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Topic: Fractional freezing

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	Encyclopedia: Distillation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The device used in distillation is referred to as a still and consists at a minimum of a reboiler (pot) in which the source material is heated, a condenser in which the heated vapor is cooled back to the liquid state, and a receiver in which the concentrated or purified liquid is collected.
		Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture of compounds by their boiling point, by heating to high enough temperatures.
		Freeze distillation is a metaphorical term for a process of enriching a solution by partially freezing it and removing frozen material that is poorer in the dissolved material than is the liquid portion left behind.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Distillation (1596 words)

	Recovery of 1,3-butadiene by fractional crystallization from four-carbon mixtures - Patent 4279130
		Freezing and melting techniques are described for separating 1,3-butadiene from a mixture of four-carbon compounds by fractional freezing of the liquid mixture and by fractional melting thereof.
		Data demonstrating the feasibility of fractional crystallization by normal freezing and of fractional crystallization by sequential melting of a frozen C.sub.4 hydrocarbon mixture, upon which the continuous cryogenic process is based, are also presented.
		Fractional melting was studied by freezing a 300-gram mixture of isomers of butene, butane, and butadiene to low temperatures, such as -160.degree.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4279130.html (4615 words)

	Applejack - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is made by concentrating "hard cider" (as British cider, i.e., fermented apple juice, is called in American usage), either by the traditional method of freeze distillation (see fractional freezing), or by true evaporative distillation.
		From the fermented juice, with an alcohol content of less than 10%, the concentrated result has about or 30 to 40 percent alcohol (i.e., 60 to 80 proof), is slightly sweet, and tastes and usually smells of apples.
		Freeze distilling can concentrate methanol and fusel alcohols (by-products of fermentation which true distillation separates out) in applejack to unhealthy levels.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Applejack (174 words)

	Fractional distillation -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture of ((chemistry) a substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in definite proportion by weight) compounds by their (Being highly angry or excited; ready to boil over) boiling point, by heating to high enough temperatures.
		The most important industrial application of fractional distillation is the distillation of (A dark oil consisting mainly of hydrocarbons) crude oil.
		The fractionating column has outlets at regular intervals up the column which allow the different fractions to run out at different temperatures, with the highly volatile gases coming out the topmost outlet graduating to the less volatile road tar, ((Any of various naturally occurring impure mixtures of hydrocarbons) bitumen) coming out at the bottom.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/F/Fr/Fractional_distillation.htm (479 words)

	h2o2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A safer approach is sparging, possibly followed by fractional freezing.
		They prefer that these amateurs calculate the numbers themselves from the basic properties, such as the freezing point of peroxide and the freezing point of water.
		Similar circumstances often require those who would try these experiments to lie about their intentions to the 70% hydrogen peroxide suppliers, since these companies do not wish to be seen as officially supporting hydrogen peroxide rocketry experiments.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /H2O2.html (868 words)

	Multistage fractional freezing for superpurifying crystallizable substances - Patent 4885016 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This particular patent shows a fractional freezing process which includes continuous partial crystallization of a compound from a liquid mixture in which the mixture is fed through a cascade of a plurality of cooling sections.
		By the multistage fractional freezing process according to this invention, a controlled reflux ratio can be maintained in the refining system even though there may be variations in the weight of material that would freeze in each stage's processor during a given cycle.
		At the end of the freezing period, the frozen portion of the acetonitrile was in the form of a cylinder adhering to the internal diameter surface of the chilled portion of each processor.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4885016.html (10928 words)

	Dictionary definition of FREEZING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Tending to freeze; for freezing; hence, cold or distant in manner.
		Freezing mixture, a mixture (of salt and snow or of chemical salts) for producing intense cold.
		Freezing point, that degree of a thermometer at which a fluid begins to freeze; applied particularly to water, whose freezing point is at 32 deg Fahr, and at 0 deg Centigrade.
	www.dictionarybarn.com /FREEZING.php (141 words)

	Mr. Hole's Online Chemistry Glossary: F (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		fraction: a substance, or a mixture of substances of similar boiling points, resulting from fractional distillation.
		freezing: the process of converting a liquid into a solid by the removal of heat.
		freezing point depression: the difference in temperature between the freezing points of a solution and of the pure solvent.
	home.earthlink.net /~mrhole/chem/glossary/f.html (588 words)

	Home Distillation of Alcohol (Homemade Alcohol to Drink)
		Another method, known as fractional crystalization, is done by inverting the process and freezing the beverage instead of boiling it.
		Water freezes at a temperature of 0 C, while ethyl alcohol does not freeze until reaching -114 C. This allows the water to be frozen out of the liquid, leaving behind the ethyl alcohol, as well as the other alcohols and esters.
		The trick with freezing is to partially thaw and refreeze a few times to promote larger pieces of ice--the frozen cylinder with a heart of alcohol is the consequence of diurnal cycling in a barrel over weeks.
	www.homedistiller.org /notstill.htm (3010 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The fractional ice-phase volume is preferably determined at the storage temperature of the frozen food.
		Also ingredients may be added which lead to lowering of the freezing point of the composition such as alcohols like glycol or sugars or salts leading to a reduction of the ice phase volume.
		whereby Ci is the concentration of the ingredient i that is required to depress the freezing temperature of water to the temperature T and Si is the concentration of the ingredient in the formulation.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=98/41109.980924&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (3284 words)

	Cosmic Microwave Background: The Temperature of the Universe (2.728)
		Let us consider the possibility that the 2.728 fractal number may represent that of the freezing point of water on a temperature scale similar to that of the Celsius scale, whereby the boiling point would then be represented by 372.8 degrees.
		Furthermore, the fact that we devised a temperature scale based on the boiling point of water as representing a 136.6+ scale, with the freezing point of water as 100.0 on the scale, is nothing farfetched.
		In such cases, the freezing point of water would be considered 100 units, and the boiling point, correspondingly, would be 136.6+ units, depending upon which value would be chosen for the scale.
	www.earthmatrix.com /cosmic_microwave.html (1610 words)

	Definitions starting with F
		Fahrenheit - A temperature scale in which 32° is defined as the freezing point of water, and 212° is defined as the boiling point of water, with both of these measured at one atmosphere of pressure.
		If the origin and reference lines are either stationary or moving at constant velocity the frame is called an "inertial frame of reference".
		freezing point - Temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid.
	pages.prodigy.net /henry.jackson/defs_a_z/defs_f.htm (834 words)

	Lox/Hydrazine
		Oxidiser Freezing Point: -219.00 deg C. Oxidiser Boiling Point: -183.00 deg C. Liquid oxygen was the earliest, cheapest, safest, and eventually the preferred oxidiser for large space launchers.
		Its main drawback is that it is moderately cryogenic, and therefore not suitable for military uses where storage of the fuelled missile and quick launch are required.
		Liquid oxygen is obtained from air by fractional distillation.
	www.friends-partners.org /partners/mwade/props/loxazine.htm (595 words)

	free standing appliance
		Jenn-Air’s new under-counter built-in ice maker employs an advanced freezing process that ensures ice is made with pure water, thus removing any unwanted tastes and odors from the ice.
		During each ice-making cycle, water flows over a freezing plate that is set at precisely 32 degrees — the temperature at which clear or pure water freezes.
		As mineral-laden water freezes at temperatures that are a few degrees colder than the freezing plate, the process ensures the ice maker makes ice only out of pure water molecules.
	www.kitchen-dinnerware.com /12285-free-standing-appliance.html (896 words)

	PRB 67, 144105 (2003)
		Cooling-heating cycles have been performed through the freezing and melting transition for samples with different fractional fillings.
		Freezing leads to a decrease of the transmission up to four orders of magnitude due to material transport in the pore network that leads to a coarsening of the pore filling.
		The results are compared with transmission data on isothermal filling and draining and with heat-capacity data on freezing and melting.
	www.uni-saarland.de /fak7/knorr/homepages/patrick/Publications/PRBArTrans2003.html (123 words)

	Labelled monocyte chemoattractant protein material and medical uses thereof - US Patent 5413778 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Fractions are assayed either on the dose calibrator or dilute aliquots of the fractions for counting on the gamma counter.
		Combine the fractions at the Vo (protein peak) and fractions after the void volume until the radioactivity levels decline.
		The excess chelated 111-In is eluted at or near the Vt. The combined Vo fractions are assayed on the dose calibrator and the radiolabelling efficiency are calculated.
	www.patentstorm.us /patents/5413778.html (3480 words)

	Applejack (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It is made by concentrating "hard cider" (as British cider, i.e., fermented apple juice, is called in American usage), either by the traditional method of so-called "freeze distillation" (see Fractional freezing), or by true evaporative distillation.
		From the fermented juice, with less that 10% alcohol content, the concentrated result has about or 30 to 40 percent alcohol (i.e., 60 to 80 proof), is slightly sweet, and tastes and usually smells of apples.
		Freeze distilling can concentrate in applejack, to unhealthy levels, so called fusel alcohols, by-products of fermentation that true distillation reduces; in this light, many countries prohibit such applejack as a health measure.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/A/Applejack.htm (210 words)

	General Chemistry Online: Glossary:
		If the water freezes, the chemical potential of the ice was lower.
		A plot of the relative absorbance or intensity of emitted light vs. wavelength or frequency that shows a smooth variation, rather than a series of sharp peaks or bands.
		A conversion factor is a fraction that relates one unit to another.
	antoine.frostburg.edu /chem/senese/101/glossary/c.shtml (2137 words)

	Freezing rain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Freezing rain begins as snow falling from a cloud towards earth.
		It melts completely on its way down in a layer of warm (above freezing) air and then supercools in a small layer of cold air just before it impacts the surface.
		Due to it being supercooled the water freezes again upon impact.
	www.kiwipedia.com /en/freezing-rain.html (149 words)

	Fractional freezing -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Fractional freezing -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		Fractional freezing is a process used by (A scientist who specializes in chemistry) chemists to separate two liquids which have a different freezing point.
		It is also used in (additional info and facts about ice beer) ice beer.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/F/Fr/Fractional_freezing.htm (115 words)

	Fractional freezing - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Fractional freezing - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This page was last modified 09:58, 23 May 2005.
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Fractional freezing contains research on
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Fractional_freezing (129 words)

	eG Forums -> Applejack
		Traditionally it was done by leaving a keg of hard cider outside in the freezing winter, then draining off the applejack from the ice.
		I think it is likely the case that applejack was produced by fractional freezing at one time, but I believe it is now produced by distillation.
		The freezing an filtering process is known as jacking, and hence Applejack.
	forums.egullet.org /index.php?showtopic=54293 (3442 words)

	Eta Snow Initial Condition and Forecast, Page 2c (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		For less than 50% fraction of frozen precipitation, no additional snowfall is accumulated, and the precipitation is treated as all liquid for land surface model purposes, unless the skin temperature is freezing or below, in which case the liquid precipitation is assumed to freeze to the surface (freezing rain).
		Note: Freezing rain adds to the water equivalent, but not to the snow depth, so the snow density increases when freezing rain occurs in the model forecast.
		The forecast surface albedo of each physics grid box evolves as the snowpack evolves, based on the forecast fractional area of snow cover (based on snow depth which equals WESD/snow density) and the vegetation fraction in the grid box as shown in the fractional snow coverage graphic in the snow albedo section.
	meted.ucar.edu /nwp/pcu2/etsnow2c.htm (749 words)

	Encyclopedia: Fractional freezing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This process is used to increase the alcohol concentration in hard cider to make applejack, a process sometimes called freeze distillation.
		It is also used to make ice beer.
		So-called freeze distillation is a metaphorical term for a process of enriching a solution by partially freezing it and removing frozen material that is poorer in the dissolved material than is the liquid portion left behind.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Fractional-freezing (246 words)

	Fractional freezing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Fractional freezing is a process used by chemists to separatetwo liquids which have a different freezing point.
		This happens by dropping the temperature of both liquids - one liquid willreaching its freezing point and solidify, whilst the other will remain liquid.
		This liquid can be poured off, leaving the solidto warm and return to its liquid state.
	www.therfcc.org /fractional-freezing-131161.html (74 words)

	Dictionary definition of FROST (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The act of freezing; applied chiefly to the congelation of water; congelation of fluids.
		The state or temperature of the air which occasions congelation, or the freezing of water; severe cold or freezing weather.
		The brig and the ice round her are covered by a strange fl obscurity: it is the frost smoke of arctic winters.
	www.dictionarybarn.com /FROST.php (385 words)

	Franklin Electric Submersible AIM Manual - Application - All Motors - Page 3
		The solution will prevent damage from freezing in temperatures to -40°F (-40°C); motors should be stored in areas that do not go below this temperature.
		Repeated freezing and thawing should be avoided to prevent possible loss of fill solution.
		Care must be taken with motors removed from wells during freezing conditions to prevent damage.
	www.fele.com /Manual/AIM_03.htm (524 words)

	Encyclopedia: Hydrogen-peroxide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		As a result, amateurs wishing to use this for rocket fuel usually have to purchase 70% or lower purity (most of the remaining 30% is water, and sometimes there are traces of stabilizing materials, such as tin), and increase its concentration themselves.
		Many try distillation, but this is extremely dangerous with hydrogen peroxide; peroxide vapour can detonate at a temperature of about 70 Â°C. A safer approach is sparging, possibly followed by fractional freezing, but even when using this method contaminants may still often cause explosions.
		Strathisla whisky distillery in Keith, Scotland Distillation is a means of separating liquids through differences in their vapor pressures.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Hydrogen_peroxide (6628 words)

	H2O2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		One way to avoid this is to drop a seed crystal of already-frozen peroxide into the supercooled solution tocause it to freeze.
		They prefer that these amateurs calculate the numbers themselves from the basic properties, such asthe freezing point of peroxide and the freezing point of water.
		Similar circumstances often require those who would try theseexperiments to lie about their intentions to the 70% hydrogen peroxide suppliers, since these companies do not wish to be seen asofficially supporting hydrogen peroxide rocketry experiments.
	www.therfcc.org /h2o2-321473.html (870 words)

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