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Topic: Fragmentation

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	Causes of Forest Fragmentation in the United States
		Forest connectivity and whether fragmentation is from human or natural causes.
		The Causes of Forest Fragmentation map layers were derived from NLCD by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).
		The layers are the first to identify sources of forest fragmentation, and may be useful for decision makers in identifying forest areas for protection or restoration.
	www.nationalatlas.gov /mld/frfrg2i.html (236 words)

	Fragmentation in HFS Plus Volumes
		Nevertheless, fragmentation is still a cause for concern for those who design and implement filesystems, as well as for end users.
		A fragment is a fraction of a block (for example, 1/8th of a block).
		Fragments lead to more efficient use of space when there is a large number of small files on a volume, at the cost of more complicated logic in the filesystem's implementation.
	www.kernelthread.com /mac/apme/fragmentation (2547 words)

	Classification of Forest Fragmentation in North America
		The Classification of Forest Fragmentation map layer is a grid map of North America, including the Caribbean and most of Mexico, showing the amount of forest and the connectivity between patches of forest.
		The forest fragmentation classification is an index value designed to distinguish among types of fragmentation (for example, edges on the interior versus the exterior of a forest patch), and it also reflects differences in the absolute amount of forest present.
		Also available is a map layer depicting the causes of forest fragmentation in the United States; this map layer is offered in three resolutions: 1 kilometer, 540 meters, and 270 meters.
	nationalatlas.gov /mld/forfrgi.html (286 words)

	Fragmentation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fragmentation is a form of asexual reproduction where an organism is split into fragments.
		In music fragmentation is the use of fragments or the "division of a musical idea (gesture, motive, theme, etc.) into segments." It is used in tonal and atonal music and is used in musical development and closure.
		Fragmentation is the process by which the casing of an artillery shell, bomb, grenade, etc is shattered by the detonating high explosive filling.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fragmentation (1363 words)

	Encyclopedia: Fragmentation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Fragmentation happens when it is notpossible to place all those ones and zeros in a single line but rather haveto separate it into two or more parts.
		Fragmentation allows you to save large files even if you don'thave enough contiguous space on your hard drive and also allows you to addinformation to files already on your drive without having to move them toa spot where there is more room.
		Fragmentation occurs either when the file being saved is larger thanthe next available space, or when a file no longer has any room to growand the additional information is saved in a separate location.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Fragmentation (264 words)

	Dizwell Informatics - Tablespace Fragmentation: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Fragmentation is what you get when tables inside a tablespace come in lots of different extent sizes, and you then decide to drop, truncate or move one of those tables, thereby ‘vacating’ the extents it had previously required.
		By the way, you can also fragment memory in the same sort of way: if you age something out of a cache, it leaves behind a memory ‘hole’ which may or may not be the right size for something else to use later.
		Fragmentation therefore ends up preventing tables from growing when they need to (as with our BONUS example above), and generating application errors as a result; or your tablespace gets littered with small pockets of free space (as with the EMP example) that will never be used, which is simply a waste of disk space.
	www.dizwell.com /html/fragmentation.html (991 words)

	Marquetry Society of Canada - Fragmentation in Marquetry
		Fragmentation is a special technique in which veneer is cut up into small pieces (less than 1mm cubes) and glued together to act collectively as a piece of veneer.
		Fragments of the dominant leaf colour were sprinkled over the glue with heavier concentrations near the top and middle of the tree (Figure 5).
		The occasional fragment of the overlapped tree was placed in the tree in front to simulate gaps in the branches.
	www.marquetrysociety.ca /Fragmentation.html (4155 words)

	Fragmentation: Chapter 2
		This type of fragmentation will be explained here only to differentiate it from our real subjects, file and free space fragmentation.
		Fragmentation of the contents of such a file causes virtually no performance problems, as the file is designed to be accessed in random order and any new record is guaranteed to fit precisely within any free space in the file.
		This type of fragmentation affects performance of only those applications accessing the affected file (unless such activity is so intense that it degrades the performance of the entire system).
	www.execsoft.com /fragbook/chapter2.htm (2736 words)

	Conservation Ecology: Global Scale Patterns of Forest Fragmentation
		Forest fragmentation is of additional concern, insofar as the “edge effect” is mitigated or exacerbated by the residual spatial pattern (Forman and Godron 1986, Turner 1989, Levin 1992).
		Some of the fragmentation that we detected on the land-cover maps is the result of excluding savanna and woody savanna from the forest class definition.
		The maps of forest fragmentation correspond to the maps shown in Figures 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 of the manuscript.
	www.ecologyandsociety.org /vol4/iss2/art3 (6294 words)

	ITworld.com - Fragmentation and Unix file systems
		Fragmentation comes about when a system cannot or will not allocate enough contiguous disk space to store an entire file in a single location on a disk.
		While fragmentation is a performance issue, it is less of a problem on a system with an affective buffer cache with read-ahead.
		Fragmentation is more of a problem on FAT file systems than NTFS, largely because the FAT32 file system predates many of the innovations in file system design that have made them work more efficiently.
	www.itworld.com /Comp/3380/nls_unixfrag040929/pfindex.html (994 words)

	fragmentation. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000.
		The act or process of breaking into fragments.
		The scattering of the fragments of an exploding bomb or other projectile.
		Computer Science The scattering of parts of a file throughout a disk, as when the operating system breaks up the file and fits it into the spaces left vacant by previously deleted files.
	www.bartleby.com /61/17/F0291700.html (117 words)

	Flexible fragmentation strategy in Informix Dynamic Server 10.0
		The fragmentation strategy of IDS 9.4 (or earlier releases) does not allow tables to be fragmented with multiple fragments in one dbspace.
		Table fragment (partition) refers to zero or more rows that are grouped together and stored in a dbspace that you specify when you create the fragment.
		Depending on the number of tables or fragments that a query must search, and the resources that are available for a decision-support query, the database server assigns different components of a query to different threads.
	www.ibm.com /developerworks/db2/library/techarticle/dm-0610gupte/index.html?ca=drs- (2407 words)

	IP Fragmentation: Questions & Answers
		It is not possible to select a particular IP datagram size to always avoid fragmentation, as the MTU for different transmission It is possible, though, for a given path to choose a size that will not lead to fragmentation.
		Using the fragment offset field and the length of the last fragment, the length of a complete IP datagram is calculated.
		The fragment offset field in the first IP datagram is set to the value of that field in the original datagram.
	www.geocities.com /SiliconValley/Vista/8672/network/ipfrag.html (1292 words)

	Habitat Fragmentation
		Habitat fragmentation is the seperation of a landscape into various landuses (e.g, development, agriculture, etc.), resulting in numerous small, disjunct habitat patches left for use by wildlife.
		Fragmentation eliminates habitat for those species requiring large unbroken blocks of habitat (e.g., bobcats and upland sandpipers).
		Coupled with a high predator population, the risk of predation in fragmented landscapes is heightened.
	www.mass.gov /dfwele/dfw/bdi/habfrag.htm (298 words)

	Soul Fragmentation
		Fragmentation as the source of illness is an important concept in many native healing traditions.
		Fragmentation seems to be a common condition stemming from the many perceived traumatic situations in life, ranging from minor to severe, real or imagined.
		The fragments continue to be connected to each other by the silver threads, even after the being leaves the physical body in death, when the silver cord is detached.
	website.lineone.net /~dr.mgm/index-soul.html (2224 words)

	Improving WLAN Performance with Fragmentation
		The number is zero for the first fragment, then increments by one for each successive fragment of a particular frame.
		The single-bit More Fragment field in the fragment header indicates whether or not a frame is the last of a series of fragments.
		After invoking fragmentation, follow-up with some testing to determine if the number of collisions is less and the resulting throughput is better.
	www.wi-fiplanet.com /tutorials/article.php/1468331 (957 words)

	GIS/EM4 - Temporal analysis of habitat fragmentation
		The habitat fragmentation results are consistent with those reported in the literature in other regions, and indicate that fragmentation of early winter caribou habitat is occurring in the study area.
		The main goal of this research is to determine the spatial effects of timber harvesting and wildfires on caribou habitat composition and configuration in the Revelstoke forest region for the period from 1975 to 1997.
		It was hypothesized that fragmentation of early winter habitat critical to a local sub-population of mountain caribou had occurred in the study area as a result of these specific disturbance factors, and that these landscapes changes could be quantified and assessed with landscape metrics applied to the satellite image and GIS mapping products.
	www.colorado.edu /Research/cires/banff/pubpapers/25/index.html (3400 words)

	Journaling-Filesystem Fragmentation Project
		In my simulations I calculate the average internal fragmentation by dividing the number of bytes that are on disk per file or per partition disk by the number of theoretically usable bytes which is the number of blocks used times the block size.
		External Fragmentation: This is the (average) loss of performance when the physical block layout on disk is not optimized for the disc mechanics such as that for many files the blocks belonging to one file are scattered around the whole disc.
		The reason one wants to avoid external fragmentation is due to the fact that the disc is a random access device which is very slow when seeking the next position to read/write on disc (around milli seconds) compared to computer main memory (around nano seconds).
	www.informatik.uni-frankfurt.de /~loizides/reiserfs (1178 words)

	Memory Fragmentation and Segmentation
		These errors are caused by two problems: The first error is caused by memory fragmentation, and the second error is caused by memory segmentation.
		The most common cause of memory fragmentation is loading and unloading a scheduled NLM, such as a backup NLM.
		Memory fragmentation can also be caused by NLMs that are unloaded and then reloaded as part of another process.
	support.novell.com /techcenter/articles/nc1998_04c.html (1758 words)

	IP fragmentation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Internet Protocol allows IP fragmentation so that datagrams can be fragmented into pieces small enough to pass over a link with a smaller MTU than the original datagram size.
		RFC 1191 describes "Path MTU discovery", a technique for determining the path MTU between two IP hosts, so that IP fragmentation can be avoided.
		The details of the fragmentation mechanism, as well as the overall architectural approach to fragmentation, are different in IPv4, the current version of the Internet Protocol, and IPv6, the newer version.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/IP_fragmentation (129 words)

	BFL: What is Forest Fragmentation and Why is it Important?
		Forest fragmentation occurs when large, continuous forests are divided into smaller blocks, either by roads, clearing for agriculture, urbanization, or other human development.
		Ornithologists suspect that fragmentation harms many woodland birds by increasing their susceptibility to predation and nest parasitism.
		It is important to distinguish between a forest that is fragmented by agricultural or urban development and a forested landscape composed of a mosaic of mature and regenerating stands that results from timber harvesting.
	www.birds.cornell.edu /bfl/gen_instructions/fragmentation.html (344 words)

	Dr. Dobb's \| Measuring Fragmentation \| July 22, 2001
		When free memory becomes fragmented and an allocation request is made, the allocation function may return NULL ("not enough memory") even if enough total free memory is available, because no single contiguous free block is large enough to satisfy the memory request.
		A maximally fragmented heap will always consist of alternating used and free blocks, which are of the absolute minimum size allowable by the allocator.
		Though the raw and relative fragmentation indexes for the allocators will be higher or lower, depending on the test program and the amount of memory available, the Borland allocator will always yield better results with respect to fragmentation, due to several factors.
	www.ddj.com /184408979?pgno=2 (4005 words)

	Windows NTFS Fragmentation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		You may have 20,000 fragments on your disk, but it could be on a single file that you never use.
		Microsoft claims that their new filesystem for Windows NT does not fragment or is fragmentation resistant.
		The affects of the free-space fragmentation were not immediately felt since the actual files on the disk were not fragmented.
	www.wec.ufl.edu /staff/hydew/comp/os/nt_ntfs.html (2780 words)

	SQL Server Index Fragmentation and Its Resolution
		This inefficient use may be because the logical order of the pages are wrong (external fragmentation) or because the amount of data stored within each page is less than the data page can contain (internal fragmentation).
		Whichever type of fragmentation occurs in your index, you could face performance issues with your queries because of the fragmentation.
		Internal fragmentation occurs when the index pages are not being used to their maximum volume.
	www.sql-server-performance.com /rd_index_fragmentation.asp (713 words)

	Elias Digests — fragmentation
		You may fragment and you may allow this fragment to remanifest, which is you but is not you; for all aspects, all fragments, all focuses contain all of essence.
		One of you is not fragmented from the other essence, although if you are speaking in linear terms, I may express to you that you may trace the fragmentation to a common fragmentation at one point, but this is figuratively speaking, for all of this action occurs simultaneously.
		The action of fragmenting is the choice of different qualities incorporated within an existing essence or essences, for it may be an action that is incorporated in relation to several or even many essences which may be merged in one action, and a quality chooses to be expressed as its own personality essence.
	www.eliasforum.org /digests/fragmentation.html (17725 words)

	Post-Modern Fragmentation
		They emphasize fragmentations, discontinuities and chaos, rather than the order, coherence and simplicity characterizing the modernist philosophy.
		The more science grows, the more fragments are created, and the more difficult it becomes to build a unified picture, even within the same discipline.
		Though not everyone will agree with such radical conclusions, our present age undeniably shows fragmentation and an increasing awareness of the relativity of beliefs and values.
	pespmc1.vub.ac.be /POMOFRAG.html (1357 words)

	Chat Transcript - Solving the Device Fragmentation Problem
		I'll start off with a quick explanation as to what the device fragmentation problem is. We use the term to describe variations found between mobile platforms that prevent a single application from automatically running optimally on all phones.
		Fragmentation usually requires modifications to get your single application running on different mobile platforms; managing these modifications is where our solution comes in...
		The fragmentation problem is not necessarily tied to either MIDP 1 or 2, rather, the differences/capabilities across devices.
	developers.sun.com /prodtech/javatools/mobility/community/chats/transcript012605.html (3240 words)

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