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	Encyclopedia: Fourth Lateran Council (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Fourth Council of Constantinople, (869-870) Deposed patriarch Saint Photius of Constantinople.
		Fourth Council of the Lateran, (1215) - dealt with transubstantiation, papal primacy and conduct of clergy.
		The third Lateran Council, the 11th ecumenical council, was convoked in 1179 by Pope Alexander III and attended by 291 bishops who studied the Peace of Venice (1177), by which the Holy Roman emperor, Friedrich I. Barbarossa (1123-1190), agreed to withdraw support from his antipope and to restore the church property he had seized.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Fourth-Lateran-Council (489 words)

	Fourth Council of the Lateran - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Fourth Council of the Lateran was summoned by Pope Innocent III with his Bull of April 19, 1213.
		It was the 12th ecumenical council and is sometimes called "the General Council of Lateran" due to the attendance by seventy-one patriarchs and metropolitans, four hundred and twelve bishops, and nine hundred abbots and priors.
		The pope presented to the council seventy decrees; these were considered along with measures against heretics, and the organisation of the Fifth Crusade.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran (334 words)

	Lateran Council (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The first Lateran Council, the ninth ecumenical council (1123), was held during the reign of Pope Calixtus II.
		The fourth Lateran Council, the 12th ecumenical council (1215), generally considered the greatest council before Trent, was years in preparation.
		The fifth Lateran Council, the 18th ecumenical council (1512–17), was convoked by Pope Julius II.
	www.hfac.uh.edu /gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/BritannicaPages/LateranCouncil/LateranCouncil.html (621 words)

	Fourth Lateran Council (1215): Canon 3 - "On Heresy" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Third Lateran Council (1179), which discussed the incidence of heresy, directed its attention to southern France.
		In its first canon, the Council provided a statement of doctrine based on traditional professions of faith, but was amended to take account of present heresies.
		Although the Council's attention was focused primarily on the situation in southern France, the legislation was equally pertinent to Italy where, by the time of Innocent's death (1216) the Church was mobilizing its forces against heresy and lacked only the papal inquisition, for which the precedents were already being established.
	www.historyguide.org /ancient/3canon_b.html (1020 words)

	Encyclopedia: The Conciliar Movement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Council of Pisa was called to end the schism, and it attempted to do so by deposing the two reigning popes, Gregory XI (Avignon line) and Benedict XIII (Roman line) and electing its own pope,
		Fourth, the secular power must cooperate with the Church to ensure that her spiritual ordinances are effected in the physical world.
		This principle, an obvious enunciation of the “two powers” doctrine of Gelasius demonstrates that a mode of thinking which originally arose in a context in which absolute-style monarchies were (with much resistance) the constant temptation of both secular and spiritual powers nevertheless has significant connections with a different sort of ecclesiology as well.
	www.societaschristiana.com /Encyclopedia/C/ConciliarMovement.html (2134 words)

	Wikinfo \| Ecumenical council
		In Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy, an ecumenical council (Greek, Oikumene, "World-wide" or "General") is a meeting of the bishops of the whole church convened to discuss and settle matters of Church doctrine and practice.
		Study of the canons of church councils is the foundation of the development of canon law, especially the reconciling of seemingly contradictory canons or the determination of priority between them.
		That such councils were even considered is evidence enough to them that the original Christian church had fallen into apostasy and was no longer directly led by divine authority.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Ecumenical_council (1075 words)

	Catholic History - Church Councils
		Explains the nature and function of General Councils, and tells how each was called and what it accomplished, in the context of the climate of the times, the men who took part, and the intellectual currents which lay behind the final pronouncements.
		Background and history of the Fourth General Council of the Lateran, which reformed Church life and, in its doctrinal pronouncement, first sanctioned the term 'transubstantiation.' Chapter 12 of "The Church in Crisis: A History of the General Councils, 325-1870".
		Background and history of the General Council of Viennce, which besides its disciplinary laws defined that the rational soul is the form of the human body, and condemned heresies of the Beghards and Beguines.
	www.saint-mike.org /Library/History/Church_Councils.html (933 words)

	Lateran Council -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		The second Lateran Council, the 10th ecumenical council (1139), was convoked by Pope Innocent II to condemn as schismatics the followers of Arnold of Brescia, a vigorous reformer and opponent of the temporal power of the pope, and to end the schism created by the election of Anacletus II, a rival pope.
		The third Lateran Council, the 11th ecumenical council, was convoked in 1179 by Pope Alexander III and attended by 291 bishops who studied the Peace of Venice (1177), by which the Holy Roman emperor, Frederick I Barbarossa, agreed to withdraw support from his antipope and to restore the church property he had seized.
		The fifth Lateran Council, the 18th ecumenical council (1512–17), was convoked by Pope Julius II in response to a council summoned at Pisa by a group of cardinals who were hostile to the Pope.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9047280 (1296 words)

	Lateran Councils
		The Lateran councils were five ecumenical councils of the Roman Catholic church held during the 12th, 13th, and 16th centuries at the Lateran Palace in Rome.
		At these councils all that was wrong locally was investigated, the bishops were reminded of the kind of men they were supposed to be, indeed obliged to be by God's law, the old regulations about simony and clerical continency were renewed, incorrigible prelates were deposed, and a general revival of religious life inaugurated.
		This was the law enacted in a council at the Lateran in 1050, which restricted the election to the cardinals.[4a] To them alone it belongs, henceforth, to elect the pope, and a majority of their votes is essential and sufficient.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txs/lateran.htm (16748 words)

	Ecumenical council - Art History Online Reference and Guide
		Originally, Rome considered the Fourth Council of Constantinople to be the council held in 879-880, which restored Photius, abrogated the council of 869-870, and anathematized additions to the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed (thus condemning the Filioque), but later repudiated that council in favor of the one held in 869-870.
		Council of Siena, (1423-1424) is the high point of conciliarism, emphasizing the leadership of the bishops gathered in council.
		Second Vatican Council, (1962-1965); renewal of the Roman liturgy "according to the pristine norm of the Fathers"; pastoral decrees on the nature of the Church and its relation to the modern world; restoration of a theology of communion; promotion of Scripture and biblical studies; ecumenical progress towards reconciliation with other Churches.
	www.arthistoryclub.com /art_history/Ecumenical_council (2335 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Fourth Lateran Council
		The council did in fact meet on 11 November, and its sessions were prolonged until the end of the month.
		The long interval between the convocation and the opening of the council as well as the prestige of the reigning pontiff, were responsible for the very large number of bishops who attended it, it is commonly cited in canon law as "the General Council of Lateran", without further qualification, or again, as "the Great Council".
		The fathers of the council did little more than approve the seventy decrees presented to them; this approbation, nevertheless, sufficed to impart to the acts thus formulated and promulgated the value of ecumenical decrees.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09018a.htm (832 words)

	AllRefer.com - Lateran Council, Fourth (Roman Catholic And Orthodox Churches: Councils And Treaties) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Lateran Council, Fourth, Roman Catholic And Orthodox Churches: Councils And Treaties
		Lateran Council, Fourth, 1215, 12th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, convened at the Lateran Palace, Rome, by Pope Innocent III to crown the work of his pontificate.
		This council established the requirements of confession at least once a year and communion at Easter time as the minimum requirement for church membership, called the Easter duty.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/L/LateranC4.html (258 words)

	The Fourth Lateran Council - Dr. Herb Samworth
		That council was known as the Fourth Lateran and was convened by Pope Innocent the Third.
		To understand the importance of this council, it is necessary to note the conditions under which it met, the person who called it, the decrees of the council, and their results.
		The Fourth Lateran Council was the twelfth ecumenical council recognized by the Church and the most important one before the Council of Trent that met from 1545 to 1563.
	www.solagroup.org /articles/historyofthebible/hotb_0008.html (1818 words)

	Lateran 4 - 1215
		It seems that when Innocent summoned the council he wished to observe the customs of the early ecumenical councils, and indeed this fourth Lateran council was regarded as an ecumenical council by all learned and religious men of the age.
		The Lateran council therefore dutifully decreed that "in each cathedral church there should be provided a suitable benefice for a master who shall instruct without charge the clerics of the cathedral church and other poor scholars, thus at once satisfying the teacher's needs and opening up the way of knowledge to learners".
		With much foresight it was forbidden in the Lateran council for anyone to receive several ecclesiastical dignities and several parish churches, contrary to the regulations of the sacred canons, on pain of both the recipient losing what he had received and the conferrer being deprived of the power to confer.
	www.ewtn.com /library/COUNCILS/LATERAN4.HTM (14111 words)

	To Tell You The Whole Truth - The Church: The 21 Ecumenical (General) Councils of the Church
		It declared the authority of the Pope to be superior to that of a General Council.
		Declared that the teachings of the Council of Pisa were invalid since it did not have the Pope's approval.
		This Council declared the infallibility of the Pope, and reaffirmed the teachings of the Church.
	www.scborromeo.org /truth/c2.htm (545 words)

	Third Council of the Lateran - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Third Council of the Lateran met in March, 1179 as the 11th ecumenical council.
		Besides removing the remains of the recent antipope schism the council condemned the Waldensian and Cathar heresies and pushed for the restoration of ecclesiastical discipline.
		Three sessions were held, on 5, 14, and 19 March, in which twenty-seven canons were promulgated.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Third_Council_of_the_Lateran (344 words)

	The Origins of Anti-Semitism, Part II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Third Council of the Lateran (1179) forbade Christian midwives or nurses to minister to Jews; and the Council of Béziers (1246) condemned the employment of Jewish physicians by Christians.
		The Council of Avignon (1209) retaliated against Jewish laws of cleanliness by enjoining "Jews and harlots" from touching bread or fruit exposed for sale; it renewed Church laws against the hiring of Christian servants by Jews; and it warned the faithful not to exchange services with Jews, but to avoid them as a pollution.
		Innocent III led the Fourth Lateran Council in its demand for a Jewish badge, and laid down the principle that all Jews were doomed to perpetual servitude because they had crucified Jesus.
	www.theconservativevoice.com /modules/news/article.php?storyid=3046 (2143 words)

	A History of the General Councils - AD 325 through AD 1870 - Mgr. Philip Hughes
		In the opening months of his reign, and again at the great council held at its close, Innocent III declared that the two chief tasks before him were the recovery of the Holy Land and the reform of Catholic life.
		The bull convoking the fourth General Council of the Lateran is dated April 19, 1213.
		All who profess heresies contrary to the faith as this is set out in the first canon of the council, are condemned, and are to be left to the state to be suitably punished,[5] the officers of the state being present at the trial.
	www.christusrex.org /www1/CDHN/coun13.html (3747 words)

	[No title]
		The First General Council of the Vatican, 1869-70 Appendix Index Introduction: On Councils and General Councils The history of the General Councils of the Church is a fascinating subject, and to those unfamiliar with the history of the Church a subject which bristles with difficulties of all kinds.
		The Council of Trent is called less than thirty years after the last of these three, and then 306 years go by before the twentieth council meets in 1869 ninety-two years ago nearly.
		The councils themselves are explicitly conscious of it when, making their statement of the truth denied by the innovator, they bluntly say of those who will not accept their decision, Let him be anathema.
	www.ewtn.com /library/CHISTORY/HCOUNINT.TXT (4577 words)

	History of the Christian Church, Volume V: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1049-1294. (ii.vii.vii) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Fourth Lateran, otherwise known as the Twelfth Oecumenical Council, was the closing act of Innocent’s pontificate, and marks the zenith of the papal theocracy.
		The council’s two most notable acts were the definition of the dogma of transubstantiation and the establishment of the institution of the Inquisition against heretics.
		The council expressly condemned the doctrine of Joachim of Flore, that the substance of the Father, Son, and Spirit is not a real entity, but a collective entity in the sense that a collection of men is called one people, and a collection of believers one Church.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/schaff/hcc5.ii.vii.vii.html (1209 words)

	Flyfree Ministries Outreach (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The first general council called (while not the very first council) was the council of Nicaea in 325 AD.
		Councils are generally called when a doctrine of the faith is called into question, in order to settle the matter.
		The Council of Trent in 1545 was called to address the Protestant movement.
	www.flyfreeministries.org /Outreach-education.htm (2507 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Fifth Lateran Council
		In the fourth session the advocate of the council demanded the revocation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges.
		The latter was solemnly revoked and condemned, and the concordat with Francis I approved, in the eleventh session (19 December, 1516).
		Finally, the council promulgated a decree prescribing war against the Turks and ordered the levying of tithes of all the benefices in Christendom for three years.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09018b.htm (596 words)

	MSN Encarta - Innocent III
		Besides dealing with some political and doctrinal issues, the council issued regulations governing the rights and duties of almost every class of society.
		Among the most famous of the council's decrees is Omnis Utriusque Sexus, requiring of all adult Christians the annual reception of the sacraments of confession and the Eucharist.
		The council assembled in Rome some 400 bishops and 800 abbots and superiors, along with many secular princes or their envoys—the largest such gathering in the Middle Ages.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761572226/Innocent_III.html (695 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Fourth General Council of the Lateran, 1215 (Chapter 12 of THE CHURCH IN CRISIS: A History of the General Councils, 325- 1870, by Msgr.
		At the council, when the pope's decision came up for confirmation, there were violent scenes between the partisans of de Montfort among the French bishops and those of the Count of Toulouse.
		But a part of the great inheritance was saved for the heir from de Montfort's fangs, as Innocent had hoped.[2] Innocent III is usually held to be, with Alexander III, a "cofounder" of the Canon Law system as this has existed in the medieval and modern ages of the Church.
	library.catholic.org /humanity/humanity40.txt (3748 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This is the purpose of the 44th of the Apostolic Canons; of the Council of Arles (314), and of the 17th canon the First Council of Niceaea (325).
		It is true that a text of the Council of Elvira (305 or 6) is quoted which, while ordering the degradation of clerics, would also have punishment inflicted on laymen, who obstinately persisted in usurious practices; but the mention of layman is of extremely doubtful authenticity.
		In the Council of Vienne (1311) it was declared that if any person obstinately maintained that there was no sin in the practice of demanding interest, he should be punished as a heretic (see c.
	library.catholic.org /business/business13.txt (2690 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Twelfth Ecumenical Council: Lateran IV 1215
		The prohibition also is not in the future to affect marriages beyond the fourth degree of consanguinity and affinity; since in degrees beyond the fourth a prohibition of this kind cannot be generally observed without grave inconvenience.
		In the Lateran Council regulars were forbidden to receive churches and tithes from the hands of laymen without the consent of the bishops, and under no circumstances to admit ad divina those excommunicated or nominally under interdict.
		Though tournaments have been, under certain penalties, generally forbidden by different councils, since however at this time they are a serious obstacle to the success of the crusade, we strictly prohibit em under penalty of excommunication for a period of three years.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/basis/lateran4.html (12630 words)

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