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Topic: Fractional distillation

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Distillation

Fractionating column

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Azeotropic Distillation

Steam distillation

Extractive Distillation

Azeotrope

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Liebig condenser

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	Distillation - LoveToKnow 1911
		By fractional distillation is meant the separation of a mixture having components which boil at neighbouring temperatures.
		The above theory, coupled with such facts as the variation of the composition of the constant boiling-point fraction with the pressure under which the mixture is distilled, the proportionality of the density of all mixtures to their composition, andc., shows this to be erroneous.
		For the distillation of liquids the retort is usually a cylindrical pot placed vertically; cast iron is generally employed, in which case the bottom is frequently incurved and thicker than the sides in order to take up the additional wear and tear.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Distillation (4835 words)

	Fractional distillation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions, such as in separating chemical compounds by their boiling point by heating them to a temperature at which several fractions of the compound will evaporate.
		Industrial distillation is typically performed in large, vertical cylindrical columns known as "distillation or fractionation towers" or "distillation columns" with diameters ranging from about 65 centimeters to 6 meters and heights ranging from about 6 meters to 60 meters or more.
		Fractional distillation is also used in air separation, producing liquid oxygen, liquid nitrogen, and high purity argon.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fractional_distillation (983 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Fractional distillation
		Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions, such as in separating chemical compounds by their boiling point by heating them to a temperature at which several fractions of the compound will evaporate.
		Distillation is the most common form of separation technology used in petroleum refineries, petrochemical and chemical plants and natural gas processing plants.
		Fractional distillation is also used in air separation, producing liquid oxygen, liquid nitrogen, and high purity argon.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Fractional-distillation (4122 words)

	Distillation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The minimum in distillation is flash evaporation, where either the temperature is rapidly increased or pressure reduced, and vapor and liquid fractions are thus obtained, which may be processed as such.
		The device used in distillation is referred to as a still and consists at a minimum of a reboiler or pot in which the source material is heated, a condenser in which the heated vapor is cooled back to the liquid state, and a receiver in which the concentrated or purified liquid is collected.
		A distillation apparatus sometimes used by chemists is a rotary evaporator to distill (or evaporate) away solvent from a solution.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Distillation (941 words)

	Distillation
		In order for this distillation to be successful, it is important to allow the condensed liquid which is enriched in the less volatile component relative to its vapor, to return to the pot.
		Most fractional distillation apparati are designed in such a way as to permit control of the amount of distillate that is removed from the system.
		The basis of the separation by steam distillation is that while the water and organic condensed phases are immiscible, the vapors of both are miscible.
	www.umsl.edu /~orglab/documents/distillation/dist.htm (4354 words)

	Fractional Distillation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		If the distillate of this simple distillation was distilled again, the resulting distillate would again be even more concentrated in the lower boiling compound, but still a portion of the distillate would be the higher boiling compound.
		The length of the fractionating column and the material it is packed with impact the number of times the vapors will recondense before passing into the condenser; the number of times the column will support this is referred to as the number of theoretical plates of the column.
		Fractions of the distillate, which are collected over a small temperature range, will be essentially purified; several fractions should be collected as the temperature changes and these portions of the distillate should be distilled again to amplify the purification that has already occurred.
	wulfenite.fandm.edu /labtech/fractdistill.htm (498 words)

	Distillation - MSN Encarta
		This process, known as rectification, fractionation, or fractional distillation, is common in industrial usage, not only for simple mixtures of two components (such as alcohol and water in fermentation products, or oxygen and nitrogen in liquid air) but also for highly complex mixtures such as those found in coal tar and petroleum.
		The fractionating column most often used is the so-called bubble tower, in which the plates are arranged horizontally a few centimeters apart and the ascending vapors are forced to rise through bubble caps in each plate and then bubble through the liquid.
		The only disadvantage of fractional distillation is that a large fraction (as much as one-half) of the condensed distillate must be refluxed, or returned to the top of the tower and eventually boiled again, and more heat must therefore be supplied.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761571938/Distillation.html (1131 words)

	Laboratory Help! Distillation
		Fractional distillation is essentially the same as simple distillation except that a fractionating column is placed between the boiling flask and the condenser.
		The reason that fractional distillation gives better separation between the liquids is because the glass beads in the fractionating column provide "theoretical plates" on which the refluxing liquid can condense, re-evaporate, and condense again, essentially distilling the compound over and over.
		Typically, using simple distillation is preferrable because the apparatus is, well, simpler, and a simple distillation typically goes faster than a fractional distillation (and requires less energy).
	www.chemhelper.com /distillation.html (465 words)

	Distillation
		It consists of a round-bottomed distillation flask where the liquid is placed, a distillation head that connects the distillation flask to the condenser; and a distillation adaptor that connects the condenser to the receiving flask.
		The distillation head holds a thermometer to allow the temperature of the vapors to be monitored during the distillation.
		This is equivalent to 43% limonene in the distillate.
	www.uwlax.edu /faculty/koster/Distillation305.htm (3070 words)

	AllRefer.com - fractional distillation Information
		Fractional distillation is the main means of separating the components of crude oil.
		Fractional distillation is used to separate mixtures of miscible liquids, such as ethanol and water.
		In industry, fractional distillation is used to separate the compounds in crude oil (unrefined petroleum) into useful fractions, each fraction containing compounds with similar boiling points.
	www.allrefer.com /fractional-distillation (345 words)

	Fractional Distillation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Distillation is a process in which a liquid or vapour mixture of two or more substances is seperated into its component fractions of different boiling points, by the application and removal of heat.
		Fractional distillation can be demonstrated in the laboratory using relatively simple apparatus.
		The main use of fractional distillation in todays world is in the purification of crude oil.
	www.dit.ie /DIT/science/chemistry/rsccomp/competition00/distillation/topframe.html (1148 words)

	Fractional Distillation
		Distillation is a physical process used to separate mixtures that contain at least one liquid.
		Distillation was mentioned by Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) as a method of purifying water, and Pliny the Elder (23-79 A.D.) recorded one of the earliest references to a rudimentary still, the apparatus used to perform a distillation.
		Today, among the many uses of distillation are the preparation of alcoholic beverages, the refining of petroleum, and the desalination of salt water.
	www.chemheritage.org /EducationalServices/pharm/antibiot/activity/distil.htm (1562 words)

	Fractional Distillation Apparatus
		B/R International's fractional distillation apparatus features high efficiency distillation columns that are customized to your application and easy to use.
		Distillation columns can be stacked for even higher efficiencies.
		Microprocessor control fully automates the fractional distillation process from beginning to end, minimizing the time needed to operate the equipment.
	www.fractional-distillation.com (155 words)

	fractional distillation
		Fractional distillation is used to separate mixtures of miscible liquids, such as ethanol and water.
		The different components of the mixture condense at different levels in the fractionating column and thus may be separated.
		In industry, fractional distillation is used to separate the compounds in crude oil (unrefined petroleum) into useful fractions, each fraction containing compounds with similar boiling points.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0020819.html (347 words)

	Distillation 101
		Distillation is the process used to separate the substances composing a mixture.
		Fractional distillation is commonly used in refining petroleum.
		Fractionation distillation is used to separate crude oil using atmospheric and vacuum distillation towers to produce groups of hydrocarbon compounds of differing boiling-point ranges, called fractions or cuts.
	www.wetestit.com /distillation_101.htm (690 words)

	BBC - GCSE Bitesize - Chemistry \| Usefulproducts oil \| Distillation and fractional distillation
		Fractional distillation differs from distillation only in that it separates the mixture into a number of different parts, called fractions.
		Fractional distillation is used to separate the different hydrocarbons in crude oil.
		In fractional distillation a mixture of several substances, such as crude oil, is distilled and the evaporated components are collected as they condense at different temperatures.
	www.bbc.co.uk /schools/gcsebitesize/chemistry/usefulproductsoil/oil_and_oilproductsrev4.shtml (570 words)

	Fractional Distillation
		B/R 9600 fractional distillation apparatus is used for the distillation of batches from 1 to 500 liters.
		B/R 36-100 fractional distillation apparatus is used for the distillation of batches from 50 ml to 1000 ml.
		B/R 800 micro-distillation apparatus is used for the distillation of batches from 5 to 50 ml.
	www.brinstrument.com /fractional-distillation/fractional-distillation.html (127 words)

	Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
		The gases are passed through a distillation column which becomes cooler as the height increases.
		The liquids may be drawn off the distilling column at various heights.
		Although all fractions of petroleum find uses, the greatest demand is for gasoline.
	www.elmhurst.edu /~chm/onlcourse/chm110/outlines/distill.html (611 words)

	Fractional Distillation Unit,Simple Distillation Unit,Fractional Distillation Unit Manufacturer,Simple Distillation ...
		Function: Fractional distillation unit is used to fractionally distil multi - component mixtures at atmospheric pressure as well as at reduced pressures with high efficiency.
		Simple distillation unit is a general purpose batch unit which is operated at atmospheric pressure.
		General purpose batch reaction distillation unit to be operated at atmospheric pressure or vaccum.
	www.indiamart.com /standardscientificglass/lab-glassware.html (926 words)

	Solvent Recycling - Solvent Recyclers
		All distillations attempt to separate a lower boiling material (A) from a higher boiling material (B).
		Spinning band distillation creates intimate contact between the vapors and the condensate in a dynamic process.
		Valuable material is not left behind in the distillation column at the end of the distillation.
	members.tripod.com /solvent_recycling/compare-solvent-recyclers.htm (220 words)

	bento-box » Fractional Distillation and Home Distilleries
		The most experience I’ve ever had with proper fractional distillation is in the lab with a vigreux column.
		Distillation, as we should all know, is a way of seperating two components of a binary mixture by boiling off one component with the lower boiling point.
		A fractioning column is just a long tube, in the lab it is made out of glass, that is usually constructed to have a lot of surface area inside, more than a regular cylinder.
	bento-box.org /2006/04/29/fractional-distillation-and-home-distilleries (1232 words)

	Fossils into fuels. Processing crude oil - refining
		Fractional distillation uses the difference in boiling point to separate the hydrocarbons in crude oil.
		The fractionating column is cooler at the top than the bottom, so the vapours cool as they rise.
		Heavy residues from the fractionating column are distilled again under a vacuum.
	www.schoolscience.co.uk /content/4/chemistry/fossils/p8.html (206 words)

	Fractional Distillation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		As well, that the fractional distillation process is much slower than the simple distillation process.
		Stopped distillation when temperature hit 98°C. When the temperature hit 98degrees C all that was left in the boiling flask was water and the ethanol was in the receiving flask, successfully separating the two.
		As the ethanol was mixed with distilled water, after a period of time we saw that the ethanol had a greater evaporative reaction and was more easily transferred from the boiling flask, through the steel wool barrier, through the condenser, to the receiving flask.
	utminers.utep.edu /wbelachew/lab2.htm (256 words)

	Distillation
		Distillation is the process of heating a liquid until it boils, capturing and cooling the resultant hot vapors, and collecting the condensed vapors.
		Distillation is used to purify a compound by separating it from a non-volatile or less-volatile material.
		Vacuum distillation is used to distill compounds that have a high boiling point or any compound which might undergo decomposition on heating at atmospheric pressure.
	orgchem.colorado.edu /hndbksupport/dist/dist.html (855 words)

	Untitled Document
		The apparatus that is designed for a fractional distillation is assembled onto the three metal bars at the work bench (one movable horizontal bar, two fixed vertical bars) by the use of extension clamps.
		Since the apparatus used for “fractional” distillation takes up more space than what is used for a “simple” distillation, you will probably have to move the horizontal bar up quite high.
		Since, in a fractional distillation, the evaporated gas must travel a further distance to reach the condenser, as compared to the simple distillation, you want to insure that you keep the distilling flask, fractionating column and the stillhead as hot as possible by insulating them with aluminum foil (shiny side in).
	www.chem.ubc.ca /courseware/235/danalabsess/fractional_distillation.html (793 words)

	Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
		The fraction is the mixture of hydrocarbons collected between a certain range of temperatures in the fractional distillation of crude oil.
		In the fractionation process, the oil is heated and enters the column as a vapour.
		The lightest fraction (which is made up of gases) comes from the top of the column.
	www.patana.ac.th /parents/curriculum/Chemistry/units/LR1202.html (856 words)

	Fractional distillation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Fractional distillation is used to separate mixtures of volatile liquids.
		The round-bottomed distillation flask is underneath the fractionating column, which bears a stillhead and a thermometer adaptor.
		The fractionating column can be filled with almost anything that gives it a large surface area - glass beads or spirals, bits of broken glass tubing, ceramic rings.
	www.rod.beavon.clara.net /fraction.htm (147 words)

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