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Topic: Fractionating column

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	Laboratory Help! Distillation
		Fractional distillation is essentially the same as simple distillation except that a fractionating column is placed between the boiling flask and the condenser.
		The fractionating column is usually filled with glass or plastic beads.
		The reason that fractional distillation gives better separation between the liquids is because the glass beads in the fractionating column provide "theoretical plates" on which the refluxing liquid can condense, re-evaporate, and condense again, essentially distilling the compound over and over.
	www.chemhelper.com /distillation.html (465 words)

	Distillation - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		This process, known as rectification, fractionation, or fractional distillation, is common in industrial usage, not only for simple mixtures of two components (such as alcohol and water in fermentation products, or oxygen and nitrogen in liquid air) but also for highly complex mixtures such as those found in coal tar and petroleum.
		The fractionating column most often used is the so-called bubble tower, in which the plates are arranged horizontally a few centimeters apart and the ascending vapors are forced to rise through bubble caps in each plate and then bubble through the liquid.
		The only disadvantage of fractional distillation is that a large fraction (as much as one-half) of the condensed distillate must be refluxed, or returned to the top of the tower and eventually boiled again, and more heat must therefore be supplied.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761571938___4/Distillation.html (423 words)

	Fractional distillation of binary solvent mixture
		In fractional distillation (figure 3), a fractionating column is inserted between the distillation flask and the distillation head.
		The principle of a fractionating column is that, as the vapours ascend the column from the boiling mixture below, the high boiling components are condensed and returned to the flask, the ascending column of vapour being thus steadily “scrubbed” by the descending column of liquid condensate.
		The ascending column of the vapour becomes therefore steadily richer in the lowest boiling component, and the descending column of condensate steadily richer in the highest boiling component.
	www.pharmainfo.net /exclusive/reviews/fractional_distillation_of_binary_solvent_mixture (912 words)

	EXPERIMENT 2
		Fractional Distillation of a Cyclohexane-Toluene Mixture: Obtain 50 mL of an unknown toluene-cyclohexane mixture from your TA.
		Attach the flask to the fractional distillation apparatus.
		Put the distillate collected during the rapid temperature rise in another flask and the distillate collected at the stable higher temperature in yet another flask. Stop the distillation when you have collected about 3 mL after a second constant temperature is reached. Plot a distillation curve as shown in figure 5 of the appendix.
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~jkn/235L2-Distillation&GC.htm (873 words)

	Fractional Distillation
		The length of the fractionating column and the material it is packed with impact the number of times the vapors will recondense before passing into the condenser; the number of times the column will support this is referred to as the number of theoretical plates of the column.
		The only difference between the equipment used in fractional distillation and that used in simple distillation is that with fractional distillation, a packed fractionating column is attached to the top of the distillation flask and beneath the condenser.
		Fractions of the distillate, which are collected over a small temperature range, will be essentially purified; several fractions should be collected as the temperature changes and these portions of the distillate should be distilled again to amplify the purification that has already occurred.
	wulfenite.fandm.edu /labtech/fractdistill.htm (498 words)

	Oxygen: How Products are Made
		Sometimes this name is shortened to fractionation, and the vertical structures used to perform this separation are called fractionating columns.
		In the fractional distillation process, the components are gradually separated in several stages.
		As the argon vapor reaches a point about two-thirds the way down the column, the argon concentration reaches its maximum of about 7-12% and is drawn off into a third fractionating column, where it is further recirculated and refined.
	www.enotes.com /how-products-encyclopedia/oxygen (2286 words)

	fractional distillation
		Fractional distillation is used to separate mixtures of miscible liquids, such as ethanol and water.
		The different components of the mixture condense at different levels in the fractionating column and thus may be separated.
		In industry, fractional distillation is used to separate the compounds in crude oil (unrefined petroleum) into useful fractions, each fraction containing compounds with similar boiling points.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0020819.html (288 words)

	[No title]
		In figures 1-4 all the condensers are water cooled except the vertical one in figure 3, the fractionating column.
		Column efficiency is improved by insulating the column, packing the column with steel wool, and by introducing a small condenser at the very top of the column to effect partial condensation of the already highly rectified vapor.
		Paper, thin film, column, gas, and high performance liquid chromatography are all separation techniques related to liquid-liquid extraction in that components are separated based on their relative solubility in two different phases (immiscible solvents).
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~jkn/235A-Appendix.htm (1829 words)

	UCCS Chem 337 - Solutions 2
		Fractional distillation increases the number of theoretical plates for a distillation, but often at a cost in both time and amount of distillate obtained.
		Whereas a very long fractionating column may provide additional theoretical plates, it is very difficult to maintain thermal equilibrium over a large column and excessive heat may be necessary to drive the liquid up the column.
		Fractions containing the same spot may be pooled and the solvent evaporated.
	www.uccs.edu /~amschoff/chem337/337soln2.html (1217 words)

	Air-classification apparatus and process for the segregation of mixed office-paper waste - Patent 4127476
		The heavy fraction, unable to be fluidized, falls and is discharged at the bottom discharge 22 and is collected by collection screen 24 adjacent the opening 22.
		Air exhausted from the column 12 through exhaust duct 20 may be recycled to the main blower 14 for recycle and reuse.
		After segregation in the fluidized bed, the light 42 and medium 44 layers; for example, writing and newsprint paper, are separated and removed from the column 12 by a blast of high-pressure, low-volume air from jets 38 and 40; for example, at a pressure of 40 to 120 psig.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4127476.html (2314 words)

	Process for preparing tertiary alkyl ethers - Patent 4475005
		The method described in the aforesaid European application also suffers from the drawback that the continuous phase inside the column is represented by the vapour phase, whereas the dispersed phase is the liquid phase, and this leads to low MTBE yields, as the reaction takes place in practice in the vapour phase.
		The vapours produced by the fractionating column reboiler bubble through the catalyst beds, which are preferably not less than three in number, and the methanol and isobutene react therein in the liquid phase which covers each catalyst bed.
		The reference numeral 1 indicates the fractionating plates, and 2 a fractionating plate comprising thereon a catalyst bed 3, which is retained by the meshes 4 and 5.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4475005.html (1159 words)

	Exxon-Valdez (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In fractional distillation, a vertical fractionating column with a large surface area is utilized to improve distillation efficiency.
		Commercial fractionating columns (Figure 2) consist of many horizontal plates that allow for repetitive vaporization-condensation cycles of the distillate so that the vapor reaching the top of the column is highly enriched in the more volatile components of the distilland.
		This fractionation is achieved by the establishment of a temperature gradient within the fractionating column; thus, the temperature at the top of the column is lower than is the temperature at the bottom of the column.
	wulfenite.fandm.edu /exxon-valdez.htm (8804 words)

	Class Definition for Class 196 - MINERAL OILS: APPARATUS
		The combination of a vaporizer with a condenser, usually a dephlegmator or fractionating column, provided with means for returning part or all of the condensate from the condenser to the vaporizer.
		Fractionating columns provided with heating means for causing vaporization of the liquid-mineral-oil- feeding stock.
		Condensing apparatus, peculiar to this art, generally known in the art as dephlegmators or fractionating columns, where the condensate formed in cooler zone is reheated and partially revaporized by vapors in a hotter zone.
	www.uspto.gov /go/classification/uspc196/defs196.htm (2642 words)

	Wired Chemist
		In fractional distillation, a vertical fractionating column with a large surface area is utilized to improve distillation efficiency.
		Commercial fractionating columns (Figure 2) consist of many horizontal plates that allow for repetitive vaporization-condensation cycles of the distillate so that the vapor reaching the top of the column is highly enriched in the more volatile components of the distilland.
		This fractionation is achieved by the establishment of a temperature gradient within the fractionating column; thus, the temperature at the top of the column is lower than is the temperature at the bottom of the column.
	www.wiredchemist.com /environmental/instructional/exxon_valdez.html (8741 words)

	Preparation of alkyl sulfonates (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Solvent separated from the secondary extract in low pressure fractionating column 12 is passed through line 14 to heat exchanger 10 wherein solvent vapors are cooled and condensed to preheat the feed stream to column 12 and then passed through cooler 15 and line 16 to solvent accumulator 17 for reuse in the process.
		The low pressure fractional distillation column 12 typically operates at a pressure in the range of 10 to 15 psig (1.7 to 2 bar) and the high pressure fractional distillation column 20 typically operates at a pressure in the range of 3.7 to 4.1 bar (40 to 45 psig).
		The solvent vapors leaving the top of the fractionating column 20 through line 22 are passed through heat exchanger 11 in indirect heat exchange with the secondary extract mixture from the separator 8, condensing the solvent vapors and further preheating the secondary extract mixture prior to its introduction to low pressure fractionating column 12.
	www.sacnewsmonthly.com /invent/battery_electrode_hardness_tester/preparation_alkyl_sulfonates.html (4069 words)

	Max-Serv - Success Stories
		The fractionating column, in a delayed coking unit, is subjected to cyclic disturbances, not rejectable by conventional regulatory control techniques.
		During the preheating phase a fraction of vapors is deducted from the column and sent to the idle coke drum where it condenses and is drained.
		The overall effect of these actions on the fractionating column C-1 is the reduction of the available heat with a consequent result of a sharp reduction of distillate flow rate.
	www.max-serv.com /success_stories_search.php?i=17&ids_string=3,4,5,6,8,7,9,10,14,15,12,16,17,18,19,22,27,28,29,33,34,13,20,35,36,37,38,39,43,44,45,32,46,47,48,49,50 (937 words)

	Fractional Distillation
		During the process the escaping vapor is measured by a thermometer of the fractionating column.
		Generally, for fractional distillation to work best,the difference in boiling points of liquids in the mixture should be greater than 10C.
		Fractional distillation is used in industry to separate oxygen and nitrogen from liquid air.
	library.thinkquest.org /11430/research/fraction.htm (277 words)

	JSC Gazprom Neft - How to Refine Oil
		Fractional distillation uses the difference in boiling point to separate the hydrocarbons in crude oil.
		The fractionating column is cooler at the top than the bottom, so the vapours cool as they rise.
		As the last gases from the bottom of the column pass through the holes in a tray, any lighter hydrocarbons still in the condensed liquid are boiled off, and rise through the column.
	gazprom-neft.com /pages.php?lang=1&page=9 (584 words)

	Students' Guide to Refining
		The crude needs to be heated up before entering the fractionation column and this is done at first in a series of heat exchangers where heat is taken from other process streams which require cooling before being sent to rundown.
		Vapours are directly sent to the fractionation column, and by doing so, the hydraulic load on the remainder of the crude preheat train and furnace is reduced (smaller piping and pumps).
		In this way, the different fractions are gradually separated from each other on the trays of the fractionation column.
	www.cheresources.com /refining.shtml (1228 words)

	Alcohol Distillation Theory
		Fractional distillation relies on a fractionating column to separate out components with different volatilities found in the starting material.
		The separation along the height of the column can be viewed as a series of batch distillations, concentrating the more volatile component at the top and leaving behind the less volatile component at the bottom.
		Fractional distillation can be set up as a continuous process by removing the separated components from the different positions along the column (alcohol at the top) and the removed components replaced with more of the starting material.
	www.monashscientific.com.au /AlcoholDistillationTheory.htm (1237 words)

	Organic Synthesis - Ethyl Oxalate
		The flask is then fitted with a fractionating column, I meter long, to which is attached a condenser and an automatic separator so arranged that the lighter liquid flows off to a receiver (Fig.
		This fraction, which consists principally of alcohol, with a little carbon tetrachloride and moisture, is dried with potassium carbonate and returned to the reaction mixture.
		The liquid in the flask is then distilled with the use of a column until the temperature of the vapor reaches 85'0; the residue is then distilled under reduced pressure, and the fraction which boils at 106-107/25 mm.
	www.worldwideschool.org /library/books/sci/chemistry/OrganicSynthesis/chap6.html (574 words)

	Pressure responsive fractionation control
		In a fractionation system in which pressure fluctuations within the fractionation vessel can result in alteration of the fractionator product composition, fractionation column pressure is monitored and converted to a temperature requirement signal representative of the temperature required within a preselected portion of the fractionation column in order to provide the desired product constituent distribution.
		In accordance with the present invention the pressure within the fractionation column is used to provide a required heat signal representative of the direction and magnitude of any change necessary in the heat input to the fractionation column to maintain a fractionation column temperature necessary to provide a desired product stream composition.
		The column pressure is utilized to provide a temperature requirement signal representative of the temperature required to achieve a desired or specified methane to ethane ratio in the natural gas liquid bottom product of the demethanizer column.
	www.skk-banjaluckapivara.com /invent/treatment_transition_metal_compound/pressure_responsive_fractionation_control.html (5029 words)

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