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Topic: France under the ancien regime

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	french states-general (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In France, these conditions led in 1302 to a general assembly consisting of the chief lords, both lay and ecclesiastical, and the representatives of the principal privileged towns, which were like distinct lordships.
		Thus during the second half of the 15th century the chief taxes, the taille, aids and gabelle became definitely permanent for the benefit of the Crown, sometimes by the formal consent of the States-General, as in 1437 in the case of the aids.
		Under the reign of King John II they had had for a few years, from 1355 to 1358, not only the voting, but through their commissaries, the administration of and jurisdiction over the taxes.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /French_States-General.html (3315 words)

	Vichy France - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Vichy France, or the Vichy regime (in French, now called: Régime de Vichy or Vichy; at the time, called itself: État Français, or French State) was the de facto French government of 1940-1944 during the Nazi Germany occupation of World War II.
		Vichy France, while officially neutral in the war, was essentially a Nazi puppet state which collaborated with the Nazis, including on the Nazis' racial policies.
		Under Darnand and his sub-commanders, such as Paul Touvier and Jacques de Bernonville, the Milice was responsible for helping the German forces and police in the repression of the French Resistance and Maquis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Vichy_regime (2894 words)

	Encyclopedia: Valois Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Valois Dynasty succeeded the Capetian Dynasty as rulers of France from 1328-1589.
		In France of the ancien régime and the age of the French Revolution, the term Third Estate (tiers état) indicated the generality of people which were not part of the clergy (the First Estate) nor of the nobility (the Second Estate).
		France under the Ancien Régime, the socio-political system which persisted throughout the rule of the Valois and Bourbon dynasties, was a nation half-way between feudalism and modernity, ruled over by a powerful absolute monarchy which relied on the doctrine of the Divine Right of Kings and the...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Valois-Dynasty (1682 words)

	Book Encyclopedia - Web Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		France and Italy initiated one another to early modern politics and warfare in 1494, when the French king Charles VIII invaded Italy.
		At that time, the early modern religious movement, the Reformation was well under way: its opening is conventionally dated from Martin Luther's act in nailing his ninety-five theses to the door of the church in Wittenberg in 1517.
		The end date is most often placed at 1789, the end of the Ancien Regime in France, with the Industrial Revolution already transforming British society.
	www.bookencyclopedia.com /index.php?title=Early_Modern_period (726 words)

	Authoritarianism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Such was, for instance, the case during the Reign of Terror in France; in Spain under Franco.
		However, unlike totalitarian regimes, there is no desire or ideological justification for the state to control all aspects of a person's life, and the state will generally ignore the actions of an individual unless it is perceived to be a direct challenge to the state.
		In Europe, Spain under Francisco Franco's authoritarian and conservative regime was considerably less economically developed than neighbouring countries such as France, even though the latter had suffered from the devastations of World War II.
	www.bexley.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Authoritarian (833 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: French Revolution
		Disorder grew in the Church of France; young and ambitious priests, better known for their political than for their religious zeal, were candidates, and in many places owing to the opposition of good Catholics those elected had much difficulty in taking possession of their churches.
		They were responsible for the economic anarchy which reigned during the nineteenth century, and the present syndicate movement as well as the efforts of the social Catholics in conformity with the Encyclical "Rerum novarum" marks a deep and decisive reaction against the work of the Constituent Assembly.
		Nevertheless France owes to the Convention a number of lasting creations: the Ledger of the Public Debt, the Ecole Polytechnique, the Conservatory of Arts and Crafts, the Bureau of Longitudes, the Institute of France, and the adoption of the decimal system of weights and measures.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13009a.htm (7774 words)

	H-France Reviews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Doyle makes the often overlooked, albeit commonsense, point that the old regime came apart when calls for reform emanating from the public and the monarchy’s own attempts to restructure and fortify its institutions challenged entrenched privileges and prerogatives on which royal authority had been built.
		France was the world’s leading economic power with an economy three or four times the size of England’s in the 1780s.
		Under the influence of Rousseau, the educated classes began to associate the public role some women played in the royal court and salons with the decadence and corruption of the monarchy.
	www.uakron.edu /hfrance/vol2reviews/miller3.html (1974 words)

	PlanetPapers - Revolution in France: Who Benefited Most From The Collapse Of The Ancien Regime?
		The Ancien Regime (French for Old Order) was the way society was run, in a period in French history occurring before the French Revolution (1789 — 1799).
		France was ruled by an absolute monarchy (a system where the king was classed as divine — an infallible role) King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette.
		The Third Estate knew that the serfs were starving under the heavy taxes and were discontent under the class system.
	www.planetpapers.com /Assets/3593.php (1874 words)

	ESTATES OF THE REALM FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In France under the ancien_rÃ©gime, the Estates of the realm were the three divisions of the Estates-General.
		In practice, during the period where there was a division of France into estates, of the commoners only the bourgeoisie were represented.
		The use of this term is not exclusive to France (although that is by far its most common usage).
	www.witwib.com /Estates_of_the_realm (158 words)

	Reviews in History - Author's Response: The Ancien Regime: A History of France 1610-1774
		It was not, of course, in my mind, contrary to that asserted by my detractor, to show kings and their ministers ‘in the best possible light’; but, rather, to affirm that the actions of officials were very opérationnels, engaging often in foreign affairs and occasionally on domestic schemes.
		France of this era was still in a corporatist framework.
		During the interval which separates the disappearance of the ancient legitimacy of the Ancien Régime from the foundation of the new legitimacy (of the democratic future), there was a lack or want of political legitimacy which was often accompanied by violence.
	www.ihr.sas.ac.uk /reviews/paper/leroy.html (3807 words)

	Reviews in History: The Ancien Regime: A History of France, 1610-1774
		Seventeenth and eighteenth-century France may not have been the depressing place portrayed by Goubert in Beauvais et le Beauvaisis (1960), where most peasants had less than 10 hectares of land and continually struggled to survive, but nor was it the best of all possible worlds, where every villager had his daily chicken in the pot.
		The Ancien Regime, then, is a particularly fascinating work to the extent it is a measure of the distance which France's most internationally renowned and productive early modernist has travelled in the course of his distinguished career.
		It is the Revolution which halts the onward march of the French economy not the constraints of the Ancien Regime.
	www.history.ac.uk /reviews/paper/ladurie.html (2597 words)

	SparkNotes: the French Revolution (1789–1799): France’s Financial Crisis: 1783–1788
		France had long subscribed to the idea of divine right, which maintained that kings were selected by God and thus perpetually entitled to the throne.
		France’s prolonged involvement in the Seven Years’ War of 1756–1763 drained the treasury, as did the country’s participation in the American Revolution of 1775–1783.
		France had long been recognized as a prosperous country, and were it not for its involvement in costly wars and its aristocracy’s extravagant spending, it might have remained one.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/european/frenchrev/section1.html (1137 words)

	Worship And Church Bells
		Recalled to France in 1800 he was for some time under 'surveillance.' He opposed the proposed Consular Government, and in 1814 was one of the deputation sent from Lyons to ask the Emperor of Austria to establish the Bourbons in France.
		In countries under despotic governments, where inquiry is always forbidden, the people are condemned to believe as they have been taught by their priests.
		But, could the government of England find a way, under the sanction of your report, to inundate France with a flood of emigrant priests, she would find also the way to domineer as before; she would retrieve her shattered finances at your expence, and the ringing of bells would be the tocsin of your downfall.
	infidels.org /library/historical/thomas_paine/worship_and_church.html (3768 words)

	Daily Life (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Daily life in New France was subject to the hardships of a harsh climate, which decimated the first settlers, and to the insecurity of the constant threat of armed conflict with the English and the Aboriginal peoples.
		The social structure in the colony was less rigid than in France, and before long, individual status became less a matter of birth than of merit, talent and usefulness.
		The spectrum of social positions narrowed, and the population gradually integrated characteristics that reflected the influence of the land, the climate, and contact with the Aboriginal peoples.
	www.champlain2004.org /html/life.html (217 words)

	Les galeres et les galeriens de l'ancien regime de France
		Prison was a foretaste of hell where the guilty considered their opportunity to recant and receive absolution; those who continued to deny their sins were sent to hell.
		The galley ships «galères» of medieval France were rowed by «forçats», criminals condemned to slave labour known as «galériens» sentenced to «la peine des galères».
		France had a policy of tranporting crminals («Les Rélégués») to a harsh penal regime in tropical Guyana even in the twentieth century.
	www.milism.net /galere.htm (755 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		It stated that nobility was to be abolished, and that France was to be made a limited monarch, with a one-house legislature.
		The suspicion became certainties for the people of France as the King, Queen, and their children were captured in Varennes, near the French border trying to escape.
		On September 21, 1791, a decree was passed that “royalty is abolish in France,” (The Old Regime and The Revolution Pg.127) and a republic was proclaimed.
	www.chuckiii.com /Reports/History_Other/The_French_Revolution1.shtml (1707 words)

	The Rev Begins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The government of Louis XV was weak, corrupt, and divided.
		France was a nation of inequality and privilege.
		We are going to the Bastille because it is a symbol of the rotten government of France, the Old Regime.
	www.nisk.k12.ny.us /nhs/faculty/eads/revbegins.html (2131 words)

	Industrial revolution in North of France
		Before the French Revolution, under the ancien regime there was enormous inequality: the nobles paid virtually no tax, their lives centred around the Royal Court, they spent on mansions, art and fashion rather than risk their fortunes in trade, factories and mines.
		By the middle of the 19th century, it was like the Manchester of northern France - with equally appalling and unhealthy slums.
		A large coalfield running from Belgium into France under Valenciennes and south of Lille was gradually discovered, and opened up with many mines and slag-heaps scarring the landscape.
	www.theotherside.co.uk /tm-heritage/background/industry.htm (225 words)

	Diffusion in Social Networks -- H. Peyton Young (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Under the ancien regime horse-drawn carriages kept to the left, and pedestrians walked on the right in order to face the oncoming traffic and be prepared to jump out of the way if necessary.
		Keeping to the right was therefore a custom of the average citizen, while keeping to the left was a practice of the privileged classes.
		In particular, it illustrates the importance of boundaries in destabilizing a given regime.
	www.brook.edu /es/dynamics/papers/diffusion/diffusion.htm (5690 words)

	ZEITENBLICKE - Online-Journal für die Geschichtswissenschaften
		In numerous monographs and articles you have shown how the clandestine bestsellers of the 18th century were produced, smuggled and distributed via efficient European cross-border networks.
		Recent studies of seventeenth-century England and of eighteenth-century France have demonstrated that manuscript books continued to flourish late into the era of printed publications.
		When I discussed censorship with censors from the GDR early in 1990, they did not think they were curbing liberty; they thought they were promoting socialism, and they claimed that censorship existed in the USA in the form of the market place.
	www.zeitenblicke.historicum.net /2003/02/interview.htm (1834 words)

	French States-General - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In France under the ancien régime, the States-General or Estates-General (in French: États-Généraux), was an assembly of the different classes of French citizenry.
		They invited the other orders to join them, but made it clear that they intended to conduct the nation's affairs with or without them.
		When he shut down the Salle des États where the Assembly met, the Assembly moved their deliberations to the king's tennis court, where they proceeded to swear the Tennis Court Oath (June 20, 1789), under which they agreed not to separate until they had given France a constitution.
	www.free-definition.com /French-States-General.html (3179 words)

	Section 7: The French Revolution: Liberalism and Radicalism /Shaping of the Modern World/Brooklyn College (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Revolution swept away the Ancien Regime, which despite its modernizing methods of government, based political power on rule of a monarch, and replaced it with a series of governments that tried to apply political principles derived from the Enlightenment.
		France had helped Americans vs. Britain and many Frenchmen, such as LaFayette, were to be important in both revolutions.
		Under Louis XIV flaws in theory of absolutism had been apparent: now they become obvious; the misuse of power, kings who couldn't rule.
	academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu /history/virtual/core4-7.htm (7175 words)

	ANCIEN REGIME - LoveToKnow Article on ANCIEN REGIME (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		, a French phrase commonly used, even by English writers, to denote the social and political system established in France under the old monarchy, which was swept away by the Revolution of 1789.
		The phrase is generally applicable only to France, for in no other country, with perhaps the exception of Japan, has there been in modern times so clearly marked a division between "the old order" and the new.
		To properly cite this ANCIEN REGIME article in your work, copy the complete reference below:
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /A/AN/ANCIEN_REGIME.htm (224 words)

	RESUMES TOME 53
		The urban network established in France in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries is hardly modified until the nineteenth and twentieth, but the population of the cities plummets during the fourteenth century, increases in the sixteenth, decreases at the French Revolution and soars during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
		It is more difficult to summarize the evolution of the municipal institutions in France under the Ancien Régime because of their wide diversity, in spite of the attempt at standardization led by Laverdy from 1764 to 1771.
		If as early as the twelfth century contention surrounds the creation of the communes of France, in the nineteenth century the confrontation from 1838 to 1880 within the commune of Peyrins on account of the districts of Génisseux and Mours constitutes a paradox.
	www.u-bourgogne.fr /HISTOIREDROIT/6_res_53_GB.html (2488 words)

	Modern Western Civ. 14: Napoleon and Romanticism
		Under the Directory we see that the military expansion begun under the convention continued - with help of CPS's war economy - great new generals had been brought to the fore - inc. 8 of Napoleons future marshals - as old officer class went into exile.
		But the expedition was not successful - Napoleon left for France in 1799 for the coup - and the army was not successful - the British controlled the sea.
		France defeated at the Battle of the Nations 1813 - at Leipzig in Germany
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/lect/mod14.html (1446 words)

	PBS - Napoleon: Classroom Materials
		To help students contrast the ethos of the Ancien Regime with the new ideals awakened by the French Revolution.
		Toulon, an important naval base in France, had welcomed the British into their city, turning their backs on the leaders of the French Revolution.
		Napoleon so hated having his native country conquered by the French, yet in the name of France he went on to be the greatest conqueror of other European countries the world had ever seen.
	www.pbs.org /empires/napoleon/n_clas/destiny.html (3220 words)

	Red Ted Keeps a Diary
		France in Syria, Britain in much of the rest.
		This pamphlet was written in the form of a critique of a political sermon given in November, 1789 by Richard Price, a Dissenting English clergyman, but it moved on to a complete critique of the National Assembly and its actions.
		Esau, the wandering God, either was the child of Christ and the Magdalene or, in his mythic version, sprung from the earth watered by the blood of Christ and the tears of the Magdalene as she wept for Him.
	redted.blogspot.com (6318 words)

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