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Topic: Fractional Orbital Bombardment System

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	Orbital bombardment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Soviet Union deployed a Fractional Orbital Bombardment System from 1968-1983.
		Using this system, a nuclear warhead could be placed in low Earth orbit, and later de-orbited to hit any location on the Earth's surface.
		Orbital bombardment systems with conventional warheads are permitted under the terms of SALT II.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Orbital_bombardment (1023 words)

	Nuclear weapon - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		For example, Israel has modern airborne delivery systems and appears to have an extensive nuclear program with hundreds of warheads (see Israel and weapons of mass destruction), though it officially maintains a policy of "ambiguity" with respect to its actual possession of nuclear weapons.
		Nuclear weapons delivery— the technology and systems used to bring a nuclear weapon to its target—is an important aspect of nuclear weapons relating both to nuclear weapon design and nuclear strategy.
		Additionally, specailized delivery systems are usually not necessary; especially with the advent of miniturization, nuclear bombs can be delivered by both strategic bombers and tactical fighter-bombers, allowing an air force to use its current fleet with little or no modification.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Nuclear_weapon (2920 words)

	OGCh (8F021, 'FOBS')
		It included an inertial navigation system and a radar altimeter which measured the altitude of the orbit and determined when to make the braking manoeuvre.
		Although an orbital flight reduced the payload mass and reduced accuracy in comparison to ballistic ICBMs, it was considered an advantage to have nuclear weapons, which could attack every target from every direction.
		The system was in service at 18 silos at Baikonur from 25 August 1969 to January 1983.
	space.skyrocket.de /doc_sdat/ogch.htm (261 words)

	IS anti-satellite system
		Chelomei advertised the vehicle as an integral part of the system capable of serving as the ICBM and as the space launcher and developed in the "package" with its payloads, among them the IS satellite destroyer.
		Unlike the orbital version, the 8K67 missile was equipped with a larger inseparable instrumentation section on its second stage, which contained avionics of the flight control system.
		The SFO system was designed to count the number of hits by shrapnel ejected by the "killer" satellite moving at the relative speed of 1.2 - 2.1 kilometers per second.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /is.html (3207 words)

	R-36-O
		Flight trials of the system were conducted 1965 to 1972.
		The system was in service at 18 siloes at Baikonur from 1969 to 1983.
		The new design switched the positions of the Soyuz descent module and the orbital modules and was 300 kg too heavy for the standard 11A511 launch vehicle.
	www.friends-partners.org /partners/mwade/lvs/r36o.htm (788 words)

	Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (FOBS) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The system was supplemented by a "radio-altimeter" which would aid trajectory correction twice: once at the start of the orbital trajectory; and second before the deorbit burn.
		The system was declared operational by a decree of the Central Committee and Council of Ministers dated 19 November 1968 [17].
		In a document from late 1962, the CIA states that "the Soviets have the capability to develop an orbital bombardment satellite and might decide to launch and deorbit a space weapon at an early date for propaganda or political reasons" [19].
	home.earthlink.net /~cliched/space/spacecraft/fobs/fobs.html (3143 words)

	R-36-O
		The Global Rocket 1 (GR-1) requirement of 1961 called for a system to place a large nuclear warhead equipped with a deorbit rocket stage into a low earth orbit of 150 km altitude.
		Flight trials of the system began on 16 October 1965 from silos at LC-160 and LC-162 at Baikonur.
		The SU included an inertial navigation system and a radar altimeter which measured the altitude of the orbit and thereby determined when to make the braking manoeuvre.
	www.astronautix.com /lvs/r36o.htm (1590 words)

	Intercontinental ballistic missile - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In the 1970s development began on Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems by both the U.S. and USSR but these were restricted by treaty in order to preserve the value of the existing ICBM systems.
		It has also proved to be an "easy answer" to proposed deployments of ABM systems – it is far less expensive to add more warheads to an existing missile system than to build an ABM system capable of shooting down the additional warheads; hence, most ABM system proposals have been judged to be impractical.
		Strategic missile systems are thought to use custom integrated circuits designed to calculate navigational differential equations thousands to millions of times per second in order to reduce navigational errors caused by calculation alone.
	www.knowledgehunter.info /wiki/ICBM (2150 words)

	Russian Nuclear Weapons and Delivery Platforms
		However, this type of delivery system was unsuitable for the intercontinental Cold War that was brewing between the United States and the Soviet Union.
		In this system, the overall megatonnage of the missile would be divided into several equal portions which would separate as the missile reached its maximum trajectory and make their own way to the target.
		Developed in conjunction with the R-36 was the R-36 FOB (or Fractional Orbital Bombardment) system, which was designed to defend against enemy first strikes.
	members.tripod.com /soviet_nuclear_arms/delivery.html (2357 words)

	SS-X-10 History
		For guidance control the rocket used an autonomous internal guidance system that could be corrected by radio from the ground.
		The FOBS system was designed to carry a number or warheads on a carrier satellite.
		None of these systems came into active service in their original configuration, and many never saw service at all.
	www.russianwarrior.com /1969vehicle_ssx10history.htm (981 words)

	Remote Sensing Tutorial Introduction - Part 1 Page 9
		The first factor was the appearance of a new threat, the Fractional Orbital Bombardment System or FOBS that the Soviet Union had begun testing on, which could launch a nuclear attack against the US from the South Pole.
		The VELA nuclear detection system was coming to the end of its operational life, and a new space platform was needed to continue this mission.
		Also, the new system would be launched by the USAF's newest heavy lift booster, the Titan III-C. The new program, AFP 949, was initiated in August 1966, and the first launch occurred in November 1970.
	rst.gsfc.nasa.gov /AppA/Part1_9.html (1123 words)

	Air Force Magazine
		One of the earliest detection systems was the Ballistic Missile Early Warning System, BMEWS, a network of high-powered, long-range radars placed on the northern periphery of the Western Hemisphere, facing the Arctic.
		It claimed that the system would never complete a full orbit and thus would be in compliance with the letter of the international accords.
		The X-20 was conceived as an operational system to conduct space missions of reconnaissance, satellite inspection and repair, orbital resupply, and bombardment.
	www.afa.org /magazine/June2005/0605fobs.asp (1864 words)

	Chapter 28 -- The Military in Space (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The DSP system has one satellite watching the Eastern Hemisphere and two spacecraft watching the Western Hemisphere for missile launches.
		Before the ICBM systems were perfected, this fractional orbital bombardment system (FOBS) was a possibility and the U.S. intended to do something about it.
		During the Carter Administration, the President determined that the ASAT was a threat to peace.
	www.space.edu /projects/book/chapter28.html (3878 words)

	Soviet Union - Soviet Space Weapons Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In the late l960s, the Soviet Union developed the fractional orbital bombardment system (FOBS)--a nuclear-armed space weapon with a depressed trajectory.
		In l97l it acquired a ground-based orbital ASAT interceptor, the stated purpose of which was defensive but which could also attack satellites in near-earth orbit.
		The Soviet Union developed a variety of satellites that in 1989 were capable of reconnaissance, missile-launch detection, attack warning, command and control, and antisatellite functions.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-12850.html (213 words)

	Chapter 4
		This exception was not solely because of physical or technical limitations preventing such a defensive system, but because the United States and the USSR had agreed not to develop such systems in the Antiballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty of 1972.
		By agreeing not to develop such systems, both parties hoped to limit the numbers of nuclear weapons being developed by each side, prevent any significant change to the balance of power, and reduce the chance for nuclear war.
		The system would launch a satellite into an orbit matching the target of interest, and when in proximity, it would explode a conventional device in an attempt to destroy the target with debris.
	www.acdis.uiuc.edu /Research/OPs/Hyten/html/contents/sectIV.html (4516 words)

	FOBS Information - Online Prescription Medication Directory
		The orbital missile 8K69 was initially deployed in 1968, and the first regiment with the R-36 orbital missiles was put on alert in 1969.
		The SALT II treaty (1979) prohibited the deployment of FOBS systems:
		(c) systems for placing into Earth orbit nuclear weapons or any other kind of weapons of mass destruction, including fractional orbital missiles;
	www.prescriptiondrug-info.com /drug_information_online.asp?title=FOBS (266 words)

	National Missile Defense - Debatus
		Using orbital launchers to provide a reliable defense against solid fuel launches from Iran or North Korea was found to require at least 1,600 interceptors in orbit.
		Expanded Elements, Phases, and their Costs: The Administration is not only talking about a land based system, but also a second and third phase to the land based system, a sea-based provision, an air-based provision, and space-laser technology as well.
		If dramatic weight reductions were achieved the entire system (including: warhead, flight controls, and propulsion system) a more realistic weight for the interceptors would be in the neighborhood of 1,000 lbs.
	debatus.com /index.php/National_Missile_Defense (7130 words)

	What Is Sub-Orbital
		The sub-orbital spaceflight should not be confused with a partial orbital spaceflight: a low Earth orbit, with deorbiting after less than one full orbit, as in the Fractional Orbital Bombardment System.
		During freefall the trajectory is part of an elliptic orbit as given by the orbital equation.
		If the objective is just to reach space, sub-orbital flights are appealing because this is very much easier (it simply means going higher than the edge of space) than to achieve orbit (which requires a velocity of about 8 km/s).
	www.angelfire.com /planet/thrugateaerospace/page2.html (691 words)

	UR-200 / SS-X-10 SCRAG
		The purpose in requesting such a system was to develop a warhead that could approach the enemy from any direction and below missile tracking radar.
		The successful development of the storable hypergolic propellants on the SS-9 rendered this lox-kerosene systems obsolete, and in 1965 the development of the UR-200 missile was cancelled.
		The exact reasons for terminating the SS-10 weapon system program are unknown, but are they were likely related to the UR-200’s use of a cryogenic propellant combination and the successful development of the SS-9’s storable propellant.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/world/russia/ur-200.htm (614 words)

	[No title]
		The Soviets were rumored to be working on a Fractional Orbital Bombardment System that would have placed nuclear weapons in orbit, deployable by radio command (NRDC).
		These proposals were accompanied by suggestions to develop anti-satellite weapon systems that could be used to destroy space-based weapons.
		Orbital weapons, which would have further reduced the warning time, had great potential to destabilize the balance of power.
	www.nasw.org /users/nasw/jruley/SPST545Paper2Ruley.doc (2820 words)

	Chapter Four (Final Chapter) - Vigilant and Invincible (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Although the cost of military operations in Southeast Asia was chiefly blamed for mounting taxes and an inflated economy, defense spending in general continued to be attacked by pressure groups clamoring for greater federal support of favored domestic programs and by representatives of the so-called "peace movement," who looked upon all military requirements with suspicion.
		Approval of a limited expansion of the system, it was argued, might be an effective inducement to negotiate.
		The area defense concept involved the use of the large, powerful long-range radar systems that were hallmarks of the Mickelsen complex.
	www.redstone.army.mil /history/vigilant/chap4.html (4760 words)

	Comparing anti-missile systems in the world - Page 2 - - WMDs & Missiles \| Defence Talk Forum
		mobility also implies the time taken for a system to be redeployed from one place to another,a large number of support vehicles would make the redeployment relatively difficult as well as rendering the atbm battery vulnerable to counter strike.mobility is a very important aspect of quick reaction.
		That requires for the the system to be exoatmospheric and be able to handle intercept vekocities of 7,800 m/s.
		Building on the ABRES experience, the NIKE-X system that emerged in 1963-64 was a revolutionary advance in ABM technologies combining a powerful, multi-aperture phased array radar (MAR), an IBM 360 type computer, and a high acceleration missile (SPRINT) for low altitude intercepts.
	www.defencetalk.com /forums/showthread.php?p=80778#post80778 (1287 words)

	MissileThreat ::
		Ballistic missiles may be destroyed during their flight using systems based on land, sea, air, or space.
		Each system has particular virtues and vices: a robust and layered defense is necessary to provide for the strategic defense of the United States.
		Numerous government and academic assessments have been conducted on missile defense, the threat posed by proliferating ballistic missiles, and related subjects.
	www.missilethreat.com /missiles/ss-x-10_russia.html (397 words)

	Herb York: Race to Oblivion [1970]
		A radar system located in the Far North whose purpose is to detect attacking bombers.
		A shotgunlike system for bombarding a target area with more than one warhead.
		A system originally intended to integrate and control the air defense of North America.
	www.learnworld.com /ZNW/LWText.York.Race.Glossary.html (551 words)

	Hello Son of Star Wars - Goodbye Low Earth Orbit \| MetaFilter
		After the ABM treaty was negotiated and signed, the Soviet Union, and later the Russian Federation honored the agreement and neither tested nor deployed any fractional orbital bombing systems or any other sort of strategic space weaponry thereafter.
		As for the Russian ABM systems permitted under the ABM treaty, both launchers and 'local' radar systems were mobile and therefore easily produced in much larger numbers than allowed for under treaty, and also easily hidden.
		One thing remains certain: no untested billion dollar antiballistic missile system in Alaska is going to be worth jack shit against a cruise missile launched from a submarine in the Gulf of Mexico, let alone a warhead just sitting there in a container on an America bound freighter.
	www.metafilter.com /mefi/27333 (2609 words)

	UFO Symposium 1968: Baker Statement
		The system might include one or more phased-array radars (certainly not having the cost or capability of the FPS-85, but operating in a limited fashion that would be similar to the FPS-85).
		The control system would be unique, and would necessitate the development of a sequential data-processing controller that would increase the state variables describing the object's path from a six-dimensional position and velocity estimation to a 12-dimensional acceleration and jerk estimation (Baker (1967)) in order to follow erratic motion.
		This sensor system, in particular, could provide some data (perhaps incomplete) on anomalistic, objects which exhibit a slight temperature contrast with the space background, on a basis of noninterference with its military mission.
	ncas.sawco.com /ufosymposium/baker.html (15703 words)

	R-36 \| 8K67 \| SS-9 \| Scarp
		It was conceived concurrently with the Titan-2 ICBM in the United States.
		The latter became a base for the Fractional Orbital Bombardment System, or FOBS, where the warhead and the upper stage of the ICBM would actually enter the orbit around the Earth on its way to the target.
		The propulsion section of the orbital warhead of the R-36-O missile.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /r36.html (275 words)

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