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Topic: France in the Middle Ages

	France in the Middle Ages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		France in the Middle Ages is, for the purpose of this article, the history of the region roughly corresponding to modern day France from the death of Charlemagne in 814 to the middle of the 15th century.
		France in the Middle Ages was the most populated region in Europe (and the third most populous country in the world, behind only China and India), although there were great differences in density between the populated north and the relatively unpopulated south.
		France's humiliation was abruptly reversed in 1429 by the appearance of a restorationist movement symbolised by the Lorraine peasant maid Joan of Arc, who claimed the guidance of divine voices for the campaign which rapidly ended the English siege of Orléans and ended in Charles VII's coronation in the historic city of Reims.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages (1628 words)

	Livre tournois - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Other francs were minted under Charles V of France, Henri III of France and Henri IV of France.
		In France, the livre tournois and the currency system based on it became a standard monetary unit of accounting and continued to be used even when the "livre tournois" ceased to exist as an actual coin.
		The official use of the livre tournois accounting unit in all contracts in France was legislated in 1549, but it had been one of the standard units of accounting in France since the 13th century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Livre (649 words)

	France Encyclopedia Article @ MatronOfTheArts.com (Matron of the Arts) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		France is a democracy organised as a unitary semi-presidential republic.
		France is the seventh country in the European Union to suffer this virus; following Austria, Germany, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Greece and Italy.
		In the south of France are languages from the Oc language family (or "Occitan"): Alpine Provençal, Auvergnat, Gascon (Ariégeois, Béarnais, Landais), Languedocien, Limousin, Nissart, and Provençal.
	www.matronofthearts.com /encyclopedia/Portal:France (2071 words)

	French Revolution article - French Revolution History France Gaul Franks France the Middle Ages Valois Dynasty - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The period of the French Revolution in the history of France covers the years between 1789 and 1799, in which democrats and republicans overthrew the absolute monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church perforce underwent radical restructuring.
		While France would oscillate among republic, empire, and monarchy for 75 years after the First Republic fell to a coup by Napoleon Bonaparte, the revolution nonetheless spelled a definitive end to the ancien régime, and eclipses all subsequent revolutions in France in the popular imagination.
		France declared war on Austria (April 20, 1792) and Prussia joined on the Austrian side a few weeks later.
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/French_revolution (4013 words)

	Joan of Arc - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		At the age of sixteen she asked a kinsman, Durand Lassois, to bring her to nearby Vaucouleurs, where she petitioned the garrison commander, Count Robert de Baudricourt, for permission to visit the royal French court at Chinon.
		Charles VII succeeded in retaining legitimacy as king of France in spite of a rival coronation held for Henry VI in December 1431 on the boy's tenth birthday.
		Traditional Catholics, especially in France, also use her as a symbol of inspiration, often comparing Society of St. Pius X Founder and excommunicate of the Roman Catholic Church, Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre's excommunication in 1988 to Joan of Arc's excommunication.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Joan_of_Arc (5859 words)

	End of Europe's Middle Ages - New Monarchies:France
		France acquiesced to an English monarch until Charles VI's son, in desperation, accepted the assistance of the visionary, Joan of Arc.
		He issued the Pragmatic Sanction of 1438 that reaffirmed the authority of the French king over the income and personnel of the French Church, ending the dispute that Philip IV had begun more than a century earlier and ensuring the autonomy of the French clergy from the Roman papacy.
		Louis XI (1423-1483), dubbed the Spider King for his skill at establishing and manipulating alliances, ascended to the throne of France in 1461.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/endmiddle/monarchies3.html (1371 words)

	The Middle Ages: Catholicism
		On the very threshold, therefore, of the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church appears as the truest friend both of the old order that was going out, and the new one that was being ushered in amid the unspeakable horrors that always accompany the downfall of an ancient and highly wrought civilization.
		The preservation and protection of the culture of the grape, the viniculture of the Middle Ages, was almost entirely dependent on the immense multitude of churches, chapels, and altars.
		Throughout the Middle Ages the Catholic Church was the sole recognized interpreter of this gospel.
	www.nd.edu /Departments/Maritain/etext/midage04.htm (14333 words)

	France in the Middle Ages
		The difference between the development in France and England is due primarily to the recognition in England of the fact that no country can long remain prosperous or safe in which the people are not gradually extending their power, enlarging their privileges and incorporating themselves with the functions of the state.
		France, on the other hand, suffered far more from the spirit of protection, which is so dangerous, and yet so plausible, that it forms the most serious obstacle with which advancing civilization has to contend.
		Literature and science, allied to and patronised by government, suffered demoralisation, and the age of Louis XIV was one of actual decay.
	www.publicbookshelf.com /public_html/Outline_of_Great_Books_Volume_I/francein_bbc.html (754 words)

	France: In Depth : History : The Middle Ages \| Frommers.com
		In 1154 the annulment of Eleanor of Aquitaine's marriage to Louis VII of France and her subsequent marriage to Henry II of England placed the western half of France under English control, and vestiges of that power remained for centuries.
		Meanwhile, vast forests and swamps were cleared (often by the Middle Ages' hardest-working ascetics, Cistercian monks), the population grew, Gothic cathedrals were begun, and monastic life contributed to every level of a rapidly developing social order.
		In the early 1500s, the fascinating François I, through war and diplomacy, strengthened the monarchy, rid it of its dependence on Italian bankers, coped with the intricate policies of the Renaissance, and husbanded the arts into a form of patronage that French monarchs continued to endorse for centuries.
	www.frommers.com /destinations/france/0223031127.html (795 words)

	Technology in the Medieval Age
		In the Middle Ages, however, the plow was radically improved and was used with multiple-oxen teams.
		By the Middle Ages, the location of textile production was usually a household where the man was the weaver and the women prepared and spun yarn for the loom.
		During the Medieval Age, wool was the dominant textile with linen as the next important manufactured textile produced.
	www.engr.sjsu.edu /pabacker/history/middle.htm (4348 words)

	SparkNotes: High Middle Ages (1000-1200): France & England, 987-1226: Capets and Angevins
		The First half of France's tenth century was one of unstoppable decline into feudal localization of power and further enervation of Carolingian power under the Viking onslaught.
		The major accomplishment of Hugh were 1) To have his son crowned as associate in kingship, guaranteeing continuity of the Capets as monarchs; 2) succeed in continued rule of his own Ile de France duchy and the loyalty of lesser feudal lords in the region; and 3) maintain the Church's support of his house's rule.
		France under Louis IX (1226-1270) would be at the height of its Medieval prosperity, stretching from the English Channel to the Mediterranean.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/european/middle2/section7.rhtml (3086 words)

	The Transmission of Celtic Tales to France in the Middle Ages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Transmission of Celtic Tales to France in the Middle Ages
		Their languages, though similar, were not exactly the same, and there were three main language groups: Gaulish, spoken in the area that we call France today; Gaelic, spoken on the island we now call Ireland; and Brythonic, spoken on the mainland of Britain.
		In the process of oral transmission, the stories were adapted to the preferences of their listeners and, sometimes, their tellers: Christian storytellers would often gloss over the pagan elements in the original pagan stories, or give names to characters that were easier to pronounce in their original language.
	www.moval.edu /Faculty/adderleym/Arthur/transmission.htm (862 words)

	ORB Bibliographies: Children in the Middle Ages
		Data from China, India, southern France, & other regions from both the modern era & the Middle Ages are used to show that these cultural strategies have evolved through time as a concomitant of a consistent social preference for males.
		The increase in the number of unwed mothers & abandoned children since the middle of the seventeenth century in the cities, & the middle of the eighteenth century in the country, can be interpreted as a consequence of the closing of the brothels in the cities, & the breakdown of traditional behavior in the country.
		Abstract: The question is raised whether the Middle Ages held a view of the nature of childhood as distinct from adulthood.
	www.the-orb.net /bibliographies/children.html (2508 words)

	MedFran
		The origins of that identity lie in the Middle Ages, and this course examines its formation.
		Brown, Elizabeth A. "Death and the Human Body in the Later Middle Ages: The Legislation of Boniface VIII on the Division of the Corpse." Viator 12 (1981):221-70.
		Brown, Elizabeth A. "The Prince Is Father of the King: The Character and Childhood of Philip the Fair of France." Mediaeval Studies 49 (1987):282-334.
	www.holycross.edu /departments/history/lattreed/Hist273syl.htm (2192 words)

	French History Time Line
		After the war, France's emergence as a powerful national monarchy was crowned by the incorporation of the duchy of Burgundy (1477) and Brittany (1491).
		Despite the conclusion of a Concordat between France and the Papacy (1516), granting the crown unrivalled power in senior ecclesiastical appointments, France was deeply affected by the Protestant Reformation's attempt to break the unity of Roman Catholic Europe.
		During the reign of Louis XIV (1643-1715), France was the dominant power in Europe, aided by the diplomacy of Richelieu's successor (1642-1661) Cardinal Mazarin and the economic policies (1661-1683) of Colbert.
	www.bonjourlafrance.net /france-history/timeline-of-french-history.htm (2409 words)

	France in the Central Middle Ages; 900-1200 :019873185X:Marcus Bull:eCampus.com
		France in the Central Middle Ages; 900-1200 :019873185X:Marcus Bull:eCampus.com
		This volume provides a variety of complementary points of entry to the history of France between 900 and 1200.
		Chapters contributed by a leading team of historians cover key themes such as France's political culture and identity, rural economy and society, the Church, and France's relations with the outside world.
	www.ecampus.com /bk_detail.asp?isbn=019873185X (59 words)

	Embassy of France in the US - The French Foreign Legion
		Composed exclusively of volunteers aged between 18 and 40, with or without means of identification, the Legion was immediately involved in the conquest of Algeria before passing under Spanish control in 1835.
		The Pacification of Morocco and the Middle East with the campaigns in the Rif, the Atlas and against the Druze.
		Since 1831, 902 officers, 3,176 NCOs, and over 30,000 legionnaires have died for France; one third of them while fighting directly for the defense of the country.
	www.info-france-usa.org /atoz/legion/history.asp (558 words)

	Courses in France (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Classes are devoted to study of grammatical points arising from these journal entries and to the systematic acquisition of vocabulary relevant to daily life in France.
		This is a general French history course from the Middle Ages to the present.
		This course is designed to introduce students to the major artistic movements in France from the Middle Ages to the present.
	crh.choate.edu /International/FranceCourses.html (224 words)

	Middle ages: Capetian Franch kings
		These are the lives of the first kings of France and the middle ages.
		France in the Middle Ages: 987-1460 : From Hugh Capet to Joan of Arc (A History of France)
		France in the Central Middle Ages 900-1200: Ages 900-1200 (The Short Oxford History of France)
	www.french-luxury.com /capetian_reign.html (304 words)

	France in the Middle Ages - Mathematics and the Liberal Arts
		France in the Middle Ages - Mathematics and the Liberal Arts
		The Mathematics and the Liberal Arts pages are intended to be a resource for student research projects and for teachers interested in using the history of mathematics in their courses.
		Although this brief excerpt does not mention it, it is not uncommon for the construction to be repeated in the same tracery in a different scale---a kind of reaching to infinity that is reminiscent of fractals.
	math.truman.edu /~thammond/history/FranceMedieval.html (383 words)

	Sex, Society, and Medieval Women
		In the Middle Ages sex was considered, as it is now, to be a normal and natural part of life.
		Her daughter by Louis VII of France, Marie de Champagne, was a patron of the literary arts whose cadre of poets included both Andreas Capellanus and Chrétien de Troyes.
		Despite the disparity in their ages (Etienne was about twenty-five at the time), the marriage appears to have been a loving one that produced three surviving children during its ten-year duration.
	www.lib.rochester.edu /camelot/medsex/text.htm (4076 words)

	Measurement in the Middle Ages
		After the collapse of the Empire, the definitions of the measurements began to wander a bit until by the 18th C, they were completely different in different countrys and often different in separate regions of the same country.
		Such was the situation in France at the time of the Revolution, and it was the need for a new standard that brought about the introduction of the Metric System.
		A Dictionary of Weights and Measures for the British Isles the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, 168.
	www.personal.utulsa.edu /~marc-carlson/history/measure.html (1671 words)

	Exhibits Collection -- The Middle Ages
		In this workshop, explore how technology affects learning, learn to elicit and build on students' ideas, and develop strategies for inquiry-based teaching.
		We think of knights in shining armor, lavish banquets, wandering minstrels, kings, queens, bishops, monks, pilgrims, and glorious pageantry.
		In reality, life in the Middle Ages, a period that extended from approximately the fifth century to the fifteenth century in Western Europe, was sometimes all these things, as well as harsh, uncertain, and often dangerous.
	www.learner.org /exhibits/middleages (105 words)

	Education World ® : Lesson Planning: The Middle Ages: Twelve Activities Take Students Back in Time!
		Sunda's students began their study of the Middle Ages -- and their study of great writing -- by reading The Door in the Wall, Marguerite de Angeli's Newbery Award-winning book about a boy growing up in medieval Europe.
		The Middle Ages Global Studies Project This site contains ideas for two individual and one group project on the Middle Ages, appropriate for middle school students and above.
		Middle Ages A simple but well put together site built by 8th graders in Taiwan.
	www.education-world.com /a_lesson/lesson156.shtml (2204 words)

	France in the Middle Ages
		When the divorce occurs France and Aquitaine split, because Elenor is the duchess of Aquitaine.
		Philip runs afoul of the Pope and France is placed under interdict, which means that all church functions should cease as long as the interdict exists in the geographical domain of Philip.
		In Northern France the conditions were probably similar to England, though records are scarce.
	www.angelfire.com /tx3/mccutcheon/MedievalFrance.html (11599 words)

	Medieval Europe - Mathematics and the Liberal Arts
		She notes that there were hints of his genius starting with his building of a wood clock at the age of 22 (he used a borrowed pocket watch as a model; unfortunately, the clock was destroyed in the fire); he thereafter became famous for his ability to solve and create mathematical puzzles.
		The history of the notion of the liberal arts, particularly in the middle ages.
		An excellent introduction to the mathematics of the middle ages, though of course it omits much on topics such as geometry and astronomy.
	math.truman.edu /~thammond/history/MedievalEurope.html (3532 words)

	TEAMS -- Bibliography of General Books on the Middle Ages
		Duby, Georges, France in the Middle Ages, 987-1460: From Hugh Capet to Joan of Arc (Blackwell, 1991)
		Southern, Richard W., Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages (Eerdmans, 1970).
		Rösener, Werner, Peasants in the Middle Ages (Illinois, 1992)
	www.teamsmedieval.org /resources/secondary/potter_bibliography.html (1168 words)

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