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Topic: Four wheel steering

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	Steering - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Steering is the term applied to the collection of components, linkages, etc. which allow for a car or other vehicle to follow a course determined by its driver, except in the case of rail transport in which rail tracks combined together with railroad switches provide the steering function.
		Some vehicles now offer a form of "passive" four wheel steering, where the bushings by which the rear suspension attaches to the automobile are designed to compress in a precise direction under the forces of steering, thus slightly altering the rear suspension geometry in such a manner as to enhance stability.
		Articulated steering is a system by which a four wheel drive vehicle is split into front and rear halves which are connected by a vertical hinge.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Steering (928 words)

	Steering
		Steering is the term applied to the collection of components, linkages, and etc. that allows for a car or other vehicle to follow a course determined by its driver.
		The most conventional steering arrangement is to turn the front wheels using a hand-operated steering wheel which is positioned in front of the driver.
		The rack moves from side to side and applies torque to the kingpins of the steered wheels via tie rods and a short lever called the steering arm.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/s/st/steering.html (462 words)

	Four wheel steering.
		Four wheel steering greatly improves the maneuverability of the machine and improves the turning circle by about 40%.
		For the electronic control in the two wheel steering mode the front sensor is ignored and a signal is taken from a fixed voltage source.
		In Two Wheel Steer mode the rear axle position is monitored continually and fine adjustments are made by the system to ensure the wheels keep straight.
	www.frazier.co.uk /fourwhee.htm (877 words)

	A steering linkage for short wheelbase vehicles: Design and evaluation in a wheelchair power base - A technical note (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Another benefit of locating the drive wheels close to the geometric center of the chair is that a larger portion of the total weight of the wheelchair is borne by the drive wheels and less by the caster wheels.
		Two possible drive configurations are either to mount the motors directly onto the wheels and configure the power base to allow for rotation of the entire motor and wheel assembly, or to deliver power to each of the steered wheels through a right-angle drive assembly along the wheel's turning axis.
		The curve in the figure estimates the sum of linear force required on the sliding member of the linkage per unit torque on the wheels (the sum required to turn all four wheels) as a function of the angle of the inside wheel relative to the straight ahead null position.
	www.vard.org /jour/99/36/1/brienza.htm (2759 words)

	Steering biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Tracked vehicles such as tanks usually employ differential steering-- that is, the tracks are made to move at different speeds or even in opposite directions to bring about a change of course.
		In a rack and pinion design the steering wheel turns the pinion via the steering column which may use universal joints.
		Recently, four wheel steering has gained popularity especially in bigger cars with four wheel drive used for towing.
	steering.biography.ms (488 words)

	Steering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Steering is the term applied to the collection of components, linkages, and etc. which allow for a car or other vehicle to follow a course determined by its driver, except in the case of rail transport in which rail tracks combined together with railroad switch es provide the steering function.
		The most conventional steering arrangement is to turn the front wheel s using a hand-operated steering wheel which is positioned in front of the driver.
		The rack moves from side to side and applies torque to the kingpin s of the steered wheels via tie rods and a short lever called the steering arm.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/S/Steering.htm (598 words)

	4WS ñèñòåìà óïðàâëåíèÿ çàäíèìè êîëåñàìè (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The degree of rear wheel steering was determined by the measurement of both front wheel steering angle and vehicle speed, by means of a central computer unit.
		It steers the rear wheels toward the opposite phase (direction) of the front wheel during speeds less than 35km/h (22mph) for a tighter turn and "neutralizes" them (to a straightforward direction, as in a conventional two-wheel steering principle) at 35km/h (22mph).
		It locks the rear wheels in a "neutral" (straightforward) position with the centering lock spring, which is activated by a solenoid valve in case of failure to ensure a normal 2WS function for the vehicle.
	mazda.tetracom.net /4ws.htm (1515 words)

	Pirate4x4.Com - Extreme Four Wheel Drive
		Shows the input end of the steering unit, as well as the 4 threaded holes to which a) the steering input shaft bolts; and b) the steering unit is mounted to the vehicle.
		This opposed to conventional power steering where the steering gearbox must fit in a very specific location such that it can be joined via mechanical linkage to both the steering wheel and the steering knuckles (via the pitman arm and drag link / tie rod).
		If the steering stops hit before the cylinder is out of stroke, and the pump is producing healthy flow and pressure, it is quite conceivable that continuing to turn the steering wheel after the knuckles reach their stops would simply shear the knuckles right off the housing.
	www.pirate4x4.com /tech/billavista/PR-Hydro_Steering/index3.html (6055 words)

	Pirate4x4.Com - Extreme Four Wheel Drive
		Steering unit (top right) - similar in function to the automotive "steering box", it is the part that translates operator input at the steering wheel (shown attached in the pic) to actual movement of the steered wheels.
		It bolts directly to the steering unit on one end, and then either directly to the steering wheel (as shown in the pic at left) on the other end; or can be connected to a further steering shaft that connects to the steering wheel.
		Normally, the "steering wheel" end of the shaft is provided with both a threaded end and nut, as well as a splined section to facilitate a number of different options for mounting the steering wheel or an intermediate shaft.
	www.pirate4x4.com /tech/billavista/PR-Hydro_Steering/index2.html (12892 words)

	Accident Reconstruction News
		At higher speeds, the rear wheels are in the positive phase, turning in the same direction as the front wheels.
		The positive rear steering phase reduces the articulation angle between the vehicle and trailer, which reduces the lateral forces applied to the rear of the vehicle by the trailer.
		Steering the rear wheels in the same direction as the front wheels at higher speeds helps reduce the vehicle yaw, or rotational motion, required to accomplish a maneuver, thus helping to stabilize the vehicle response during passing, lane change or evasive maneuvers even under adverse road conditions.''
	www.accidentreconstruction.com /news/mar00/030100c.html (824 words)

	[No title]
		Four Wheel Steering works by incorporating a steering mechanism (similar to the one at the front end) into the rear of the car and controlling it electronically or mechanically.
		The rear wheels are turned in the same direction or opposite direction as the front wheels, depending on the speed the car is travelling and the angle to which the steering wheel is turned.
		When the steering wheel is turned to a certain pre-set angle and the car is moving at a pre-determined speed, then the rear wheels will turn in the same direction as the front ones.
	carcare.unipart.co.uk /when/hycw4steer.htm (784 words)

	Four-Wheel Steering Technology a (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Turning the rear wheels in the same direction as the front is, according to David Alter who studied 4WS systems in the late eighty’s, called same steer and turning the rear wheels opposite that of the front is called counter steer.
		Considering the effects of both the steering methods intuitively, counter steering at high speeds would be dangerous because of the very high yaw rates produced, and same steer at low speeds would be useless.
		Parameters such as the wheel base and suspension were all optimal for a two-wheel steering vehicle.
	www.cen.uiuc.edu /~ohtomo/fourwstafsae122003.html (1337 words)

	Four-wheel steering sensors
		At high speeds, the rear wheels are steered in the same direction as the front.
		At low speeds, the rear wheels are steered in the opposite direction from the front to reduce the vehicle’s turning circle making parallel parking a piece of cake.
		Novotechnik position sensors at the driver’s wheel and the rear axle provide the high-resolution, multiple-redundant measurements necessary to implement four-wheel steering.
	www.novotechnik.com /us_rear_ax.html (126 words)

	M274 Mule
		Note the operation of the four wheel steering in the picture taken at the beach (left).
		A spare wheel is not standard - the manual says to put a flat on the front right corner, move all the weight off that corner and run on the three good tyres.
		The steering column and steering wheel fold flat, both for transport purposes, and so that the Mule can be controlled by a soldier walking or crouching behind it if necessary.
	www.4wdonline.com /Mil/Mule/Mule.html (421 words)

	Trailer Life> TL Test (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In essence, the Quadra-Steer system includes a rear axle that's similar to the front steering axles used on solid-axle four-wheel-drive (4WD) trucks, a rack-and- pinion steering gear setup on the rear axle, an electric motor with a planetary reduction gearset to power the rack-and- pinion gear, a control unit and front-wheel position sensor.
		Turn the steering wheel right, and the rear wheels steer left to accentuate the turning effects and reduce the overall turning radius.
		At higher road speeds, the rear steering is "in phase" with the front wheels, in that the front and rear wheels both move right or left together, to stabilize maneuvers such as lane changes.
	www.trailerlife.com /test/0010v8_quadrasteer.cfm (500 words)

	Four-Wheel-Steer Jeeps
		The axles were coupled together so that they'd steer in concert, with the front and rear wheels steering opposite to each other.
		Referring again to the old couple-gear trucks, the rear steering could be operated independently and the rig could be made to "walk" sideways.
		The Cavalry branch persisted with it's request for four-wheel steering, and in the spring of 1941, Ford contracted with the government to build 50 four-wheel-steer versions of the GP model for more tests, and Ford delivered the last of those in October of that year.
	www.jpmagazine.com /thehistoryof/5463 (1233 words)

	SAE - Team 1 - Four Wheel Steering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		There had to be clearance for the wheels to turn, the rack to travel and for the shafts to rotate freely.
		It was determined that in order to allow the rear wheels to travel 15 degrees the rear end of the car must be widened.
		With a front wheel steering system the car turns about the back wheels but a four wheel steering car will turn about some point between the front and rear wheels.
	www.eng.fsu.edu /ME_senior_design/2004/team1 (547 words)

	JS Online: 4-wheel steering a winner in loaded Denali pickup
		The rear wheels are turned electrically, and their action is computer-controlled to coordinate with the conventional hydraulic front steering.
		The rear wheels don't turn dramatically like the front wheels do - their turning is just a couple of inches in each direction, but enough to make a major difference in the vehicle's handling.
		Audio controls are built into the steering wheel, and the sun visors have extensions to cover the area between them.
	www.jsonline.com /wheels/peak/feb02/23849.asp?format=print (1060 words)

	Delphi Steering New 4-Wheel Drive
		It is billed as an electronic four-wheel steering system that enables full-size vehicles greater ease of maneuverability while driving or trailering at low speeds, and improved stability, handling and control at higher speeds--especially while trailering.
		At lower speeds, the rear wheels turn in the opposite direction of the front wheels improving parking maneuvers.
		Using the rear wheels to steer also greatly improves the trailer response to steering inputs, making it easier to back a trailer into position.
	www.theautochannel.com /articles/2001/01/24/013351.html (568 words)

	Four Wheel Steering Resources
		Similar to the Race series, the Momo Corse wheel is a thin, sporty wheel with a subtle fl center hub.
		This mechanically inhibits usage of the rear wheel steering when the transfer case is not in...
		A steering wheel cover is an automotive accessory used to enhance the grip, comfort, or appearance of a steering wheel.
	www.steering-wheels-online.com /directory/four-wheel-steering.html (627 words)

	ROCKCRAWLER.com - GMC First to Offer Four Wheel Steering on a Full-Size Truck. Quadrasteer on 2002 GMC Sierra Denali
		In "4WS" mode at lower speeds, the rear wheels turn in the opposite direction of the front wheels, which helps the vehicle make tighter turns, such as when cornering or slipping into a tight parking space.
		At higher speeds, the rear wheels turn in the same direction as the front wheels, reducing the vehicle’s "yaw," or rotational motion, for dramatically better stability during lane changes and when being passed by a large truck.
		Quadrasteer operates by sensing the driver’s desired steering input by way of a steering wheel position sensor.
	www.rockcrawler.com /features/newsshorts/01august/denali.asp (676 words)

	TechnoFILE
		Yukon also offers you a variety of drive modes, from regular rear wheel drive to “automatic” (which sends torque from the rears to the fronts, making it four wheel drive, when required) as well as low and high range four wheel drive.
		I kept it in two wheel drive for most city and highway driving, but on a road trip along a snow and ice-covered parkway in Banff national park the four wheel drive high range mode came in really handy and made the Yukon feel secure and serene even though the road conditions were quite crummy.
		The four door truck is roomy and comfortable, though the rear doors don’t open as wide as my potato-shaped body would like and the seats aren’t as roomy as those in the admittedly longer, Yukon.
	www.technofile.com /cars/yukon_denali_silverado.html (1963 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The first models, the M274 and the M274A1, had a four cylinder horizontally opposed, air cooled Willys engines.The later models, the M274A2, M274A3, M274A4, and M274A5 have a two cylinder, horizontally opposed air cooled military standard engine.
		The M274 consists of a platform mounted on two drop axles with four wheels.
		All models are equipped with full time four-time four wheel drive, two speed transfercase, and a three forward and one reverse speed transmission.
	www.militarymules.com /info.html (538 words)

	CanadianDriver: GMC's four-wheel-steering to revolutionise trailer towing?
		Below 60 km/h, the rear wheels turn in the opposite direction to the front wheels, and above 60 km/h the rear wheels turn in the same direction as the front wheels.
		A button on the dashboard allows the driver to choose between 2WS (only front wheels turn) 4WS (all four wheels turn), and 4WS Tow (steering angle is adjusted for easier trailer towing).
		The PHT truck features a 42 volt battery pack (soon to be standard on new vehicles), electric power steering, an electric water pump, and the ability to generate 110 volt power.
	www.canadiandriver.com /articles/gw/4ws.htm (1084 words)

	[No title]
		In two-wheel steering, the front wheels steer and the rear wheels follow, at times with resistance.
		Unlike technology that drivers may only occasionally use, such as four-wheel drive, four-wheel steering delivers improved control and requires less effort from the driver on a daily basis.
		Activating the four-wheel steering tow mode enables the trailer and truck to feel more like a single unit, delivering added control with much less trailer wag.
	www.delphi.com /news/solutions/monthly/ms6688-01012002 (860 words)

	PickupTruck.Com - Three Technologies That Will Change Your Pickup Truck
		About the same time GM was showcasing a much more advanced version of four wheel steering in its Blazer XT-1 concept vehicle.
		At low speeds the rear wheels turn in the opposite, or negative, direction of the front wheels up to a transition zone of around 40 to 45 mph where the rear wheels track neutrally.
		4WS TOW reduces the amount of rear wheel steer at slower speeds, when the wheels are turning in opposite directions, but increases it at higher speeds when the wheels turn in the same direction.
	www.pickuptruck.com /html/stories/gmctech/three1.html (751 words)

	CanadianDriver: Quadrasteer four-wheel-steering system offered on more GM trucks
		Troy, Michigan - The Quadrasteer four-wheel steering system, which debuted on the top-of-the-line GMC Sierra Denali full size pickup, will now be available on the 2002 GMC Sierra and Chevy Silverado 1/2 ton, extended cab short box trucks.
		The Terra4 is a four-door, four-wheel drive, four-wheel steer utility truck with four doors and four ways to access the cargo bay.
		At higher speeds, the rear wheels turn in the same direction as the front wheels.
	www.canadiandriver.com /news/020213-8.htm (306 words)

	Vehicular four wheel steering systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A four wheel steering control electronically modifies the steer angle of the rear wheels dependent on the steer angle of the front wheels and vehicle speed.
		It allows movement in the front wheels up to a predetermined steer angle to provide for movement in the rear wheel assembly so that both are in the same direction.
		Application: Four-wheel steering can be applied to off-highway vehicles such as fork lifts, agricultural and construction equipment, and mining machinery.
	www.ksu.edu /tech.transfer/macc/fourwheel.htm (287 words)

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