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	More mutagenesis
		III D. Mutations that deleteriously affect the fidelity of DNA replication or repair cause an increase in the basic mutation frequency and are called mutators.
		Transition mutations are those where a purine replaces a different purine or where a pyrimidine replaces a different pyrimidine.) and mutD mutations that cause l03-l05 higher mutation frequencies and generates a range of error types (Strains with mutDmutations seem to lack the 3'-5' exonuclease activity alluded to in Section III A).
		They are termed frameshift for historical reasons, since when they occur in a region which is translated into protein, such an addition or deletion of the base will put the downstream region out of proper reading frame.
	www.bact.wisc.edu /Bact370/frameshift.html (630 words)

	Frameshift mutation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A frameshift mutation (also called a frameshift or a framing error) is a genetic mutation that inserts or deletes a number of nucleotides that is not evenly divisible by three from a DNA sequence.
		Frameshift mutations frequently result in severe genetic diseases.
		A frameshift mutation is responsible for the disabling of the CCR5 HIV receptor and some types of familial hypercholesterolemia (Lewis, 2005, p.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Frameshift_mutation (204 words)

	Point mutation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A point mutation, or substitution, is a type of mutation that causes the replacement of a single base nucleotide with another nucleotide.
		Often the term point mutation also includes insertions or deletions of a single base pair (which have more of an adverse effect on the synthesized protein due to codons no longer being read in triplets, but in different orders- a mutation called a frameshift mutation).
		For example, sickle-cell disease is caused by a single point mutation (a missense mutation) in the beta hemoglobin gene that converts a GAG codon into GTG, which encodes the amino acid valine rather than glutamic acid.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Point_mutation (299 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Mutation
		Mutations are permanent, sometimes transmissible (if the change is to a germ cell) changes to the genetic material (usually DNA or RNA) of a cell.
		Mutations whose effect is to juxtapose previously separate pieces of DNA, potentially bringing together separate genes to form functionally distinct fusion genes (e.g.
		Two classes of mutations are spontaneous mutations (naturally occurring) and induced mutations caused by mutagens.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Mutation (933 words)

	mutation.html
		A type of substution called a missense mutation and a type of frameshift mutation involving a deletion of the fouth nucleotide in the original DNA are shown.
		Neutral mutations are a type of missense mutation in which the new amino acid is chmically similar to the one it is replacing.
		A nonsense mutation is a mutation that replaces a codon for an amino acid with one of the three stop codons.
	staff.jccc.net /pdecell/evolution/mutations/mutation.html (2525 words)

	Cancer Immunity 4:14 (2004)
		It is commonly accepted that MSI-induced frameshift mutations in some of these genes contribute to the neoplastic transformation of the cells involved (6, 7).
		found frameshift mutations in 2 of 30 unselected primary lung cancers and speculated that Caspase-5 might be a suppressor gene of highly metastatic potential in lung cancer (30), while Scott et al.
		MSI patients often harbor mutations in more than one gene that carries nucleotide repeat sequences (14), and the risk of tumor escape by immune selection after immunization in vivo can be substantially reduced if distinct frameshift-derived peptides representing several T cell epitopes are used.
	www.cancerimmunity.org /v4p14/041015.htm (6104 words)

	MCDB 2150 -- Lecture 25
		Mutation: A mutation is any change in genetic information relative to a reference "wild-type" genome, including changes that affect expression of genes without altering their coding sequences and changes that do not cause any detectable phenotypic difference (silent mutations).
		Somatic and germ-line mutations: The mutations that we normally deal with in genetics are those that occur in the germ-line and are thus passed on to subsequent generations.
		Frameshifts: Spontaneous frameshift mutations are believed to arise primarily from mispairing within long runs of the same base in a coding sequence.
	www.colorado.edu /MCDB/MCDB2150Fall/notes/L25.html (3937 words)

	MCDB 2150, Fall 2000 -- Lecture 6
		Because the lecture on mutational mechanisms occurred later in the semester prior to adopting our current textbook, it was able to cover various manifestations of mutation in greater detail and thus served as a unifying lecture for many previously introduced concepts.
		Mutations caused by transposable elements (also known as mobile genetic elements) are covered in chapter 22 of our textbook, and are examined in MCDB 3500.
		Frameshifts, triplet expansion, and mutational hotspots: Spontaneous frameshift mutations are believed to arise primarily from slippage and misalignment during replication within a sequence containing several repeats of the same base in a coding sequence.
	www.colorado.edu /MCDB/MCDB2150Fall/notes00/L0006.html (3342 words)

	Mutation
		Mutations are also found at the center of a number of diseases and disease processes.
		Though nonsense mutations tend to be the product of point mutations, it is worth noting that frameshift mutations also tend to lead to the creation of multiple stop codons.
		To mutagenize (a.k.a., mutate) is to treat an organism with chemicals (mutagens) that cause an increase in the rate of mutation.
	www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu /~sabedon/biol1075.htm (1202 words)

	Spontaneous Frameshift Mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Accumulation During DNA Replication and Removal by ...
		Frameshift reversion spectra for a wild-type strain and for strains defective in proofreading and/or mismatch repair.
		Frameshift reversion spectra for strains deficient in the exonuclease activities of individual polymerases.
		of frameshift mutagenesis in yeast strains that are singly,
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/159/1/65 (4956 words)

	A novel frameshift mutation (2436insT) produces an immediate stop codon in the autosomal dominant polycystic kidney ...
		An unusual pattern of mutation in the duplicated portion of PKD1 is revealed by use of a novel strategy for mutation detection.
		A novel frameshift mutation induced by an adenosine insertion in the polycystic kidney disease 2 (PKD2) gene.
		Germinal and somatic mutations in the PKD2 gene of renal cysts in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.
	ndt.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/15/4/477 (2275 words)

	Mutation frequency
		This refers to any mutation (e.g., base substitution or frameshift, see section III E) where only a single base of the DNA is affected in the mutant when compared to wild-type.
		It has very recently become apparent, however, that a surprisingly common type of spontaneous mutation is actually a cluster of two or more lesions (including base substitutions and frameshifts) within a few base pairs of each other.
		If these complicated mutations are shown to be a substantial fraction of spontaneous DNA lesions, it would be another reason to utilize mutagens for the production of mutants.
	lecturer.ukdw.ac.id /dhira/BactGenetics/mutFreq.html (777 words)

	Microbial Genetics: Mutation
		A nonsense mutation is the same as a missense mutation except the resulting codon codes for a STOP signal.
		Another type of mutation is a frameshift mutation which is caused by the insertion or a deletion of a base pair.
		This means that a mutation event is estimated to occur once in every hundred thousand to one hundred thousand genes in the presence of a mutagen.
	plato.acadiau.ca /courses/biol/Microbiology/Mutation.htm (909 words)

	A frameshift mitochondrial complex I gene mutation in a patient with dystonia and cataracts: is the mutation ...
		A frameshift mitochondrial complex I gene mutation in a patient with dystonia and cataracts: is the mutation pathogenic?
		mutation in a patient with dystonia and maternally inherited cataracts.
		An mtDNA mutation in the initiation codon of the cytochrome C oxidase subunit II gene results in lower levels of the protein and a mitochondrial encephalomyopathy.
	jmg.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/38/1/58 (2407 words)

	Combined p53Bax mutation results in extremely poor prognosis in gastric carcinoma with low microsatellite instability
		Previous reports demonstrated that Bax protein expression may be impaired in gastrointestinal cancers with MMR deficiency because of a frameshift mutation in a G(8) tract in exon 3 of the Bax gene.
		Altogether, 26 mutations were detected in the tumors: nine in exon 6, nine in exon 7, eight in exon 8.
		Mutational analysis of Bax revealed that loss of Bax occurs in consequence of a frameshift mutation in the G(8) tract of the Bax gene being significantly associated with a better overall survival.
	www.nature.com /cdd/journal/v10/n4/full/4401193a.html (4697 words)

	Direct Instruction, J.Sohn, Duke MAT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Both of these organisms are they way they are because of mutations; sometimes mutations have no harmful effects (in the case of the cat).
		You will be able to identify which of these mutations occur at the level of the DNA and which occur at the larger level of the chromosome.
		They will compare a point mutation and a frameshift mutation and be able to recognize that the frameshift mutation drastically alters the resultant protein.
	www.duke.edu /web/MAT/jennifer_sohn/unit/direct_instruction.htm (574 words)

	Adaptive Point Mutation and Adaptive Amplification Pathways in the Escherichia coli Lac System: Stress Responses ...
		Lac adaptive mutation is a stress response, not a consequence of CG.
		Adaptive reversion of a frameshift mutation in Escherichia coli.
		The dinB operon and spontaneous mutation in Escherichia coli.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/186/15/4838 (3858 words)

	Identification of a frameshift mutation in the gene TWIST in a family affected with Robinow-Sorauf syndrome -- KUNZ et ...
		Identification of a frameshift mutation in the gene TWIST in a family affected with Robinow-Sorauf syndrome -- KUNZ et al.
		Identification of a frameshift mutation in the gene TWIST in a family affected with Robinow-Sorauf syndrome
		Mutations of the TWIST gene in Saethre-Chotzen syndrome.
	jmg.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/36/8/650 (1374 words)

	Mutation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Induced mutation (def) is caused by mutagens, substances that cause a much higher rate of mutation.
		Substitution of one nucleotide for another is a result of tautomeric shift, a rare process by which the hydrogen atoms of a deoxyribonucleotide base move in a way that changes the properties of its hydrogen bonding.
		This is sometimes seen with a single substitution mutation when the change in the DNA base sequence results in a new codon still coding for the same amino acid (see Fig.
	www.cat.cc.md.us /biotutorials/protsyn/mutate.html (983 words)

	What is a Mutation? \| Genome Alberta Education
		Interestingly, a deletion of a triplet leads to a frameshift which may still result a functioning protein.
		Potentially more serious than a frameshift, are translocations of entire pieces of DNA which are caused by environmental agents which break down the sugar-phosphate backbone.
		The concept of mutation was also challenged with the discovery in 1993 of the gene for Huntington Disease.
	www.genomealbertaeducation.ca /node/23 (814 words)

	H28+C Insertion in the CYP21 Gene: A Novel Frameshift Mutation in a Brazilian Patient with the Classical Form of ...
		the patient to be homozygous for the mutation.
		CYP21 mutation at nucleotide 656 in intron 2.
		Krone N, Braun A, Roscher AA, Schwarz HP 1999 A novel frameshift mutation (141delT) in exon 1 of the 21-hydroxylase (CYP21) in a patient with the salt wasting form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
	jcem.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/86/12/5877 (2571 words)

	Mutation
		This is redundant with the term "heritable" but points out an important genetic issue: The mutations which are of primary concern are those in the germ line as these are the one that will be passed on.
		There are measurable mutation rates and that there can be a genetic variation for mutation rates; "mutator strains" of bacteria exist.
		Mutations in the replication or repair machinery of DNA can alter mutation rates.
	biomed.brown.edu /Courses/BIO48/4.Mutants.Link&Recomb.HTML (1338 words)

	MCB411 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This procedure was easy, one simply grew up tremendous numbers of phage with the FC0 mutation on the B strain, and then plated them onto the K strain to identify those that had undergone a 'reparing' mutation in the course during their growth.
		Thus, the 'signature' of the new, -1 frameshift mutation is its ability to recombine with the starting +1 FC0 to give rise to phage that can grow on E. coli K. These will be of 2 genotypes, true wild type and reconstituted double mutant.
		The new mutations in these were given EVEN numbers (as an indication that they are opposite in effect to the odd-numbered ones).
	www.blc.arizona.edu /courses/mcb411b/MoBiByMe/CricketalWeb/CrickPaper411Mechanics.html (3042 words)

	Localized Reversible Frameshift Mutation in the flhA Gene Confers Phase Variability to Flagellin Gene Expression in ...
		Phase variation of gonococcal pili by frameshift mutation in pilC, a novel gene for pilus assembly.
		Localized frameshift mutation generates selective, high-frequency phase variation of a surface lipoprotein encoded by a mycoplasma ABC transporter operon.
		Localized reversible frameshift mutation in an adhesin gene confers a phase-variable adherence phenotype in mycoplasma.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/182/1/207 (2576 words)

	A frameshift mutation destabilizes androgen receptor messenger RNA in the Tfm mouse.
		A frameshift mutation destabilizes androgen receptor messenger RNA in the Tfm mouse.
		Lack of hybridization with AR-coding sequence probes suggested that the 1.7-kb mRNA was not a truncated form of AR mRNA.
		Sequencing of genomic DNA isolated from testicular feminized (Tfm) mice revealed a single base deletion in the N-terminal domain, resulting in a frameshift mutation.
	www.medscape.com /medline/abstract/1681426?src=emed_ckb_ref_0 (285 words)

	Frameshift mutation in the Dok1 gene in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
		Frameshift mutation in the Dok1 gene in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
		This mutation causes a frameshift leading to protein truncation at the carboxyl-terminus, with the acquisition of a novel amino-acid sequence.
		This is the first example of a Dok1 mutation in B-CLL and the data suggest that Dok1 might play a role in leukemogenesis.
	www.nature.com /onc/journal/v23/n13/abs/1207385a.html (325 words)

	Frameshift-mutation-derived peptides as tumor-specific antigens in inherited and spontaneous colorectal cancer -- ...
		These mutations result in mutant peptide sequences with the first amino acid of the altered sequence in either position 128 or 129 as compared with the normal TGF
		The purpose of the present study was to identify T cell epitopes encoded by common frameshift mutations and to test the hypothesis
		The amino acid sequences of peptides p538, p540, and p541 are given, and the common/overlapping motif is underlined.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/98/23/13255 (4466 words)

	Cone dystrophy phenotype associated with a frameshift mutation (M280fsX291) in the {alpha}-subunit of cone specific ...
		Total colourblindness is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the alpha-subunit of the cone photoreceptor cGMP-gated cation channel.
		Mutations in the cone photoreceptor G-protein alpha-subunit gene GNAT2 in patients with achromatopsia.
		Missense mutation in the gene encoding the alpha subunit of rod transducin in the Nougaret form of congenital stationary night blindness.
	bjo.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/87/11/1317 (2092 words)

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