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Topic: France and weapons of mass destruction

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	Weapons of mass destruction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Weapons of mass destruction can be high explosives or nuclear, biological, chemical, and radiological weapons, but exclude the means of transporting or propelling the weapon where such means is a separable and divisible part of the weapon.
		Chemical weapons expert Gert G. Harigel considers only nuclear weapons true weapons of mass destruction, because "only nuclear weapons are completely indiscriminate by their explosive power, heat radiation and radioactivity, and only they should therefore be called a weapon of mass destruction".
		Weapons of mass destruction, especially nuclear weapons, are rarely used because their use is essentially an "invitation" for a WMD retaliation, which in turn could escalate into a war so destructive it could easily destroy huge segments of the world's population.
	www.apocalypse-soon.com /weapons_of_mass_destruction.htm (1807 words)

	Nuke Nation Israel's weapons of mass destruction
		Possessing chemical and biological weapons, an extremely sophisticated nuclear arsenal, and an aggressive strategy for their actual use, Israel provides the major regional impetus for the development of weapons of mass destruction, and represents an acute threat to peace and stability in the Middle East.
		The hypocrisy inherent in the condemnation of Iraq's weapons of mass destruction and the obsessive focus on "rogue states" such as North Korea, while totally ignoring Israel's provocative arsenal, is breathtaking.
		For example, the possession of weapons of mass destruction can be a powerful lever to maintain the status quo, or to influence events to Israel's perceived advantage, such as to protect the so-called moderate Arab states from internal insurrection, or to intervene in inter-Arab warfare.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Israel/Nuke_Nation.html (2808 words)

	Weapons of Mass Distraction by Laurence M. Vance
		There were no weapons of mass destruction (unless you count the weapons the United States sold Iraq in the 1980s when Saddam Hussein was our "friend").
		According to the Duelfer Report — the final report on Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction by the Pentagon and CIA organized Iraq Survey Group — Iraq had no deployable weapons of mass destruction on the eve of the U.S. invasion in March 2003, and had not produced any since 1991.
		By distracting the American people with the red herring of weapons of mass destruction, Bush and company were able to garner the support of the majority of the American public for what has turned out to be an absolute disaster for Iraqi people and a quagmire for the United States.
	www.lewrockwell.com /vance/vance73.html (1286 words)

	France and weapons of mass destruction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		France is said to have an arsenal of 350 nuclear weapons stockpiled as of 2002
		France was one of the nuclear pioneers going back to the work of Marie Curie, and Curie's last assistant Bertrand Goldschmidt became the father of the French Bomb.
		France denies currently having chemical weapons, ratified the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) in 1995, and acceded to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC) in 1984.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/French_nuclear_testing (1243 words)

	Greenpeace finds WMDs \| Greenpeace International
		UN Weapons Inspectors and citizen weapons inspectors are welcome to use our map to check up on just where those elusive Weapons of Mass Destruction have been hiding.
		Greenpeace activists dressed as missiles appeared at the missions of the nuclear weapons states in Geneva as the meeting began to demand "inspectors" symbolically dismantle the cardboard arsenals.
		All nuclear weapon states should commit to the goal of eliminating their illegal nuclear arsenals and halting the development of new nuclear weapons or the "refurbishment" of existing ones.
	www.greenpeace.org /international/news/greenpeace-finds-wmds (753 words)

	t r u t h o u t - Britain Admits There May Be No WMD's in Iraq
		Well into the war that was supposed to rid Iraq of its alleged stockpile of weapons of mass destruction, a senior British official admitted on Saturday that no chemical, biological or nuclear weapons of mass destruction may after all be found.
		Even countries like Germany, Russia and France had been less than impressed with the US-led war against Iraq saying all along that the task of unearthing weapons of mass destruction, if any, is better left to UN weapons' inspectors.
		UN weapons inspectors, who scoured the country for several months until the US asked them to leave last month, had repeatedly certified that they had found no credible evidence of Iraq possessing any weapons of mass destruction.
	truthout.org /docs_03/040703C.shtml (1690 words)

	French Views on Missile Defense -- US-France Analysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		France feels that the North Koreans still face enormous challenges before they are able to produce a reliable ICBM, including conversion to solid fuel, management of multi-stage propulsion, and improved guidance.
		Second, it is necessary to distinguish between the enormous threat posed by nuclear weapons, and the lesser threat posed by conventional, chemical and biological weapons.
		France's objection to the Clinton NMD system was not against the idea of missile defense in general.
	www.brook.edu /fp/cusf/analysis/missd.htm (2287 words)

	Nuclear Weapons - Israel
		France was a natural partner for Israel and both governments saw an independent nuclear option as a means by which they could maintain a degree of autonomy in the bipolar environment of the cold war.
		Following Egypt's closure of the Suez Canal in July, France and Britain had agreed with Israel that the latter should provoke a war with Egypt to provide the European nations with the pretext to send in their troops as peacekeepers to occupy and reopen the canal zone.
		On 3 October 1957, France and Israel signed a revised agreement calling for France to build a 24 MWt reactor (although the cooling systems and waste facilities were designed to handle three times that power) and, in protocols that were not committed to paper, a chemical reprocessing plant.
	www.fas.org /nuke/guide/israel/nuke (2324 words)

	Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction
		With respect to weapons of mass destruction, the analysis briefly discusses Iraqi attitudes toward chemical and nuclear weapons.
		The estimate concluded that Iraq continued its weapons of mass destruction programs despite U.N. resolutions and sanctions and that it was in possession of chemical and biological weapons as well as missiles with ranges exceeding U.N. imposed limits.
		Kay told the attending members that the ISG had not yet found stocks of weapons, but was not at a point where it could be determined definitively that such weapons stocks did not exist or that they existed before the war but had been relocated.
	www.gwu.edu /~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB80 (7384 words)

	Iran Daily - Dot Coms - 01/26/06
		Chirac did not spell out what represents “strategic supplies“ and which forces he thought could consider attacking France with weapons of mass destruction, but most people believe he was talking about oil, the Arab states and Iran.
		France is believed to possess up to 300 nuclear heads, and this arsenal has been modernized to allow pre-emptive strikes, military experts say.
		In most countries, women have yet to achieve the critical mass at the lower levels of government that will be necessary if their ascension is to be seen as part of the normal course of politics.
	www.iran-daily.com /1384/2485/html/dotcoms.htm (2646 words)

	Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
		That he was continuing to improve his weapons of mass destruction capabilities; that he was hiding these from the world; that there were large, unaccounted for stockpiles.
		It was made on the weapons of mass destruction as a whole, his ability to deliver them in the past and the dangers of having those weapons, particularly biological and chemical weapons, which he was known to have had, in the hands of this bloody tyrant."
		He has used weapons of mass destruction, and the president determined that it was not a risk the world should have to face any longer.
	www.carnegieendowment.org /static/npp/bush_admin_quotes.cfm (13344 words)

	The Black Commentator - The Weapons of Mass Destruction Hoax - Issue 46
		On this front, the leaders of Russia, the USA, France, and England are the four aces of mass destruction.
		He or she did not anticipate that the dust was so fine that it passed through the paper it was contained in, prior to reaching its destination.
		The mass fear, in this case, was generated not by Iraq, but for a war which some of us regarded as being unnecessary.
	blackcommentator.com /46/46_guest.html (1196 words)

	WorldWatch - July 24, 2005 - Weapons of Mass Destruction - The Ornery American
		Those are weapons of mass destruction no matter who sets one off or where -- as long as it's in a place where fallout can spread.
		There's only one weapon of mass destruction for the foreseeable future that lives up to the name: It can be targeted like a weapon against a specific target, and it will kill huge numbers of people.
		So nuclear weapons have done one of the jobs that military power is designed to accomplish: prevent the enemy from carrying out its will, because of the fear of effective retaliation.
	www.ornery.org /essays/warwatch/2005-07-24-1.html (3471 words)

	Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
		The proliferation of weapons of mass destruction – nuclear, chemical or biological – has rightly been a source of concern to the international community.
		Originally everyone was concerned about nuclear weapons: the great powers who had the bomb (the US, the USSR, the UK, France and China) tried to restrict membership of the nuclear club.
		With the fall of the Soviet Union and the end of the doctrine of dissuasion, the dangers of nuclear conflict have diminished, though not entirely disappeared – the Indo-Pakistani conflict continues for instance.
	mondediplo.com /focus/iraq/r1459 (235 words)

	Iran's Continuing Pursuit of Weapons of Mass Destruction
		Iran is a party to the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) and the 1925 Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare.
		Iran’s dubious explanation for producing polonium-210, a short-lived, highly radioactive element used as a neutron initiator in nuclear weapons, was that it was intended for use in nuclear batteries that could be used in satellites and deep space programs.
		The Iranian nuclear weapons program, compounded by the Iranian effort to develop long-range missiles, is one of the most serious nonproliferation challenges -- and challenges to the credibility of the NPT regime -- we face today.
	www.state.gov /t/us/rm/33909.htm (5046 words)

	Weapons of Mass Destruction (Harpers.org)
		The director general of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, which was created by the 1997 treaty that bans such weapons, complained that he didn't have enough money in his budget to make even basic preparations to respond to chemical attacks by terrorists.
		Hans Blix, the chief weapons inspector for the United Nations, said that the quality of American intelligence on Iraq was very poor and suggested that the American and British governments had "jumped to conclusions" about weapons of mass destruction.
		A growing number of weapons experts, engineers, chemists, and other scientists said that the "germ trailers" trumpeted by the Americans are not at all what one would expect from a mobile weapons lab and that the units appear to be designed to produce hydrogen to fill artillery balloons, which is what Iraqi scientists have claimed.
	www.harpers.org /WMD.html (4885 words)

	Syria's Weapons of Mass Destruction and Missile Development Programs
		As the President noted in his National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction, we must enhance the capabilities of our military, intelligence, technical, and law enforcement communities to prevent the movement of WMD materials, technology, and expertise to hostile states and terrorist organizations.
		When the world witnessed the destructive potential of terrorism on September 11, we were reminded of the need to remain steadfast in recognizing emerging threats to our security.
		As the President has said, we cannot allow the world’s most dangerous weapons to fall into the hands of the world’s most dangerous regimes, and will work tirelessly to ensure this is not the case for Syria.
	www.state.gov /t/us/rm/24135.htm (2641 words)

	Iraq Bans Weapons of Mass Destruction
		Saddam Hussein banned all weapons of mass destruction from Iraq on Friday, meeting a longtime U.N. demand hours before chief U.N. weapons inspectors delivered crucial reports on Iraq's disarmament.
		The United States and Britain claim Iraq is hiding weapons and programs, and have threatened war if Iraq does not convince them it is disarming on its own.
		France, Germany and Russia say the arms inspectors should have more time to verify Iraq's claim that is free of banned weapons programs.
	www.worldrevolution.org /article/583 (1211 words)

	Current World Nuclear Arsenals
		Yet in tandem with this reduction, France is undertaking a modernization of its sea-based deterrent force, with the first of a new SSBN class, the Le Triomphant, along with a new SLBM, the M-45.
		There are two interesting loopholes in Israel's oft-repeated pledge never to be the first to introduce nuclear weapons into the region: The U.S. "introduced" weapons in the region in the 1950's when nuclear bombs were stored at Dharan, Saudi Arabia and at sea in the Mediteranean Sixth Fleet.
		However, as there is no restriction on tactical or reserve weapons Russia will likely retain approximately 3,000 tactical warheads, in addition to an unknwon number of reserve weapons.
	www.cdi.org /nuclear/database/nukestab.html (1174 words)

	weapons of mass destruction: Last news - Pravda.Ru
		George Richards: Tony Blair and mystical weapons of mass
		Mithra Fernando: The Weapons of Mass Deception, Fabricated in US and
		France shows support to U.S. doctrine of preemptive nuclear
	english.pravda.ru /filing/weapons_of_mass_destruction (363 words)

	CNN.com - Powell: Iraq hiding weapons, aiding terrorists - Feb. 6, 2003
		"The potential marriage of weapons of mass destruction with terrorism is everyone's nightmare," said Rice.
		She suggested that the cost of not taking action against Iraq could be another September 11-type attack, but this time with weapons of mass destruction that could kill tens of thousands.
		Saddam had one final opportunity to "come completely clean" with weapons inspectors, but he wasted it by deceiving them, she said.
	www.cnn.com /2003/US/02/05/sprj.irq.powell.un (1090 words)

	Weapons of Mass Destruction
		They are required also to accept safeguards to detect diversions of nuclear materials from peaceful activities, such as power generation, to the production of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.
		The treaty is based upon the mutual agreement and goal of all States participating (the only ones known to have achieved nuclear weapons capability), so member or non-member States wanting to develop Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs) secretly, or out of hostile rebellion, have been the subject of a great amount of controversy.
		Another problem States face pertaining to the threat of nuclear weapons is the possibility of WMDs getting into the hands of a terrorist force.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~vmjohnso/WarIraqWebsite/wmds.html (401 words)

	Iraq's Arsenal Dwarfed by Israel's Weapons of Mass Destruction
		As for countries possessing nuclear weapons CDI estimates the following strategic and non-strategic weapons: China (434), France (482), India (60+?), Israel (100+?), Pakistan (15-25?), Russia (13,200-20,200), United Kingdom (200), United States (15,500).
		Estimates of Israel's nuclear weapons by others are as high as 400 warheads.
		It is Israel's weapons of mass destruction that threaten the countries of the Middle East, and fuel the arms race.
	www.twf.org /News/Y1998/IsraelsWMD.html (840 words)

	PEER Review: France to muslims - Conform or leave
		That would be my response to the current rioting and uprising in France.
		UPDATE: Weapons of Mass Destruction linked here and they have a complete roundup of everybody blogging about the French
		Jamey Keaten from the AP reports in the Washington Post that the riots in France continue and are threatening to spiral out of control.Riots erupted in an outburst of anger in Clichy-sous-Bois over the accidental electrocution Oct. 27 of two [Read More]
	peerreview.blogs.com /peer_review/2005/11/france_to_musli.html (391 words)

	Countries With Weapons of Mass Destruction - Intelligence Threat Assessments
		This resource provides a list of states possessing, pursuing or capable of acquiring nuclear, chemical or biological weapons, and missile delivery systems as of 2000.
		Not every state listed here is actively pursuing or proliferating WMD systems, nor is the list necessarily complete.
		A Chemical Weapons Atlas By E.J. Hogendoorn Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists September/October 1997 Vol.
	www.fas.org /irp/threat/wmd_state.htm (112 words)

	WMD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		World Movement for Democracy, an initiative to strengthen collaboration among those working to promote democratic values and institutions.
		Weapons of Mass Destruction, a term used to describe munitions with the capacity to indiscriminately kill large numbers of human beings
		Weighted mean difference, a measure in statistical meta-analysis
	www.tocatch.info /en/Wmd.htm (103 words)

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