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	Fourth Crusade - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		While the papal representative to the crusade, Peter Cardinal Capuano, endorsed the move as necessary to prevent the crusade's complete failure, Pope Innocent was alarmed at this development and wrote a letter to the crusade leadership threatening excommunication; this letter was concealed from the bulk of the army and the attack proceeded.
		Some crusaders were eventually able to knock holes in the walls, small enough for a few knights at a time to crawl through; the Venetians were also successful at scaling the walls from the sea, though there was extremely bloody fighting with the Varangians.
		According to a prearranged treaty, the empire was apportioned between Venice and the crusade's leaders, and the Latin Empire of Constantinople was established.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fourth_Crusade (2897 words)

	Crusade - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 13th century crusades never expressed such a popular fever, and after Acre fell for the last time in 1291, and after the extermination of the Occitan Cathars in the Albigensian Crusade, the crusading ideal became devalued by Papal justifications of political and territorial aggressions within Catholic Europe.
		The eighth Crusade was organized by Louis IX in 1270, again sailing from Aigues-Mortes, initially to come to the aid of the remnants of the Crusader states in Syria.
		The Crusaders' atrocities against Jews in the German and Hungarian towns, later also in those of France and England, and in the massacres of non-combatants in Palestine and Syria have become a significant part of the history of anti-Semitism, although no Crusade was ever declared against Jews.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Crusade (4178 words)

	The Fourth Crusade - The Sack of Constantinople
		The Crusaders were originally bound for Egypt, but were persuaded by Alexius, son of Isaac Angelus, the dispossessed Emperor of Byzantium, to turn aside to Constantinople in order to restore him and his son to the throne.
		The story of the fourth crusade might well be told with tears of humiliation for the disgrace which it was to Christendom.
		As the Byzantines watched the Crusaders tear to pieces the alter and icon screen of the Church of the Holy Wisdom, and set prostitutes on he Patriarch's throne, they must have felt that those who did such things were not Christians in the same sense as themselves..
	www.latter-rain.com /ltrain/curfor.htm (1065 words)

	Murano Magic: The Fourth Crusade
		His audacious appropriation of the forces of the Fourth Crusade to serve the ambitions of Venice is irrefutable evidence that he was a master of intrigue.
		The anomoly of Crusaders attacking a Christian city was overlooked by most of the assembled Crusaders in light of the financial shortfall they faced (though not by the Pope, who excommunicated all of the participants).
		For the Crusaders, however, the first order of business was to decide how to divide the spoils that they confidently anticipated from their conquering and pillaging of the great capital city.
	www.boglewood.com /murano/crusade.html (1702 words)

	FT June/July 2005: Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Crusading for them was an act of love and charity by which, like the Good Samaritan, they were aiding their neighbors in distress.
		The First Crusade, which was, in typical medieval fashion, governed by a committee of barons, marched thousands of miles across eastern Europe, crossed the Bosporus at Constantinople, and then pushed on to Nicaea, which served as the capital of the Turkish sultanate.
		The Fourth Crusade was the brainchild of an energetic young pope, Innocent III (1198-1216).
	www.firstthings.com /ftissues/ft0506/articles/madden.html (4124 words)

	The Fourth Crusade and the Fall of Constantinople
		The Crusaders were cut to pieces by the axes of the Varangian Guard, but the Venetians scaled the harbour walls and captured twenty-five towers within an hour.
		Crusaders ran up landing ramps which reached to the top of the city towers; the wind blew the ships hard against the walls and the new wooden structures began to shake.
		The crusaders were happy to conclude a peace treaty with Laskaris leaving him in possession of all traditional Byzantine territories in Asia Minor.
	www.geocities.com /egfrothos/FourthCrusade.html (2526 words)

	Christian vs. Christian in the Fourth Crusade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In April 1204, the armies of the Fourth Crusade broke into the city of Constantinople and began to loot, pillage, and slaughter their way across the greatest metropolis in the Christian world.
		Crucial for the outcome of the Fourth Crusade, they were also enthusiastic supporters of an integral part of knightly life at the time: the tournament.
		The first of the northern European Crusaders started to gather in Venice in the summer of 1202, but as time wore on it became apparent that the huge army promised by the envoys was not going to materialize.
	www.historynet.com /mhq/blfourthcrusade (2068 words)

	The Fourth Crusade ::: informBank - Earn Money for Writing Articles. Free.
		Unfortunately the official aim was often ignored during the Crusades and there were involved political influences and interests of the central European forces.
		It went so far that the crusade forces took Constantinople (13 of April, 1204) Byzantium was patitioned and there was created in the capital and in the near surroundings the Latin Empire of Baldwin I. of Flanders.
		The crusaders were routed and Emperor Baldwin of Flanders caught and died in the prison of the Bulgarian capital Tarnovo.
	www.informbank.com /art_2_The-Fourth-Crusade.htm (536 words)

	Fourth Crusade
		The original stated intent of the Fourth Crusade, as in previous crusades, was to be "the deliverance of the Holy Land." The end result, however, was anything but that.
		Nevertheless, the crusaders took the city, Alexius the usurper fled, and Isaac was restored to his throne.
		He made agreements with the crusaders to remain by him for an additional year at his expense, that he might secure the kingdom, after which he would send troops to accompany them to the holy land.
	jmgainor.homestead.com /files/PU/Cru/4cr.htm (1407 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: The Fourth Crusade 1204: Collected Sources
		In the meantime the crusaders and the Venetians remained at Zara during the winter.
		THE SACK OF In spite Of the previous dissensions the crusaders were practically compelled to act as a unit in the final attack on Constantinople.
		Fourth, the arm of St. James, the Apostle, whose memory is venerated by the whole church.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/4cde.html (6426 words)

	BYZANTIUM, VENICE AND THE FOURTH CRUSADE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		When considering the part played by the Venetians in the Fourth Crusade it is instructive to recall their attitude to the earlier holy wars directed from the West.
		It pointed the moral that crusades patronised by the Doge of Venice were likely to be used for ulterior purposes concealed under a cloak of piety, to have objectives that suited the interest of Venice, and to be undertaken at a predetermined price and for a limited period of time.
		In 1202 the Doge Enrico Dandolo employed the crusaders whom he was ferrying to the East to attack and conquer the city of Zara on the Dalmatian coast.
	www.southeastern.edu.gr /literature/crusade.htm (6406 words)

	Mistakes, Yes. Conspiracies, No. \| Getting at the true story of the Fourth Crusade \| Vince Ryan
		The final and most recent of the interpretative schools is the "accident" theory, which argues that the diversion of the Fourth Crusade was due to a series of missteps that ultimately led the crusaders to attack the Byzantine capital.
		The lack of royal involvement in the Fourth Crusade, however, was to have a critical effect on the planning of the venture, as the crusade leaders lacked the manpower, money, and machinery to which a medieval king had access.
		The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople is a first-rate study of this remarkable campaign, whose infamous outcome still has ramifications today.
	www.ignatiusinsight.com /features2005/vryan_crusades_may05.asp (2428 words)

	Amazon.com: The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople: Books: Jonathan Phillips (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Crusades between the Christians and Muslims wrecked havoc on the populations of the Middle East; this fact is undoubted.
		During the Siege of Zara in 1202, the Crusaders not only crushed a Christian city but found themselves in opposition to King Emico of Hungary, who was such a devout Christian that he wore the Cross and was dedicated to the same cause as the Crusaders themselves.
		The ultimate, overwhelming tragedy of the Fourth Crusade is described in the book at a perfect pace, brick by tragic brick, until finally the whole structure is made sound and clear.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0670033502?v=glance (2979 words)

	RPGnet: The Inside Scoop on Gaming
		Bitter Crusade is a Chronicle for Vampire: The Dark Ages covering the events of the Fourth Crusade, advancing the setting in history from 1197 to 1204.
		Dying Embers by Mr Maliszewski, the final story, ties directly into the sack of Constantinople, keeping the derailed Crusade in the foreground, as a series of encounters and subplots intertwine as vampires and humans battle to conquer, understand what is going on, or simply survive.
		Only one of the three stories really concerns the Crusade, which is a failing in its declared intent, but all are playable, Dying Embers is excellent, and the additional advice and story ideas add greatly to its value.
	www.rpg.net /news+reviews/reviews/rev_4531.html (1239 words)

	Amazon.com: The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople (Middle Ages): Books: Donald E. Queller,Thomas F. Madden (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Fourth Crusade is one of the most important events in world history, in that it solidified the schism between the Eastern and Western Christian Churches that still exists today, but most know little or nothing about it.
		Had the crusaders simply sacked the city like most sacks of the time, it is doubtful it would have engendered such animosity in the East for all things Western.
		Of the sordid history that is the Crusades, however, the most baffling is perhaps the notorious Fourth Crusade in the early 13th Century, when Christians from Western Europe, and their Venetian allies, attacked and laid waste to Constantinople, arguably the greatest city on earth and, more to the point, inhabited by fellow Christians.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0812217136?v=glance (1264 words)

	Fourth Crusade and it's Consequences
		Benjamin Kedar, The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Fourth Crusade
		Sofia Kalopisi-Verti, The Effects of the Fourth Crusade on the Monumental Art of the Peloponnese, Eastern Continental Greece and Euboea till the end of the 13th century (in Greek)
		Bernard Hamilton, The Albigensian Crusade and the Latin Empire of Constantinople
	www.cc.uoa.gr /4thcrusade/program.htm (494 words)

	VENETIAN AND NON-VENETIAN CRUSADERS IN THE FOURTH CRUSADE, ACCORDING TO THE VENETIAN CHRONICLES' TRADITION
		Denominations attributed to the non-Venetian crusaders by the Venetian chroniclers
		The dependence of the crusaders' transportation on the Venetian fleet, the deviations of the crusader army to Zara and then to Byzantium, the installment of a crusader state in Constantinople, all these consequences of this particular crusade were not to occur without the Venetian maritime and financial assistance.
		Actually, the Venetian chronicles are generally rejected by the historians of the Fourth Crusade, being regarded suspiciously, on the simple reason that they are later sources.
	www.geocities.com /serban_marin/marin2002.html (4983 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		But after a dramatic series of events, the crusaders turned their weapons against the Christian city of Constantinople, the heart of the Byzantine Empire and the greatest metropolis in the known world.
		In celebration of the victory, a prostitute from the crusader army climbed onto the altar of the Hagia Sophia and gyrated to obscene songs; barbarism cloaked in the mantle of religious warfare had swept aside one of the great civilisations of history.
		In this remarkable new assessment of the Fourth Crusade, Jonathan Phillips doesn't just follow the fortunes of the leading players, but explores the conflicting motives that drove the expedition to commit the most infamous massacre of the crusading movement and looks at the experience of crusading from the perspective of a knight.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/0224069861 (871 words)

	April 12: Fourth crusade sacks Christian Constantinople
		This would be the fourth crusade and Pope Innocent III endorsed it.
		The crusaders set up their own kingdom based in the city, but within ten years it had collapsed.
		Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople.
	chi.gospelcom.net /DAILYF/2003/04/daily-04-12-2003.shtml (688 words)

	The Fourth Crusade and an excerpt from Nicetas Choniates: The Sack of Constantinople (1204) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Fourth Crusade and an excerpt from Nicetas Choniates: The Sack of Constantinople (1204)
		The First Crusade was the most successful from a military point-of-view and very violent against Moslems.
		The crusade was to be directed at Egypt, because the Crusaders believed that conquering it would be the key to regaining Jerusalem.
	gbgm-umc.org /umw/bible/sack.stm (1135 words)

	The Crusades \| Special Topics Page \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The aim was to aid the Christians of the East and return to Christian control the Holy Sepulcher, the church in Jerusalem said to contain the tomb of Christ.
		The Crusaders then took over many of the cities on the Mediterranean coast and built a large number of fortified castles all over the Holy Land to protect their new territories.
		In 1291, the Crusader city of Acre fell, and the era of Latin Crusader kingdoms ended.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/crus/hd_crus.htm (470 words)

	Blogcritics.org: The Fourth Crusade
		In April of 1204, a massive Crusader army stood beneath the walls of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire, the seat of Eastern Christianity, and one of the most opulent, sophisticated cities in the known world.
		I'm surprised we don't hear more about the Crusades nowadays what with the tumult about the "clash of civilizations and so forth." My own sense of history tells me that the West got a taste of their own shortly after the Fourth Crusade with the Mongol's within-a-hair's-breath takeover of all of Europe.
		Leonardo Pisano (1170-1240) lived at the time of the Fourth Crusade, only, instead of taking part in the murderous destruction of one of the leading cities of the time, he was bringing the decimal system and the mathematics of the Arabs to the West.
	blogcritics.org /archives/2005/01/23/205003.php (1178 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Villehardouin: Memoirs or Chronicle of The Fourth Crusade and The Conquest of Constantinople
		The envoys waited then till the fourth day, as had been appointed them, and entered the palace, which was passing rich and beautiful; and found the Doge and his council in a chamber.
		The fourth division was formed by Count Louis of Blois and Chartres, and was very numerous and rich and redoubtable; for he had placed therein a great number of good knights and men of worth.
		To this parliament were summoned all the barons and the chieftains of the host, and of the knights the greater part; and in their hearing were repeated all the words that the emperor had spoken.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/basis/villehardouin.html (20652 words)

	[No title]
		Probably the most telling event which displayed the decline of the crusader ideal was the capture and pillage of the Christian bastion of Constantinople by the members of the Fourth Crusade in 1204.
		Below are excerpts of sources dealing with the crusaders siezure and looting of the largest city in Christendom.
		If the Lord had granted the desires of His humble servants sooner, and had transferred, as He has now done, the empire of Constantinople from the Greeks to the Latins before the fall of the Holy Land, perhaps Christianity would not be weeping today over the desolation of the land of Jerusalem.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/1204.html (3632 words)

	Contemporary Review: The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople
		The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople.
		Mr Phillips takes a new look at the most notorious of the Crusades which was called to free Jerusalem from Mohammedan rule but which instead disobeyed the Pope and turned east to attack the capital of the Roman Empire.
		Whilst the author does not seek to justify he does try to explain why things turned out as they did.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2242/is_1665_285/ai_n7635828 (161 words)

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