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	AHA Information: Joseph R. Strayer Presidential Address (1971) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		After centuries of relatively calm and continuous development, cracks appear in the value system and the social structure; cracks that are too wide to be spanned by the bridge of tradition and too deep to be filled by the rubble of rejected utopias and patchwork reforms.
		It was not sentimental antiquarianism in the fourteenth century to appeal to the principles of Magna Carta, or to the even-handed justice of St. Louis, or to the civic virtue of the early Florentines.
		In the fourteenth century, on the other hand, the problems were not apathy but exaggerated sensitivity, not lack of interest in social organization but strong differences of opinion about how to make social organizations work, not the absence of conviction but frustration caused by the poor quality of leadership.
	www.historians.org /info/AHA_history/jrstrayer.htm (6617 words)

	PETERSON (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Fourteenth-century education is generally characterized as “stagnant”: an era caught between the theological innovation of Aquinas and Aristotelian-based dialectic, and the affective rhetorical flowering of the humanists.
		I intend to demonstrate that the fourteenth century was an age of transition in medieval education, rather than dissolution, by examining glossed medieval manuscripts of one prominent pagan text, Lucan’s epic the Bellum civile (also known as the Pharsalia).
		Medieval commentary of the fourteenth century is sharply differentiated by chronological period.
	www.brown.edu /Departments/Medieval_Studies/Conference/2001/peterson.html (444 words)

	Clothing Of The Fourteenth Century
		In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries its use was forbidden to priests.
		The period for "Romeo and Juliet" is the commencement of the fourteenth century; for the older characters such as Montague, Capulet and the Prince, a little theatrical license is allowed and they appear in the houppelande and chaperon, the latter even decorated with a plume, albeit these were fashions which came a bit later.
		The anelace, a dagger, was stuck in the girdle and the gipciere worn with it.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles09/clothes-23.shtml (2822 words)

	Politics and Society in the Fourteenth Century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		During the second half of the fourteenth century, new social and theological movements shook past certainties about the divine right of kings, the division of society among three estates, the authority of the church, and the role of women.
		In the fourteenth century the monarchy came under considerable new pressures.
		And at the end of the century, Edward III's mistress Alice Perrers was widely criticized for her avarice and her influence on the aging king (for instance by William Langland who refers to her in the allegorical figure Lady Meed).
	occawlonline.pearsoned.com /bookbind/pubbooks/damrosch_awl/chapter2/medialib/politics.html (1627 words)

	Hinnebusch: 4 The Fourteenth Century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The conflict between reformed and unreformed friars during the fifteenth century, and the trend toward centralization that developed in the Church itself during the sixteenth, account for this growth.
		In the late fourteenth century Archbishop Fitzralph of Dublin renewed the attacks the diocesan clergy had made on the ministry of the friars a century before.
		The German mystics of the fourteenth century were the heirs of this tradition of cooperation with religious people.
	www.op.org /domcentral/trad/shorthistory/short04.htm (6083 words)

	The English Language in the Fourteenth Century (general note)
		By the later fourteenth century a demand for English had developed, and literary works in English were wanted not because their audience had no French but because they preferred English.
		By the fifteenth century, London English was firmly established as the dialect spoken by the denizens of power, a fact used for comic effect in The Second Shepherds' Play.
		The fifteenth century was the time of The Great Vowel Shift, which accounts for the greatest difference between Modern English and Chaucer's English, the Pronunciation of the "long vowels." This is not as difficult as it may seem; use the exercises provided.
	www.people.fas.harvard.edu /~chaucer/language.html (1898 words)

	HOASM: The Ars Nova in England
		In the fourteenth century Ars Nova music was soon cultivated there in the form of the motet, as an Oxford manuscript from Bury containing at least two French motets proves.
		In the fourteenth century it was extremely common and can generally be recognized immediately by the setting of all three voices in score, as in the old conductus.
		All through the fourteenth century the improvisatory nature of this English harmony remained clear, and it could not develop till Dunstable and his contemporaries incorporated the sweet consonances of this style into the accepted traditional harmonic system of the Middle Ages.
	www.hoasm.org /IIIC/ArsNovaEngland.html (1781 words)

	Medieval Costume (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The short, tightly-fitting tunic of the early 14th century, the cotehardie, reached to the knees, or sometimes the upper thigh, and was fastened with a belt; its sleeves were tight-fitting and buttoned to the elbow (left).
		Later in the century the layered look became less obvious; while an equally tight-fitting underdress would be worn beneath the cotehardie, the cotehardie was full-length and revealed the underdress only at the sleeves, which were often in a contrasting colour.
		The second half of the century also saw the development of the sideless gown or sideless surcoat, a sleeveless overtunic with the front of the bodice cut away, sometimes to a narrow strip (right).
	users.iafrica.com /m/me/melisant/costume/garb4.htm (896 words)

	Chapter 3 : Mujaddid of the Fourteenth Century
		Two years later, i.e., in the closing year of the thirteenth century of Hijra, he issued a third part of the same book, in which were published several revelations which he had received from God, in one of which he claimed to be the promised reformer, mujaddid, of the fourteenth century of Hijra.
		It was just the commencement of the fourteenth century of Hijra, and a hadith of the Holy Prophet promised to them a reformer at the commencement of each century.
		Its author, too, has proved himself firm in helping the cause of Islam, with his property and his person and his pen and his tongue and his personal religious experience, to such an extent that an example of it is rarely met with among the Muslims who have gone before.
	www.muslim.org /books/f-ahm-mv/ch3.htm (1044 words)

	ORB: The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies
		On the bread and butter level, the whole century was one of shocks and adjustments.
		It was during the fourteenth century that the sale of indulgences became a mass market operation.
		During the thirteenth and fourteenth century, the Franciscans and Dominicans were the most popular bodies within the church because they met the spiritual needs of the laity best.
	the-orb.net /textbooks/muhlberger/14c_religion.html (2101 words)

	La Trobe University - Library: Medieval Music Database - Annual cycle of feasts of liturgical chant, liturgical ...
		Its current scope covers all of the music of the fourteenth century and all liturgical chant currently electronically indexed, adding to these links transcriptions with modern music notation (where melodic information is available),original manuscripts where possible and links to the electronic editions themselves.
		All of the named composers of the fourteenth century are listed, along with the alternate forms of their names.
		Four complete manuscripts are currently available: a Cistercian Gradual of the thirteenth century, a certified Dominican antiphonal of the fourteenth century, a Franciscan Common of the Saints from the fourteenth century and an Italian thirteenth-century Antiphonal.
	www.lib.latrobe.edu.au /MMDB (544 words)

	History of the Clan Macrae - The Fourteenth Century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		There were no family or hereditary surnames in the Highlands of Scotland until the early part of the fourteenth century.
		Probably during the first half of the fourteenth century, One of the sons of Macrae of Clunes is said to have gone to Kintail.
		Mackenzie's proposals were accepted, and Macrae settled in Kintail, where he married one Macbeolan or Gillanders, a kinswoman of the Earls of Ross, by whom Kintail was held before it came into the possession of the Mackenzies.
	mcraeclan.com /ClanHistory/Dates/1300s.htm (209 words)

	Quilting - 14th Century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		is described in the fourteenth century Romance of Arthur of Lytel Brytayne.
		By the end of the fourteenth century, bedcovers were being decorated with elaborate designs of knights, kings, castles, horses, ships, and flowers.
		Written accounts of the fifteenth century indicate that in Europe quilting was done on bed furnishings and armor with stuffed and corded quilting being done in Germany and England.
	www.kateryndedevelyn.org /qult14th.htm (1648 words)

	14th Century Society
		We are an interdisciplinary and multinational group of professional scholars whose research interests focus on the European fourteenth century, a period of history most tactfully described as an "age of adversity." Such an assessment, however, does not tell the whole story.
		While it is reasonably well known that the fourteenth century brought plague, warfare, famine, schism, and lousy weather to Europe, the same time period also produced some of our greatest authors, artists, musicians, mystics, philosophers, and theologians.
		The 14th Century Society was founded for the purposes of fostering scholarship on this period and providing opportunities for dialogue between fourteenth-century specialists in fields including art history, history, music, language and literature studies, philosophy, and religious studies.
	pages.slu.edu /faculty/anderswl/14thc (361 words)

	A Lady's Fourteenth-Century Style Knitted Hood
		People definitely were knitting in the fourteenth century, but evidence that they were knitting hoods is hard to come by.
		However, hoods of this style were worn by both men and women, especially in the middle years of the century, and appear frequently in the art of the time.
		One could also argue that this style of hood remained in use into the sixteenth century and the buttons are appropriate to a fifteenth-century version.
	members.aol.com /noramunro/Wardrobe/14chood.htm (998 words)

	The New Forces of the Fourteenth Century
		Medieval universalism, though already in decline in the fourteenth century, is the only possible key to a genuine understanding of what the King of Bohemia, of German race but deeply influenced by French and also Italian culture, really wanted to achieve as emperor.
		In the fourteenth century it was definitely Serbia which was assuming the leading position in the Balkans.
		The growing international role of Poland in the fourteenth century, so different from her precarious political position in the thirteenth, was the natural result of her restoration as a united kingdom.
	victorian.fortunecity.com /wooton/34/halecki/7.htm (8176 words)

	Medieval Clothing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		According to Newton, the fool occupied a position of some importance in the royal courts of the fourteenth century; she gives several instances of the privileges and respect accorded the fool (Newton, 1980: 80), including elaborate headdresses and clothing.
		Although fourteenth century art is quite stylised, it seems likely that one of the hoods has points which are designed to stick straight up into the air (1), while the other allows them to droop (2).
		As well as the cape and hood, the fourteenth century is also characterised by the use of particolour tunics; Houston reports this as "a favourite effect" of the century, giving examples in various British Museum manuscripts of the early and mid 14th century (1939: 95, 109).
	users.iafrica.com /m/me/melisant/costume/jester.htm (862 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		For many years of the early twentieth century, most scholars subscribed to the belief that the fourteenth century was a "dead" time, when people were caught up in an outdated past and were lacking in any kind of insight for the future.
		Huizinga sees the fourteenth century as the medieval ideal in its last stage; people were clinging to a lifestyle that had passed its point of usefulness.
		Composers of the fourteenth century were thinking more than their predecessors about the overall efffect of a piece.
	www.vanderbilt.edu /htdocs/Blair/Courses/MUSL242/oneal.htm (1435 words)

	A Quick Guide to the World History of Globalization
		The historical chronology of modernity coincides with the chronology of globalization from the eighteenth century.
		The 17-18th centuries were the age of mercantilism, in which state power depended directly on the sponsoring and control of merchant capital, and merchant capital expanded under the direct protection and subsidy of the state treasury.
		In the discourse of nationalism, the "nation" and "empire" lived in their opposition to one another; but "economic imperialism" was standard practice for economically expansive nation states, and "gun boat diplomacy" became a typical feature of economic transactions among hostile states.
	www.sas.upenn.edu /~dludden/global1.htm (2531 words)

	The Theatre In France - Miracle Plays And Mimed Mysteries In The 14th Century
		In addition, we have from the fourteenth century a manuscript Histoire de Grisélidis.
		Throughout the fourteenth century the French and also the Latin Mystery Plays were performed in the churches and graveyards, or in the market-places, with the same ceremonial as in the thirteenth century.
		While there was but a scanty production of Religious Dramas in the fourteenth century, this sterility was even more marked on the side of Comedy, for there is not a single composition of this period worthy of the name.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles32n/theatre-14.shtml (891 words)

	Chapter VI : Renovator (Mujaddid) of the Fourteenth Century
		There can be more than one mujaddid in a century, of course, but the one who was going to appear at the head of this century was also going to fulfil some of the prophecies relating to this age and accordingly, a great task was awaiting him.
		Thus our first question as to who was the mujaddid appointed at the head of the fourteenth century Hijrah has been answered in a clear and explicit manner.
		This is all the work of the mujaddid of the fourteenth century because it is he who laid its foundation.
	aaiil.org /text/books/mali/promisedmessiah/ch6renovatormujaddidfourteenthcentury.shtml (3988 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The fourteenth century in Europe was a time of tremendous crisis, ferment, and change.
		The fourteenth century saw great activity in religion and heresy, and in particular saw a larger role played by women in contemplative devotion.
		This assignment examines the concept of chivalry, and its survival in the fourteenth century as chronicled by Jean Froissart.
	www.holycross.edu /departments/history/lattreed/cal14syl.htm (3691 words)

	Devon in the Fourteenth Century
		The question I have been asked most often is "why write about the 14th century?", and it seems to me that the best answer is to read my books because they show just why I had to choose this period.
		Well, for a start, at the beginning of the century the whole of Christianity was reeling from the disaster of losing the Crusader kingdoms.
		It is a landscape which has changed over the centuries.
	www.michaeljecks.co.uk /devon.html (907 words)

	Fourteenth Century Texts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It is hard to imagine any other event that so marked this century as did the Hundred Years' War.
		Its influence was felt strongly in the literature of the time, most notably as the object of the chroniqueur.
		Finally, the genre of theater was truly evolving; the distinction between religious and secular theater was now firmly established, and each developed on along its own course, although the church began to wash its hands of any form of drama.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Acropolis/8716/texts14.html (147 words)

	The Fourteenth-Century's Reformer / Mujaddid [Discusses: The Death of Jesus; The Descent of the Messiah; The Imam ...
		He proclaimed at the beginning of the eleventh century that he had been commissioned as a mujaddid for that century and advanced this very hadith in substantiation of his claim.
		Not only this, the mujaddid of the eleventh century proclaimed his claim from the house-tops, but, as trustworthy records show, there have been others who did lay such a claim to the office of the mujaddid.
		For thirteen centuries, since the day of the Holy Prophet, Islam had been in possession of temporal power and glory, but about the close of the thirteenth century, that power had greatly dwindled.
	www.islam.lt /text/books/mali/callofislam/reformermujaddiddeathjesusmessiahimammahdidajjalggogmagog_pf.shtml (6878 words)

	Fourteenth Century England II, 0851158919, £50.00/$90.00, 190pp, 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The fourteenth century was, for the English, a century which witnessed dramatic and not always easily explicable changes of fortune.
		Taken together, they reinforce the view that, whether viewed as calamitous or heroic, the fourteenth century was never less than interesting.
		Fourteenth Century England has quickly established for itself a deserved reputation for its scope and scholarship and for admirably filling a gap in the publication of medieval studies....A lively, stimulating and rewarding volume.
	www.boydell.co.uk /51158919.HTM (436 words)

	Fourteenth Century Junket (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In any case eat it infrequently, at breakfast, sprinkled with sugar or a pinch of salt to prevent somewhat its heaviness in digestion.
		The above description is taken from The Four Seasons of the House of Cerruti (page 50), which is a translation of a 14th century Latin manuscript known as Tacuinim Sanitatis in Medicina (Tables of Health in Accordance with Medical Science).
		The manuscript is an exploration of the medical arts and sciences, based on the wisdom of the medieval alchemists, and attributed specifically to the teachings of Ellbochasm de Baldach, a sage of the 11th century.
	www.greydragon.org /library/junket.html (335 words)

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