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Topic: Fractional order control

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Control theory

Fractional calculus

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	Fractional calculus in control theory
		Motivation on using the fractional-order controllers was that PID controllers belong to the dominating industrial controllers and therefore there is a continuous effort to improve their quality and robustness.
		One of the possibilities to improve PID controllers is to use fractional-order PID controllers with non-integer differentiation and integration parts.
		Fractional calculus in control theory is a new area of research.
	people.tuke.sk /ivo.petras/control.html (0 words)

	Fractional order control - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fractional order control or (FOC) is a field of control theory that uses the fractional order integrator as part of the control system design toolkit.
		The fundamental advantage of FOC is that the fractional order integrator weights history using a function that decays with a power-law tail.
		Fractional order control shows promise in many controlled environments that suffer from the classical problems of overshoot and resonance, as well as time diffuse applications such as thermal dissipation and chemical mixing.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fractional_order_control (174 words)

	masthead v. fractional rig - SailNet Community (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Fractional rigs often have purposely designed flexible masts and, when combined with a backstay adjuster permits quick, on the fly, simultaneous depowering of both jib and sails.
		Because Fractional rigs permit such a large range of easy adjustment, they can be trimmed through a range of adjustments that results in a bigger range of speed both slower or faster than a masthead rig of similar sail area.
		I strongly favor Fractional rigs for coastal sailing because the are so much easier to tack and jibe, you are not carrying around the big winches and as many large sails, and subjecting the boat to the much higher loads of a masthead rig.
	www.sailnet.com /forums/buying-boat/2349-masthead-v-fractional-rig.html (730 words)

	Legal questions about Fractional Ownership
		The concept of Fractional Ownership combines the ownership, the usage, and the maintenance of a single airplane which is part of a fleet of many airplanes.
		Fractional Ownership is made possible because of a series of intricate agreements between the purchaser or lessee and the operator which meet the varied requirements and restrictions of Federal Aviation Law.
		In fractional, getting to the starting point and back from the destination is normally at the cost of the fractional operator for trips that begin and end in the Continental U.S.There are also differences in crew selection, qualifications and charges which vary from operator to operator and charterer to charterer.
	www.fractionaljetownership.com /content/legal_q.html (5000 words)

	Insurance Issues Relatting to Fractional Aircraft Ownership
		Fractional aircraft ownership is one of the most significant developments in the world of aviation over the last twenty years.
		Fractional owners generally enter into written agreements with the aircraft operator whereby the operator is responsible for the hiring and training of crew members and scheduled aircraft maintenance and repair.
		Since most fractional aircraft operators assume the responsibility to procure liability and hull insurance, the fractional owner is placed in somewhat of a difficult position as they attempt to protect their own interests versus those of the aircraft operator.
	www.fractionaljetownership.com /Insurance.html (1755 words)

	Regulation of Fractional Aircraft Ownership Programs - Section 2
		The owner, as the entity in operational control, remains responsible for the safe operation of the flight and compliance with the Federal Aviation Regulations with respect to the flight under this definition.
		Moreover, while business airplanes that participate in fractional ownership programs are expected to operate frequently between airports separated by significant distances – often measured in thousands of miles – rotorcraft that participate in fractional ownership programs are not expected to operate outside of a range of, at most, a few hundred miles.
		A fractional ownership program aircraft is an aircraft in which a fractional owner has a minimum ownership interest, as the term has been defined in § 91.1001(b)(3), and is included in a dry-lease aircraft exchange.
	www.nbaa.org /fractional/foarc02.htm (4591 words)

	Fuzzy Control of Mobile Robots
		In many reactive control systems, the design of a control agent involves the use of ad-hoc algorithms that are difficult to apply to other problems.
		A fuzzy control function may be defined by using fuzzy sets as adjectives in a qualitative rule base.
		When an obstacle is detected (in simulation) by one of the robot's proximity sensors, the fuzzy controller increases the speed of the wheel on that side to turn away from it.
	www.mindspring.com /~sggoodri/thesis/fuzzy.htm (1567 words)

	Chaos in Fractional-order Autonomous Nonlinear Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Linear transfer function approximations of the fractional integrator block are calculated for a set of fractional orders in (0, 1], based on frequency domain arguments, and the resulting equivalent models are studied.
		The effect of fractional order on the chaotic range of the control parameters is studied.
		It is demonstrated that as the order is decreased, the chaotic range of the control parameter is affected by contraction and translation.
	sprott.physics.wisc.edu /pubs/paper274.htm (208 words)

	Control Systems Introduction - Proportional Control
		The control effort is proportional to the error in a proportional control system, and that's what makes it a proportional control system.
		Continuing with our discussion of proportional control systems, the criticial properties of a proportional control system are how it computes the control effort.
		Let’s assume that the steady state output is proportional to the control effort.
	www.facstaff.bucknell.edu /mastascu/econtrolhtml/Intro/Intro2.html (1751 words)

	Pneumatic Control Valves on Jordan Valve, Div. of Richards Industries, Inc.
		The valve strokes in a fraction of the travel required by conventional control valves...
		It can also be controlled by instruments such as turbidity, flow, or level controllers and can be set up for direct control or with optional side or top mounted positioners.
		The V1C Series is for use on a wide range of applications including throttling and on/off control of non-gritty liquids, gases and steam where the...
	jordanvalve.thomasnet.com /category/pneumatic-control-valves (1168 words)

	Initialized Fractional Calculus
		The fractional calculus (which admits of integrals and derivatives of non-integer order) dates back almost to the origin of the better-known ordinary (integer-order) calculus, but thus far has been treated more as a mathematical curiosity than as a scientific and engineering tool.
		The application of the fractional calculus to scientific and engineering problems has been inhibited by difficulties that arise from the basic definitions given heretofore for integrals and derivatives of arbitrary order.
		In the initialized fractional calculus, it is not required that f(t) and its derivatives be zero at t = c in order to preserve composition.
	www.nasatech.com /Briefs/Oct02/LEW17139.html (586 words)

	Fractional Ownership Liability
		Operational control whenever the frac-owner has requested that any program aircraft (not necessarily the one in which the share is owned) carry passengers or property designated by the owner, regardless of whether the owner is on board.
		Arguably, with responsibilities for operational control and airworthiness, and given the wording of the regulation, the right to audit may be considered a duty.
		The fractional owner in operational control, who has directed that his employees, guests or clients are carried on the flight, will also be sued.
	www.aviationlawcorp.com /content/fracown.html (5323 words)

	Your Sky: Sky Map Control Panel
		The controls in this document are "live"--you're free to experiment with various settings, pressing the "Update" button at the top or bottom of the page to display a star map with the settings you've chosen.
		The Julian day number for a given moment in time is simply the number of days, whole and fractional, elapsed since noon (12:00) Universal time on 1st January -4712; time is expressed as a fraction of a day.
		Stars are shown as icons; the larger the icon, the brighter the star; due to resolution limits of computer monitors (and convention in many printed star atlases), stars are "binned" into units of one full magnitude.
	www.fourmilab.ch /yoursky/help/controls.html (2456 words)

	Survey Control and Markers Documentation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The purpose of collecting Survey Control and Markers category data is to capture information about established horizontal and vertical positions which are used as fixed references in positioning and correlating map features.
		This code identifies a degenerate line placed on a horizontal control station of third order or better, having elevation data of third order or better and labeled BM (bench mark) as shown by symbols 217(A), 512.99(C), or 2102.03(D).
		This code identifies a degenerate line placed on a vertical control station with elevation data of third order or better and that is marked with a tablet as is shown by symbols 220(A), 512.100(C), or 2102.06(D).
	www.fws.gov /data/gisconv/sv.html (1461 words)

	Z3801A Fractional Parts
		But, the catch is, to resolve the very last increment of time at the gate closing (a fraction of the period of their internal clock) they use an analog time to voltage circuit!!!.
		Also, remember that the principle of operation of disciplined oscillators is that highly accurate control is obtained by considering very long periods of the one pulse per second (1 PPS) signal from the GPS receiver.
		By considering the range of control voltage and the designed frequency change that results, the frequency change for an incremental change in control voltage can be determined.
	www.realhamradio.com /Z3801A-fractional-parts.htm (1138 words)

	PID Controller laboratory
		Such a generalized controller is called fractional-order PID controller (FPID).
		This paper deals with temperature control of processes with electric heaters and fan or water coolers.
		The aim of this paper is to present an explicit parametrization of the value set boundary for a model family consistent both with the process-control-oriented information about the class of candidate models and with one experimentally obtained point of the process frequency response.
	www.pidlab.com /docs.php (501 words)

	NBAA > Fractional Ownership (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Turbojet fractional and charter operators have been encouraged by the FAA to review a safety alert for operators (SAFO) related to landing performance assessments at time of arrival, and to voluntarily comply with a new OpSpec/MSpec C382 on the same topic.
		Fractional ownership operations began in 1986 with the creation of a program that offered aircraft owners increased flexibility in the ownership and operation of aircraft.
		On December 14, 2004 the FAA issued a notice that corrects the date by which all fractional operations must be in compliance with FAR Part 91, Subpart K. NBAA was expecting the correction that changes an incorrect December 17, 2004, compliance date to February 17, 2005.
	web.nbaa.org /public/ops/fractional (2180 words)

	Marquis Jet Card - NetJets 25 hours at a time
		NetJets pioneered the concept of fractional jet ownership in 1986.
		With NetJets fractional jet ownership, you gain all the convenience, access and time advantages of owning a jet aircraft...at a fraction of the cost.
		You maintain control by deciding when and where to fly in order to meet your individual business or personal objectives.
	www.marquisjet.com /netjets/fractional.html (254 words)

	[No title]
		Humidity and temperature have a pronounced effect on the microbicidal action of formaldehyde; in order to sterilize an enclosure, the temperature should be about room temperature (22ºC) and the relative humidity between 60–80%.
		For instance, quinine from cinchona bark is used for controlling malaria (protozoan parasite), oil from seeds of the chaulmoogra tree is used for slowing the progress of leprosy (Mycobacterium leprae) and material from ground pumpkin seeds is used to treat schistosomiasis (blood fluke infection).
		Universal precautions (UP) are a set of infection control practices, developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in which health care workers (HCWs) appropriately utilize barrier protection (gloves, gowns, masks, eyewear, etc.) for anticipated contact with blood and certain body fluids of all patients.
	www.elmhurst.edu /~bio/mittermeyer/BIO414/control.html (7832 words)

	Cutting Edge: Building a Data Navigator Control, Part III
		The control takes care of all the code necessary to set up this kind of machinery, so you only have to specify the name of the external table and the fields involved.
		A typical example is the DropDownList control, whose DataTextField and DataValueField properties are bound to field names for the Text and Value attributes of the underlying HTML tag.
		It works in conjunction with another control acting as the master view, enabling you to select a row on the master and use the navigator control to show the details.
	msdn.microsoft.com /msdnmag/issues/02/06/cutting (3887 words)

	Dr Chen, YangQuan's Fractional Order Control (FOC) Webpage
		Slides are available for talks on FOC at San Diego IEEE CSS Section.
		List of the accepted FOC papers for the ASME First Symposium on Fractional Derivatives and Their Applications, International Design Engineering Technical Conferences, Chicago, Illinois September 2-6, 2003.
		Invited special session on "Fractional derivatives in Mechatronics and Robotics", for the 11th IEEE-ICAR'03, June 30-July 3, 2003, University of Coimbra, Portugal.Organizers: Pierre Melchior, Patrick Lanusse and Jocelyn Sabatier.
	mechatronics.ece.usu.edu /foc (0 words)

	IronHorse Fractionalplates Library
		I replied that fractional plates™ were "plates that weighed a fraction of a pound", which was true at the time.
		Today the term fractional plates™ is an accepted part of the lifters lexicon and even the finer machine manufacturers, including MedX, design in 1 to 2 pound increments.
		Note that attaching fractional plates to fixed DBs is easy - use a double-sided Velcro loop to loosely hang fractional plates from either end of the fixed DB handle - they do not have to attach to the ends like loadable DBs (think outside the box!).
	www.fractionalplates.com /equipment/library.html (3597 words)

	[No title]
		Nonautonomous Duffing systems of fractional order have been addressed in [6], where it is shown that a sinusoidally-driven Duffing system of order less than 2 can still behave in a chaotic manner.
		The resulting fractional chaotic oscillator model is then given in state space as: EMBED Equation.3 (7) where ‘a’ is the control parameter for this oscillator, and EMBED Equation.3 is the model nonlinearity.
		Notice, however, that this value of the control parameter was not in the chaotic range of the integer order model at all.
	sprott.physics.wisc.edu /pubs/paper274.doc (3145 words)

	LMX2470 - 2.6 GHz Delta-Sigma Fractional-N PLL with 800 MHz Integer-N PLL
		With delta-sigma architecture, fractional spur compensation is achieved with noise shaping capability of the delta-sigma modulator and the inherent low pass filtering of the PLL loop filter.
		Fractional spurs at lower frequencies are pushed to higher frequencies outside the loop bandwidth.
		With delta-sigma architecture, the ability to push close in spur and phase noise energy to higher frequencies is a direct function of the modulator order.
	www.national.com /pf/LM/LMX2470.html (437 words)

	Fractional Wavelets
		We introduce the concept of fractional wavelets which extends the conventional theory to non-integer orders.
		This allows for the construction of new wavelet bases that are indexed by a continuously-varying order parameter, as opposed to an integer.
		We present some specific examples of wavelets (fractional splines) and investigate the main implications of the fractional order property.
	bigwww.epfl.ch /publications/unser0202.html (329 words)

	AC Motor Systems on Oriental Motor U.S.A. Corp.
		A wide range of speed control motors are available with these controllers.
		Connection between the motor and control unit is simplified by and easy-to-use connector.
		The US series is designed for applications where remote control of the motor speed and easy installation are required.
	catalog.orientalmotor.com /category/speed-control-systems--1065 (206 words)

	The University of Akron College of Engineering; Electrical and Computer Engineering Graduate Program
		The control research lab is equipped for control system simulation and design computations.
		The power electronics and motion control lab includes the latest oscilloscopes, spectrum analyzers, data acquisition systems, DSP development tools, digital meters, signal generators, power supplies, as well as torque, speed and acceleration transducers.
		The pervasive automation lab is used to investigate new computing and communications platforms for effective control in discrete and motion contorl areas.
	www.ecgf.uakron.edu /grad_ee_cpe.html (1528 words)

	Fractional Differential Equations: An Introduction to Fractional Derivatives, Fractional Differential Equations, to ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		For historical reasons, the word 'fractional' is used instead of the word 'arbitrary'.
		This book is written for readers who are new to the fields of fractional derivatives and fractional-order mathematical models, and feel that they need them for developing more adequate mathematical models.
		A reader will find in this book everything necessary for the initial study and immediate application of fractional derivatives fractional differential equations, including several necessary special functions, basic theory of fractional differentiation, uniqueness and existence theorems, analytical numerical methods of solution of fractional differential equations, and many inspiring examples of applications.
	isbn.nu /0125588402/price (554 words)

	STATISTICA Request for Quote
		STATISTICA QC Miner integrates all quality control charts, process capability analyses, experimental design procedures, and Six Sigma methods with a comprehensive library of cutting-edge techniques for exploratory and predictive data mining.
		STATISTICA MultiStream was designed for process industries in general, but is particularly well suited to help power generation facilities leverage the data collected into their existing specialized process data bases for multivariate and predictive process control, for actionable advisory systems.
		STATISTICA Multivariate Statistical Process Control (MSPC) is a complete solution for multivariate statistical process control, deployed within a scalable, secure analytics software platform.
	www.statsoft.com /quote/order.html (0 words)

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