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	Middle Kingdom of Egypt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Middle Kingdom is a period in the history of ancient Egypt stretching from the establishment of the Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the Fourteenth Dynasty, roughly between 1991 BC and 1648 BC.
		These kings appear to gradually lose their grasp over Egypt, and a Fourteenth Dynasty appeared in the Delta region, but the pharaohs of this dynasty seem to be minor monarchs in the Delta region.
		The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties witnessed the slow decline of Egypt into the Second Intermediate Period in which some of the Asiatic settlers of Amenemhat III would grasp power over Egypt as the Hyksos.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt (854 words)

	Ancient Egyptian Dynasties
		Egypt lies in northeast Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, the Sinai Peninsula and the Red Sea.
		Around 3000 BC, Egypt emerged from the twilight of prehistory as one country, united under the single rule of a divine king.
		She committed suicide on August 12, 30 BC at the age of 39 thus ending the are of the dynasties.
	www.crystalinks.com /egyptdynasties.html (447 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Egypt
		In ancient Egypt the tuft of papyrus was the coat of arms or symbol of the Northern Kingdom.
		This is in particular the case for the Seventh and Eighth dynasties (Memphites), the Ninth and Tenth (Heracleopolites), the Eleventh (Theban -- contemporary with the Tenth), the Thirteenth (Theban) and the Fourteenth (Xoite -- in part simultaneous), the Fifteenth, and the Sixteenth (Hyksos), and the Seventeenth Dynasty (Theban -- partly contemporary with the Sixteenth.
		From Khafre, the second king of the fourth dynasty, to the end of the sixth dynasty, the name Re is a part of the name of almost every one of those kings, and the monuments show that during that period numerous temples were erected to the chief of the Heliopolitan Ennead in the neighbouring nomes.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/05329b.htm (18227 words)

	Early History Of Egypt
		Dynasty is a story of conflicts between alternative capitals and competing religions, of separations into several kingdoms and reunions.
		Egypt became a great and united military state, and pushed her expeditions at last as far as the Euphrates, and so the age long struggle between the Egyptian and Babylonian-Assyrian power began.
		Such briefly is the history of Egypt from its beginnings; a history first of isolation and then of increasing entanglement with the affairs of other nations, as increasing facilities of communication drew the peoples of the world into closer and closer interaction.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles32n/history-outline-60.shtml (1255 words)

	History of Egypt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		His reign was a golden age for Egypt and Salah al-Din is revered as one of the greatest heroes of Islam, for his humility, personal courage, brilliant military and administrative mind and for defeating the Christian armies and treating the vanquished with dignity.
		Egypt was the first Arab state to recognize Israel's right to exist and the subsequent Camp David agreements, which won Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin the Nobel Peace Prize, further isolated Egypt from the rest of the Arab world.
		Egypt's vital role in support of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait in the Gulf War combined with death of socialist-communist influence in the Arab world returned the country to the centre of Middle Eastern politics.
	international.fullerton.edu /egypt/history.html (8232 words)

	Middle Kingdom of Egypt -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Middle Kingdom is a period in the history of (Click link for more info and facts about ancient Egypt) ancient Egypt stretching from the establishment of the (Click link for more info and facts about Eleventh dynasty) Eleventh dynasty to the end of the Fourteenth dynasty, roughly between 1986 BC and 1633 BC.
		Egypt's population began to exceed the food production levels and Amenemhat III ordered the exploitation of the (Click link for more info and facts about Fayyum) Fayyum and increased mining operations in the (A peninsula in northeastern Egypt; at north end of Red Sea) Sinaï desert.
		The Thirteenth and Fourteenth dynasties witnessed the slow decline of Egypt into the (Click link for more info and facts about Second Intermediate Period) Second Intermediate Period in which some of the Asiatic settlers of Amenemhat III would grasp power over Egypt as the (Click link for more info and facts about Hyksos) Hyksos.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/m/mi/middle_kingdom_of_egypt.htm (938 words)

	Ancient Egypt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Egypt also developed one of the first religions to have a concept of the afterlife.
		Early Egypt was a theocracy where the rulers, or pharaohs, had absolute power and were thought to be gods.
		The last ruler of the 2nd Dynasty, Khasekhemwy, was responsible for the construction of the last royal tomb of this period there.
	www.arab-world-information.com /ancient_egypt.htm (8845 words)

	Ancient Egypt
		In ancient Egypt, the king was the supreme ruler of the country and was also the highest-level spiritual leader, representing humankind’s link to the gods.
		The king was the commander in chief of Egypt’s army and navy, and he decided when and how the country's borders were to be protected or expanded.
		Ancient Egypt’s economy was based on agriculture, and the rich bounty of its farmers depended on the Nile.
	www.multimedia-publishing.com /ancient_egypt.htm (10990 words)

	FrontPage magazine.com :: Letter From Egypt by P.J. O'Rourke
		Almost a quarter of the people in Egypt live in the city, a long haul from the sea, on the site of an old fort of middling strategic importance, distant from natural resources or any traditional means of creating wealth except the Nile farmlands now under Cairo pavement.
		The capitulation of Egypt to the Arabs was brokered by the Christian Patriarch of Alexandria in 642, on condition of security for persons and property and with religious freedom guaranteed in return for payment of tribute.
		Egypt's GDP grew by an average of 5.05 percent a year from 1997 to 2000.
	www.frontpagemag.com /Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=3298 (8206 words)

	Cultural life (from Egypt) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Its land frontiers border Libya in the west, The Sudan in the south, and Israel in the northeast.
		The Arab Republic of Egypt occupies the northeastern corner of the African continent and the Sinai Peninsula.
		Focuses on Fourteenth Amendment, which dictates equal protection for all, and the Nineteenth Amendment, which gave American women the right to vote.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-129504?tocId=129504 (970 words)

	Egypt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		During the 22nd through 26th dynasties, the cities of Athribis and Heliopolis were under the control of a hereditary princedom, nominally subservient to the Pharaohs.
		Egypt was an Augustan province so the governors were appointed directly by the Emperor rather than by the traditional Senatorial lottery.
		Because of the importance of Egypt as the Empire's breadbasket, by law the governor of Egypt could not be of the Senatorial class (it was feared that consolidating too much power in a Senator invited revolt).
	www.hostkingdom.net /egypt.html (2522 words)

	Sacred Sites: Places of Peace and Power (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Furthermore, the passageway leading from the Grand Gallery to the main chamber is too narrow to admit the movement of the coffer; the coffer must have been placed in the chamber as the pyramid was being built, contrary to the normal burial custom practiced by the Egyptians for three thousand years.
		The foolishness of the common assumption, that the Giza plateau pyramids were built and utilized by fourth Dynasty kings as funerary structures, cannot be overstated.
		It is a matter of archaeological fact that none of the fourth Dynasty kings put their names on the pyramids supposedly constructed in their times, yet from the fifth Dynasty onwards, the other pyramids had hundreds of official inscriptions, leaving us no doubt about which kings built them.
	www.sacredsites.com /africa/egypt/great_pyramid.html (3032 words)

	Museum in Egypt
		In Egypt, the major difference between Christian institutions and those of earlier times lies in the relations of power: in contrast to other periods and faiths, Christian Egypt never had its own resident ruler.
		Even the Byzantine Emperors ruling Egypt from the fourth to seventh centuries AD were Orthodox Christian, regarding the Monophysite Christianity of Egypt as a heresy.
		From AD 969 to 1171 Egypt was ruled by the Fatimid dynasty, adhering to the Shia branch of Islam.
	www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk /museum/museum4.html (654 words)

	Egypt: Science and chemistry in ancient Egypt
		From the Thirteenth Dynasty to the Seventeenth Dynasty inclusive was a period of disorganization, about which present knowledge is very scanty, except that it included an interval of foreign domination under the Hyksos kings.
		Of the next four Dynasties, the Twenty-second to the Twenty-fifth inclusive, very little is known, except that during part of the time the country was under the domination first by the Ethiopians and later of the Assyrians.
		Egypt, 'the fl land' according to Plutarch - alchemy would be preeminently the science of Egypt; 'the Black', the original matter of transmutation, i.e.
	www.touregypt.net /science.htm (2414 words)

	Civilization.ca - Egyptian civilization - Chronology
		Throughout the centuries, the power of the pharaohs increased and decreased numerous times before Egypt came under Roman rule in the Graeco-Roman Period (332 B.C. The pharaonic period ended with the death of the last Cleopatra during the thirty-second dynasty.
		When the Roman Empire was divided in A.D. Egypt was controlled from Byzantium until the Arab conquest in A.D. he history of the pharaohs is divided into dynastic periods, starting with the Early Period and ending with the Graeco-Roman Period.
		Manetho, a scribe in the fourth century B.C., was the first person to group the reigns of Egyptian kings according to dynastic periods.
	www.civilization.ca /civil/egypt/egctimee.html (208 words)

	Oromo in Ancient Egypt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The evidence that all the earlier sculptures of Tanis were collected there by Ramessu II seems clear; and that these sphinxes are earlier than the Hyksos is certain by those kings having appropriated them.
		In spite of the fact that there are several indications and evidences that Oromo are indigenous to this part of Africa, Abyssinian rulers, court historians and monks contend that Oromo were new corners to the region and did not belong here.
		, alleged that in the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries the Oromo migrated from Asia and Madagascar, entered Africa via Mombasa and spread north and eastwards.
	www.homestead.com /wysinger/galla.html (3119 words)

	Egypt: History - Second Internediate Period (13th to 17th Dynasties)
		The FOURTEENTH DYNASTY counted seventy-six kings from Xois, the modern Sakha in the central Delta, with a total of 184 or, as an alternative reading, 484 years.
		Remembering the contention that in Egypt prolonged length of reign is a sure indication of the country's prosperity, we can now maintain the converse and argue that during the period which in the Turin Canon corresponds to Manetho's Dyns.
		He had his seat at Memphis, levying tribute from Upper and Lower Egypt, and always leaving garrisons behind in the most advantageous places....In the Sethroite nome he found a city very favorably situated on the east of the Bubastic branch of the Nile, and called Avaris after an ancient religious tradition.
	www.touregypt.net /hsecin1a.htm (3768 words)

	Wars5
		It was between the followers of Ali's son Hussein (grandson of the Prophet Muhammad) and the army of Yazid (of the Umayyad dynasty, descendants of Muawiya).
		But in the beginning of the fourteenth century, the Mongol ruler Ghazan Khan Mahmud officially adopted Islam as the religion of the state.
		His life was, in the words of one modern scholar, "one long story of war, butchery and brutality unsurpassed until the present century." Yet under this short dynasty to follow, under the patronage of the leaders, music, calligraphy, Persian miniature painting, literature, architecture and various scientific pursuits flourished.
	www.sfusd.k12.ca.us /schwww/sch618/War/Wars6.html (2889 words)

	Hammurabi and the Revised Chronology
		On the accepted timetable, the Hyksos (Dynasties 14 to 17) ruled from that year for one century, until, in -1580, the Eighteenth Dynasty initiated the era of the New Kingdom.
		Nor were retained as valid the historical sources (Josephus-Manetho) that allotted 51 I years for the Hyksos period; nor was the consideration of cultural changes, as advocated by H. Hall—who pleaded for four or five centuries for the Hyksos period—given a chance.
		When the end of the Twelfth Dynasty was brought down to -1680, there was no time left for the Thirteenth; and with only one century for the Hyksos, the bottom of the Middle Kingdom had apparently reached a level below which it could not be reasonably or securely dropped.
	www.varchive.org /ce/hammurabi.html (1956 words)

	Early Medieval Period
		Period of the Tulunid Dynasty in Egypt, founded by Ahmed Ibn Tulun, the dashing young governor sent by the caliph in Baghdad to rule Egypt.
		The Fatimids invaded Egypt from Tunis and moved the seat of their Shiite caliphate to a new city built just north of Fustat.
		The Persian Ismaili missionary, Nasir al-Khusraw, who lived in Egypt during the time of the caliph al Mustansir, (shortly before the economic and political decline set in) left a glowing report of Fatimid luxury and prosperity in Cairo.
	www.nmhschool.org /tthornton/mehistorydatabase/early_medieval_periods.htm (2966 words)

	Technical Arts Related To Alchemy in Old Egypt
		However this may be, it is universally agreed that in technical arts Egyptian workers pointed the way to the rest of the world, and it is to them that we must turn for the first discovery of those facts that make chemistry possible.
		In the later dynasties, the Egyptians themselves forgot the original signification of the sign and drew it as a necklace with pendent beads, though Elliot Smith says that this was the primitive form and became the determinative of Hathor, the Egyptian Aphro dite, who was the guardian of the Eastern valleys where gold was found.
		Artificial pearls, made of glass, were manufactured in such numbers that they formed an important article of export trade, and the old legends of enormous emeralds and other precious stones are most reasonably explained on the assumption that the preparation of paste jewelry was widely undertaken.
	www.levity.com /alchemy/islam02.html (1778 words)

	Mysteries of Egypt, February 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Our guide to the Mysteries of Egypt was art historian and scholar, Dr. Tarek Swelim (Ph.D., Harvard), who accompanied and tutored us throughout.
		Among these gems were the Tomb of Prince KhaemWast (son of Ramses II, 20th Dynasty) and the Tomb of Amen-Khopshef, son of Ramses III; both contained magnificent and richly colored paintings of gods and goddesses.
		Our farewell to the Pharaohs of Egypt took place at the world-famous Egyptian Museum, where we were given a private tour by former director, Dr. Mohammed Saleh.
	www.crowcanyon.org /Programs/courtney_egypt.htm (1219 words)

	Periods and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt.
		The word Dynasty means a royal house or a sequence of rulers, the successive families that inherited and ruled Egypt.
		There were 30 dynasties, varying greatly in length, with some of them overlapping each other.
		The majority of settlements were in the areas of Middle and Upper Egypt, although they extend from the apex of the Delta area as far as the second cataract.
	www.kingtutshop.com /freeinfo/period-of-dynasties.htm (204 words)

	18th century BC - LearnThis.Info Enclyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		1786 BC -- Egypt: End of Twelfth Dynasty, start of Thirteenth Dynasty, start of Fourteenth Dynasty
		1750 BC -- Hyksos occupation of Northern Egypt
		The Phaistos Disc most likely dating from about 1700 BC.
	encyclopedia.learnthis.info /1/18/18th_century_bc.html (128 words)

	Egypt: Rulers, Kings and Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt: Tao II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Egypt: Rulers, Kings and Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt: Tao II Tao II
		The fourteenth king of the Theban Dynasty, ruling Egypt contemporaneously with the Hyksos 15th and 16th Dynasties, was the son of Tao I and Queen Tetisheri.
		When Tao received word from Apophis, ruler of the Hyksos capital in Avaris, that the hippopotami in the sacred pool at Thebes kept him awake with their snoring, Tao regarded it as an insult.
	touregypt.net /17dyn14.htm (129 words)

	Egyptian pharaohs
		The names of the pharaohs are known from Egyptian texts and the Aegyptiaca of Manetho, an Egyptian priest who lived in the first half of the third century BCE.
		He divides the Egyptian history in thirty dynasties; sometimes he is wrong, but it is common to follow his division.
		For example, the Horus-name of Alexander the Great was 'protector of Egypt' and his fifth name was 'beloved by Amun, chosen by Ra'.
	www.livius.org /pha-phd/pharaoh/pharaoh.htm (357 words)

	Cthulhu Mythos Timeline
		Between 2000 BC and 1750 BC: A reference to Leng is found in a papyrus written during Egypt's Middle Kingdom.
		Between 1991 BC and 1783 BC: Nyarlathotep is worshipped, in the form of the Bringer of Pests, during Egypt's Twelfth Dynasty.
		1370 BC: During the 18th Dynasty of Egypt, Akhenaten raises the mummy of Nephren-Ka, who converts him to the worship of "Aten." Aten is in truth a disguise for Yog-Sothoth, imprisoned in nearby Mt. Sinai.
	www.dracandros.com /Jebgarg/Nidoking/cthuchrono.htm (18323 words)

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