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	Fraktur (typeface) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fraktur quickly overtook the earlier Schwabacher and Textualis typefaces in popularity, and a wide variety of Fraktur fonts were carved.
		Fraktur saw a short resurgence after the War because many printers did not have the money for new typefaces during the economic hardships of (roughly) 1945-1955, but after the economy started to recover it was quickly abandoned.
		Fraktur is today used merely for decorative typesetting; for example, a number of traditional German newspapers still print their name in Fraktur on the first page, and it is also popular for pub signs.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fraktur_(typeface) (550 words)

	Fraktur
		Fraktur brings all this together on colorful pages that delight the eyes while stimulating a curiosity about their archaic and decorative texts - texts usually written in German, even though they document events in the lives of some of North America's earliest immigrant families.
		Fraktur transferred to this country in the German language with German-speaking immigrants who began arriving late in the Seventeenth Century from the Rhineland-Pfaltz area of Germany, from Alsace in today's France, and from Switzerland.
		Fraktur was an important cultural element of the rural American family from German-speaking Europe.
	antiquesandthearts.com /archive/frak.htm (2915 words)

	JAIC 1977, Volume 17, Number 1, Article 4 (pp. 27 to 36) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The fraktur was embrittled and disintegrating chiefly because of vermin, expansion and contraction with changes in temperature and humidity, and migration of acid from the chest lid to the adhered paper support.
		The reassembling and subsequent treatment of the fraktur is a modification of the procedure used in the conservation of the Wall Charts from the Cloister at Ephrata, Pennsylvania.
		Before mounting the fraktur, the margins of the backing paper were coated with a thicker consistency of the wheat starch paste which held the dampened fraktur securely to the drying panel; as the paper gradually contracted while drying, the creases were pulled out.
	aic.stanford.edu /jaic/articles/jaic17-01-004.html (2890 words)

	JAIC 1994, Volume 33, Number 1, Article 3 (pp. 33 to 45) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Fraktur lettering of the text and designs surrounding or embellishing the text are the two main elements of the fraktur.
		Frakturs were produced by Protestant groups from the Rhineland, Switzerland, and the surrounding regions who immigrated to the American colonies in the late 17th century seeking religious freedom.
		Few fraktur artists actually signed their work, and most often the artist is recognized today by his or her individual style and the content of the documents.
	aic.stanford.edu /jaic/articles/jaic33-01-003_2.html (1191 words)

	Fraktur (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Fraktur quickly overtook the earlier Schwabacher and Gothic typefaces in popularity, and a wide variety of Fraktur fonts was carved.
		Fraktur went out of fashion during the early 20th century because of the obvious communication problems with non-native German speakers.
		Consequently, Fraktur is today used merely for decorative typesetting; for example, a number of traditional German newspapers still print their name in Fraktur on the first page.
	www.theezine.net /f/fraktur.html (450 words)

	Fraktur (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Fraktur instruction is noted in Russian Mennonite school manuals by Tobias Voth (1820), Jakob Braül (1830), and Heinrich Heese (1842).
		In addition of Isaac Z. Hunsicker, major fraktur artists in Ontario included Samuel Moyer (1767-1844); Christian L. Hoover (1835-1918); Abraham Latschaw (1799-1870); Joseph Bauman (1815-1889) and Anna Weber (1814-1888).
		In Grantsville, MD, is the Casselman River Area Amish and Mennonite Historians group, and in Ontario, Conrad Grebel University College, Waterloo, Ontario, and the Heritage Historical Library, Aylmer.
	www.mhsc.ca /encyclopedia/contents/F6741ME.html (831 words)

	Fraktur
		Fraktur is a form of German calligraphic folk art that flourished among early schoolteachers in Pennsylvania communities.
		Modifying the traditional fraktur style are sketches of the church of Menno's first priestly charge at Pingjum and the "cottage" near Lubeck in northern Germany where his books were printed in his last years.
		This commemorative fraktur is a spiritual reminder linking the 16th-century beginnings of Anabaptism via a Mennonite folk tradition of the eighteenth century with present-day needs for spiritual identity and inspiration.
	www.mcusa-archives.org /Resources/fraktur.html (537 words)

	Pennsylvania German Fraktur
		Fraktur documents served to record births and marriages, important sacraments and causes for celebration in the people's lives.
		Fraktur were produced from about 1760 to the early years of the twentieth century, almost always in German.
		While American fraktur may have its roots in European illuminated manuscripts, it is significantly different in one major aspect.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/illustration_and_illumination/89841 (567 words)

	German historical Banknotes - Fraktur Font Type
		Fraktur was used as the "official" font type in Germany until mid of the 20th century.
		In 1941, though, Hitler declared Fraktur to be "Jewish Letters"and prohibited the use of this font type, because of its "non-Aryan" nature.
		Since 1945 the Fraktur font is hardly used in Germany anymore, due to its association to the Nazi period.
	www.germannotes.com /faq_fraktur.shtml (323 words)

	Fraktur and German Script
		Fraktur is a typeface used in older German books and printed documents.
		When the word "fraktur" is used in English, it generally refers to the typeface.
		An exception is "American fraktur" as used in the Pennsylvania German culture, where the documents themselves--not just the writing in them--are called fraktur.
	www.asherwin.com /frakturscript2.html (542 words)

	19th Century Fraktur In Lancaster
		It illustrates printed variants of fraktur birth and baptism certificates that are surprising even to those who are very familiar with fraktur.
		There is considerable overlap in freehand fraktur made by major fraktur artists and the scriveners who filled out printed forms.
		Fraktur is rich with genealogical data, some of which can be found nowhere else.
	www.antiquesandthearts.com /archive/fraklead.htm (1531 words)

	Fraktur
		The German fraktur alphabet consists of 26 upper case characters, with the addition of three vowels with Umlauts: Ä, Ö, and Ü;.
		The fraktur lower case letters included the basic 26 characters with the addion of the three umlauts: ä, ö, and ü;, and an additional few letters and letter combinations.
		Not counting the ligatures nor umlauted vowels, the german fraktur alphabet seems to have 26 upper case characters, and 28 lower case characters.
	www.morscher.com /3r/fonts/fraktur.htm (830 words)

	CHAPTER III Learning German Typeface and Script (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		It was this separation that caused Fraktur to be known as the “German” and Antiqua as the “Latin” font.
		For the next five centuries, the Germans managed to hold on to the ancient Fraktur, swaying between unanimous support of it and cursing the “anachronistic monk’s scribbling” depending on the current level of national sentiment.
		After all, German children had to learn eight different alphabets (Fraktur, Kurrent, Antiqua and Latin Script, upper and lower case each) and after 1941 this was reduced to four, thus making learning much easier on the children.
	home.comcast.net /~alsturm/Wurzeln/chapter_iii_learning_german_type.htm (1695 words)

	Pennsylvania Folk Art And Fraktur Books
		Fraktur, that exquisite script formed with ornate letters and highly decorated borders, was a particularly well-developed practice of making quill-lettered mottos, letters, book plates, hymnbooks, certificates, baptismals, wedding announcements and other outstanding works.
		Fraktur was taught and penned for nearly 90 consecutive years (1747-1836) by a series of teachers in the Mennonite schools in communities of Shippack and Salford northwest of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
		The author, a historian and fraktur expert and collector, tells about these Mennonite-run schools, the unusual teachers who oversaw them, and the artistic tradition they carried forward and passed on to their willing students.
	www.bouldercreektradingpost.com /books_fraktur.htm (860 words)

	Book Review: Fraktur: Folk Art & Family; Maine Antique Digest, November 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		For instance, Dennis Moyer's Fraktur Writings and Folk Art Drawings of the Schwenkfelder Library Collection was published by the Schwenkfelder Library last year, and soon the Pennsylvania German Society will release a study of Bucks County fraktur by Cory Amsler, curator of the Bucks County Historical Society's Mercer Museum.
		Printed fraktur certificates had been ignored by folk art collectors, who see in the freehand, watercolored drawings that decorate fraktur the qualities of color, design, innocence, originality, and naiveté they treasure.
		Those who buy a printed fraktur because their ancestor's birth is recorded on it are a world apart from those who spend $5000 to $100,000 for a fraktur because they find it akin to modern art.
	www.maineantiquedigest.com /articles/frak1199.htm (938 words)

	Pennsylvania Folk Art and Fraktur
		Fraktur is a form of hand writing and printing that began in the German speaking lands of medieval Europe.
		These origional and very individual manuscripts blended fraktur writing and folk art into a decorated watercolored paper manuscripts that were created primarily for family records.
		The term Fraktur, originally referred to the fancy, formal "broken lettering" of the hand scribed texts produced in the German areas of Europe and early Ameria.
	www.sedelmeier.com /fraktur.htm (1403 words)

	Pennsylvania German Fraktur and Related Arts - Jeff Bridgman American Antiques
		When the maker of a fraktur was finished with his work, he would often embellish it with naive drawings depicting birds, tulips, angels, mermaids, soldiers, and various animals.
		This is evidenced by the often poor quality of the drawings in fraktur from the standpoint of a trained artisan, but it is the just this naive nature that interests folk art collectors and can push the value of a fraktur to its maximum potential.
		The small fraktur drawings I buy can date as early as the late 18th century, and as late as the 1870's or 80's, but the majority I buy date to the period between 1820 and 1860.
	www.jeffbridgman.com /html/fraktur.htm (856 words)

	Historical Society of Berks County PA / Taufscheine/Fraktur
		Over 500 pieces of Pennsylvania hand-done fraktur and printed house blessings, birth, baptismal, confirmation, and marriage certificates are included in the extensive and rich permanent collection of the Historical Society.
		Fraktur lettering is decorative and is often compared to our Old English Gothic.
		Not only does Berks County fraktur represent a cornucopia because of sheer numbers of fraktur that came from this region, it also represents a microcosm of the history of American Taufscheine made possible by a mutually beneficial trade among schoolmasters, printers, and scnveners.
	berkshistory.org /fraktur (387 words)

	Marta Urban - Pennsylvania German Fraktur - About Us
		In the early 1980's, during a familiar trip to the local art museum, she viewed her first fraktur and the desire to learn more about these illuminated documents was born.
		Her appreciation of the art form and desire to create authentic folk art led her to the methods that are essentially the same as when the originals were made from 1750 to 1850.
		Fraktur represented the Pennsylvania German culture by symbolizing the ties that joined family, church and school.
	www.martaurban.com /aboutus.html (393 words)

	FIND! - Printed Fraktur (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Your printed fraktur appears to be in very good condition, with a few minor stains, which should be left as they are.
		Although the monetary value of these printed fraktur is not high (I would put it at $100 to $200 each), they should be prized for their sentimental and decorative appeal.
		Printed fraktur were produced in great quantity throughout the middle of the 19th century and were popular with the typically frugal Pennsylvania Germans.
	www.find-tv.com /find-tv/learn/qa/qa0404_fraktur.html (331 words)

	Pa Dutch Fraktur Gallery
		Strictly speaking, fraktur is an ornate type of written or printed German, similar to Gothic lettering in English.
		The general approach is scholarly, and (for its time) comprehensive, yet it is also very readable and clearly evidences the author's enthusiasm for his subject.
		For instance, the 2-volume catalog of fraktur in the Free Library of Philadelphia, or Fraktur Writings and Folk Art Drawings of the Schwenkfelder Library Collection by Dennis Moyer, which combines a scholarly narrative and magnificent color reproductions.
	home.att.net /~fraktur (621 words)

	Fraktur Exhibit
		A writing example, called a Vorschrift, was used to teach the students to write the alphabet and numbers, and to read hymns and scriptures.
		Fraktur flourished in this community during the years from approximately 1750 to 1840.
		These colorful illuminated drawings are found in the Fraktur Room along with a depiction of a one-room schoolhouse.
	www.mhep.org /fraktur.htm (154 words)

	JAIC 1978, Volume 18, Number 1, Article 4 (pp. 19 to 32) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In a 1963 lecture on fraktur she said that she, as an artist, could easily recognize by eye the presence of such widely used pigments as vermilion, Prussian blue, gamboge and orpiment.
		Since fraktur are frequently pen and ink drawings painted in with other colors, many of the brown and fl areas are of the same iron gall ink used to outline the figures.
		The fraktur artists were calligraphers who decorated their often functional documents with ornamental drawings, whereas for the non-fraktur watercolor artists, the emphasis lay in painterly techniques.
	aic.stanford.edu /jaic/articles/jaic18-01-004.html (3277 words)

	Gottschall Fraktur Brings $101,000 at Auction: Maine Antique Digest 07/96 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The fraktur was attributed by family tradition and style to Samuel Gottschall, a Mennonite schoolmaster in Salford, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, not far from the auction house where it sold.
		Another similar fraktur attributed to Samuel and/or Martin Gottschall is in the Titus Geesey collection at the Philadelphia Museum of Art and illustrated in the museum's Pennsylvania German catalog.
		The Reverend Jacob and his bachelor sons were known for their fraktur drawings in bright colors and with thick gum arabic, which caused the blue on the women's skirts to pool.
	www.maineantiquedigest.com /articles/gott0796.htm (612 words)

	Download Fette Fraktur Font Family - Linotype.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Fette Fraktur is used to invoke a nostalgic or rustic feeling and found often on restaurants with 'hearty homemade food' or breweries who use the 'good old recipes' of the founder.
		One could say Fette Fraktur font is a true mix of styles, not unusual for typefaces created at the turn of the 19th century.
		Fette Fraktur is a Trademark of Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG, which may be registered in certain jurisdictions, exclusively licensed through Linotype GmbH, a wholly owned subsidiary of Heidelberger Druckmaschinen AG.
	www.linotype.com /424/fettefraktur-family.html (653 words)

	PA German Society News and Events (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The number of articles and books published on fraktur has accelerated, especially in the last two decades, and exhibit curators have capitalized on what appears to be an insatiable appetite on the part of the public to learn more about these gems of eighteenth and nineteenth century manuscript art produced by and for Pennsylvania Germans.
		Schwenkfelder fraktur was produced by a sect residing primarily in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania.
		Like others dealing with the complex study of fraktur, the curators of the three current exhibits faced the all too familiar and daunting task of getting across these concepts to visitors ranging from those who have never heard of fraktur to fraktur aficionados who are sure to visit every fraktur exhibit possible.
	www.pgs.org /featurearticle.asp (3279 words)

	German language - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In addition to the 26 standard letters, German has three vowels with Umlaut, namely ä, ö and ü, as well as a special symbol for "ss", which is only used after long vowels or diphthongs (and not used at all in Switzerland): ß.
		Until mid 20th century, German was often printed in Gothic fl letters (Fraktur, or Schwabacher) and written in corresponding handwriting (e.g.
		These variants of the Latin alphabet are very different from the serif or sans serif typefaces used today, and are difficult for the untrained to read.
	open-encyclopedia.com /German_language (2003 words)

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