the Rzeczpospolita a unitary state and reinforced the centralized authority, granted new rights to the petty bourgeoisie and put serfs under the guardship of the state.
		In reply to this Russia, on the formal invitation of the conservative representatives of shljahta, deployed troops on the territory of the Rzeczpospolita and conducted the second partition of the state, as a result of which the central part of Belarus was also annexed by Russia.
	www.belarusembassy.org /belarus/short_overview.htm (3499 words)

	Polish History - Part 8
		The first years of his rule were devoted to military and financial reforms.
		Under Russian military pressure, the Sejm of 1768 passed the so-called Cardinal Rights, which amounted to free election, liberum veto, the right to mutiny against the king and the gentry's monopoly on political activity.
		The Constitution's articles envisaged the consolidation of royal power, a reorganization of the government and improvement of the Sejm's work while the civil liberties of the gentry were to be preserved and extended onto a part of the bourgeoisie.
	www.poloniatoday.com /history8.htm (1139 words)

	Franciszka Krasinska
		During the Sejm of 1767, when the Saxon princes pleaded with Empress Katherine II for support, the proud princess rejected any favors.
		The life she led there was far from bright and happy, for she had to endure frequent solitude, constant material worries, humiliation from the court which denied her certain rights -- as to what was her portion [of the inheritance].
		The Four-Year Sejm granted a life-long pension to her only daughter, Maria Krystyna who was born on December 7, 1779.
	www.poles.org /Krasinska.html (1536 words)

	Sejm - IBWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Kębra Rejoni (Chamber of Regions) is elected simultaneously with the two national chambers, and thus its term lasts four years.
		For example, king Marcin I the Snorist filled the Koziel almost entirely with members of his own family, while his successor, August VI the Henpecked, evoked quite a scandal when he first appointed his driver, subsequently his cook, and at last three of his mistresses members of the Koziel.
		Because it is particularly hard to build a parliamentary majority, most governments are occasional coalitions of many parties (at least four, sometimes up to fifteen), and they rarely last longer than a year; by fulfilling its four-year term, the previous government of prime minister Jan Sacz has established a post-war record.
	ib.frath.net /w/Sejm (628 words)

	Awards - Kazimierz Krasinski
		In the youth he stayed on the court of King Henry IV of France and then educated on the Military Cadet School of Stanisaw Leszczyski in Luneville.
		He was Sejm Marshal of the Sejm (ordinary) on September 30 - November 9, 1782 in Warsaw.
		During the Four-Year Sejm in 1788, he was a member of the Military Commission of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and a supporter of the 3rd May Constitution.
	mywebpage.netscape.com /Abashiri2781/kazimierz-krasinski-awards.html (160 words)

	Poland-Lithuania- Constitution of May 3rd (1788-1791) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Burghers were even allowed to have elected representation in the Sejm, although their representation was restricted to matters that concerned towns and not the nation.
		The Sejm was to be convened every 2 years, with a special Sejm held every 25 years for making amendments to the constitution.
		Further, the stipulation of convening a Sejm in 25 years to make amendments to the constitution was proposed in part because some Reformists felt by that time the serfs would be advocating for their own civil rights.
	66.191.124.219:5980 /History/PreModernEurope/pl-24constitution.htm (823 words)

	Judiciary - Government - Poland - Europe
		The court is organized into four chambers: criminal, civil, labor and social insurance, and administration.
		The presiding officer of the Supreme Court, called the first president, is appointed from among the court justices by the Sejm upon the recommendation of the country’s president.
		Selected by the Sejm for four-year terms, the members of both tribunals are independent and bound only by the law.
	www.countriesquest.com /europe/poland/government/judiciary.htm (182 words)

	Poland - Senate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The upper house of the National Assembly, the Senate, was reestablished by the Round Table Agreement more than four decades after being abolished by the communist government.
		As in the Sejm, committee appointments are dictated by the numerical strength of the parties and factions represented in the chamber.
		The Sejm and Senate presidia occasionally meet to coordinate agendas and create joint committees as required.
	countrystudies.us /poland/75.htm (206 words)

	Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Sejm formally introduces Polish national colors during the November Uprising, on February 7, 1831.
		The colors were white and red, and were used in the national uprisings of the 19th century is the form of white-and-red ribbons.
		Then the Act goes on to stipulate that the state flag is to be hoisted by the Sejm and Senat (lower and upper houses of the Parliament), the President, the Government and the Prime Minister, by local authorities (during legislative sessions) and by other governmental bodies (during national holidays).
	www.fotw.us /flags/pl.html (2358 words)

	Tadeusz Ko¶ciuszko (1746-1817)
		Five years abroad gave the young man a good insight and understanding of the need for the changes and reforms that Poland desperately needed.
		Two years earlier Poland had sustained the First Partition by Russia, Prussia and Austria, which were no match for the limited, 10,000-strong Polish army.
		The situation did change, however, in 1791 when the Four-Year Sejm (1788-1791) enacted reforms in the army, treasury and the executive authority, to improve the domestic conditions of the state.
	www.poland.gov.pl /Tadeusz,Kosciuszko,(1746-1817),1966.html (1005 words)

	Poniatowski
		In the years to come and for the rest of their lives both Sanguszko and Poniatowski will endlessly reexamine the Zielence battle in their minds, each seeking ways in which they might have been able to take advantage of the situation back then...
		During military campaigns, preoccupied with combat, he often became neglectful of the support, infrastructure, supply, and also of the organizational and operational aspects of active warfare, for which he was criticized by Napoleon (in particular he balked at "supplying" his troops at the expense of local civilian populations).
		During the passage of the document by the Sejm Poniatowski stood in the room with a group of uhlans (in his role as commander of the Royal Infantry Guard) to prevent an armed intervention by its opponents.
	members.core.com /~gugalo (5709 words)

	Year One of the Russian Revolution \| Chpt. 7 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		As we have remarked concerning the debates of Brest-Litovsk: until the Year One of the Russian revolution of workers and peasants, working-class history contained no examples at all of a revolutionary movement which was not in the end swallowed, corrupted and betrayed by opportunism.
		Savinkov's League was organized in clandestine groups of four or five persons at the most, the nuclei of a small secret army that had enough hierarchy and centralization to offer minimum scope for repression, while permitting determined action at the appropriate moment.
		The budget as forecast for the year was between eighty and a hundred thousand million roubles; the most opimistic estimates of the actual revenue put it at fifteen thousand million.
	www.marxists.org /archive/serge/1930/year-one/ch07.htm (16477 words)

	Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Its powerful parliament (the Sejm) was dominated by nobles who were reluctant to wage offensive wars, thus sparing the country the ravages of the Thirty Years' War.
		In the late 17th century, the weakened Commonwealth under King Jan III Sobieski was still strong enough to deal crushing defeats to the Ottoman Empire: in 1683, the Battle of Vienna marked the final turning point in a 250-year struggle between the forces of Christian Europe and the Islamic Ottoman Empire.
		Attempts at reform, such as those made by the Four-Year Sejm of 1788–1792, which culminated in the May 3rd Constitution of 1791, came too late, and the country was partitioned in three stages by the neighboring Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia, and Austrian Empire.
	polish-lithuanian-commonwealth.iqnaut.net (4431 words)

	UNECE Statistics - handbook of Official Statistics in the UNECE Region
		The following year, the CSO was provided with a legal basis for conducting and coordinating statistical surveys and the office was subordinated to the President of the Council of Ministers.
		A year later, a new legal basis for the operation of the CSO was established, adjusting its activities to the new social and legal structures of the country.
		It is subordinated to the President of the Council of Ministers.
	www.unece.org /stats/handbook/countries/pol.htm (992 words)

	POLAND
		Brandys points out that for three hundred years, between the Renaissance and the Partitions which abolished Polish independence, Poland functioned without great upheavals, stable at a time when Europe was staggered by peasant revolts, the Inquisition, dynastic wars, religious wars, the Hundred Years War, the Thirty Years War.
		Józef Piłsudski was born in a country manor in Lithuania, to a family of the Polish squires who had dominated that country for centuries, only four years after the suppression of the last great Polish insurrection which began in January l863.
		Here were the origins of the Polish parliament, the Sejm, and the seeds of a 'noble democracy' which was to put bounds on the power of the crown.
	grunwald.iatp.by /pl/POLAND.htm (11874 words)

	CPS \| Monitor \| Judiciary \| Poland
		All cases in which its intervention is justified may be referred to it by the President, the Sejm or the Prime Minister or it may act on its own initiative.
		Its members are elected by the Sejm for a nine-year, non-renewable term of office.
		The main problems affecting the Polish justice system appear to be the time taken to process cases, in particular in the fields of civil or commercial law, and the difficulty enforcing decisions taken by the courts.
	www.osi.hu /eumap/judpl.htm (1064 words)

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