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	Francesco Maria Grimaldi Biography / Biography of Francesco Maria Grimaldi History of Scientific Discovery Biography
		Francesco Grimaldi was an Italian physicist and Jesuit priest who is best known as the first person to describe the diffraction of light.
		Grimaldi was born in Bologna, Italy, in 1618.
		Grimaldi's health began to decline, however, and within a year he was appointed to a less stressful position, that of professor of mathematics.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-francesco-maria-grimaldi-wsd (605 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Grimaldi Francesco Maria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Grimaldi was born on April 2, 1618, in Bologna...
		Sforza, Galeazzo Maria (1444-1476), Duke of Milan, son of Francesco Sforza.
		Sforza, Francesco (1401-1466), Duke of Milan, son of Giacomuzzo Sforza (1369-1424), founder of the Sforza dynasty of Milan.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Grimaldi_Francesco_Maria.html (96 words)

	grimaldi-1
		Francesco Maria Grimaldi was born in Bologna on April 2 1618.
		Grimaldi collaborated with Giovan Battista Riccioli in theoretical, observational and experimental investigations.
		Grimaldi is also responsible for a large part of the work involved in compiling the tables which appear in the second volume of Astronomia reformata (1665), another of Riccioli's works.
	www.scienzagiovane.unibo.it /English/scientists/grimaldi-1.html (165 words)

	Website dedicated to Society, Religion and Spirituality, Christianity, Denominations, Catholicism, Reference, Catholic ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Giberti, Gian Matteo - Cardinal, and Bishop of Verona, the natural son of Francesco Giberti, a Genoese naval captain, b.
		Grimaldi, Giovanni Francesco - An eclectic painter of the Bolognese school; b.
		Guicciardini, Francesco - Biographical article by Edmund G. Gardner on the historian and statesman, who died in 1540..
	www.findtutorials.com /internet/dir/Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Christianity/Denominations/Catholicism/Reference/Catholic_Encyclopedia/G (8161 words)

	grimaldi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Grimaldi made many discoveries of fundalmental importance, but they were much in advance of the theory of the time, and their significance was not recognized until over a century later.
		Grimaldi demonstrated that when a beam of light passes through two small holes, one behind the other, and then falls on a dark surface,the beam of light on that surface is a little wider than the original beam.
		Grimaldi concluded that the beamhad been bent outward by a slight amount at the edges of the hole.
	www.qerhs.k12.nf.ca /projects/physics/grimaldi.html (615 words)

	Francesco M. Grimaldi, S.J.
		Francesco M Grimaldi, S.J. was born and died in Bologna and was professor of mathematics and physics at the Jesuit college in Bologna for many years.
		Apparently prompted by Grimaldi's observation of color effects, Newton compared the widths of the luminous patches produced by the lights of different portions of the spectrum, and noticed that the bands of red lights were largest while the blue were least with the green of middle size.
		Francesco Grimaldi is responsible for the practice of naming lunar regions after astronomers and physicists, rather than after ideas such as "tranquility".
	www.faculty.fairfield.edu /jmac/sj/scientists/grimaldi.htm (960 words)

	The Galileo Project
		Grimaldi's work is closely tied with the work of Riccioli, who was prefect of studies at Bologna when Grimaldi arrived.
		Grimaldi is also responsible for a large amount of the tabular work in the second volume of Riccioli's Astronomia reformata (1665).
		Giorgio Tabarroni, P.F.M. Grimaldi, bolognese iniziatore della ottica-fisica (Bologna, 1964).
	galileo.rice.edu /Catalog/NewFiles/grimaldi.html (398 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Francesco Maria Grimaldi
		He gave the names of illustrious philosophers and astronomers to the elevations and depressions on the moon to which Hevelius, before him, had applied the names borne by terrestrial seas and mountains.
		Grimaldi's most important scientific work was done in optics, in which field he became a worthy predecessor of Newton and Huyghens.
		Grimaldi was conspicuous for his amiability, gentleness, and modesty.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07034a.htm (562 words)

	The Catholic Encyclopedia - Francesco Maria Grimaldi
		He made several discoveries of fundamental importance, but they were much in advance of the theory of the time, and their significance was not recognized until over a century later.
		This phenomenon, to which he gave the name of diffraction, was also studied by Hooke and Newton; but the true explanation was only given by Fresnel on the basis of the wave theory.
		Grimaldi also discovered that when sunlight, entering a room through two small apertures, was allowed to fall on a screen, the region illuminated by the two beams was darker than when illuminated by either of them separately.
	www.jcsm.org /StudyCenter/Catholic_Encyclopedia/07034a.htm (631 words)

	Grimaldi, Francesco Maria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Grimaldi was born in Bologna and was professor of mathematics at the Jesuit College there from 1648.
		Grimaldi let a beam of sunlight enter a darkened room through a small circular aperture and observed that, when the beam passed through a second aperture onto a screen, the spot of light was slightly larger than the second aperture and had coloured fringes.
		Grimaldi concluded that the light rays had diverged slightly, becoming bent outwards, or diffracted.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/G/Grimaldi/1.html (173 words)

	Grimaldi-2
		In order to check this idea, Grimaldi drew a little hole in the shutter of a window, thus letting the sun's light into a room (here we have almost his own words).
		These aspects are discussed by Grimaldi with the help of the diagram on the left, taken from De lumine.
		Referring to the diagram, Grimaldi also pointed out that in the regions CM and ND light appeared to open to some extent fanwise, in the sense that it concentrated (in "fringes") around certain privileged directions; in the middle of each fringe light appeared "pure and genuine", whereas it presented some colour at the edges.
	www.scienzagiovane.unibo.it /english/scientists/grimaldi-2.html (495 words)

	Moon -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Maria are found almost exclusively on the Lunar nearside, with the Lunar farside having only a few scattered patches.
		The regolith varies from 3 to 5 metres (10 to 16 feet) in the maria to 10 to 20 metres (33 to 66 feet) in the highlands.
		By the (The period of history between classical antiquity and the Italian Renaissance) Middle Ages, before the invention of the (A magnifier of images of distant objects) telescope, more and more people began to recognize the Moon as a (A particular environment or walk of life) sphere, though they believed that it was "perfectly smooth".
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/m/mo/moon.htm (5860 words)

	Francesco Maria Grimaldi History Summary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Francesco Maria Grimaldi was the first scientist to recognize the tendency of light to bend around objects, a phenomenon he named diffraction.
		Around this time, Grimaldi began conducting his famous experiments with optics, allowing light to pass through a series of two apertures, or slits, and onto a blank screen.
		In choosing the word "diffraction,"; Grimaldi was referring to the manner in which water flowed around stones, branches, or other obstacles in its path.
	www.bookrags.com /history/sciencehistory/francesco-maria-grimaldi-scit-031234 (556 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In the second, however, the arguments adduced in the first book are refuted and the Peripatetic teaching of the accidentality of light is upheld as probable." Here substantiality refers to the corpuscular theory of light, and accidentality means some passing property of a substance, such as a wave in a medium.
		Grimaldi was among the many Jesuits (and other religiously inclined thinkers) who have made significant contributions to the advancement of science.
		Their lives and work show that, contrary to the contention of anti-religion scientists, one's theological convictions need not be a hindrance in the pursuit of physics or of any other science for that matter.
	www.metanexus.net /metanexus_online/printer_friendly.asp?5944 (1430 words)

	Moon
		The regolith varies from 3 to 5 meters (10 to 16 feet) in the maria to 10 to 20 meters (33 to 66 feet) in the highlands.
		Various lighter and darker colored areas (primarily maria) create the patterns seen by different cultures as the Man in the Moon, the rabbit and the buffalo, amongst others.
		Later in the 17th century, Giovanni Battista Riccioli and Francesco Maria Grimaldi drew a map of the Moon and gave many craters the names they still have today.
	www.askfactmaster.com /Moon (3841 words)

	GRIMALDI, Francesco Maria., Physico-Mathesis de Lumine, Coloribus, et Iride (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In one of these Grimaldi let sunlight into a dark room through a narrow hole and place in the path of the rays a diaphragm with another narrow hole.
		When these fell on a white screen the illuminated part of the latter proved to be larger than was to be expected from the law of the rectilinear propagation of light in geometrical optics.
		The book was known to Newton, who repeated the experiments in a quantitative way and confirmed Grimaldi’s discovery, although he did not realize the strength of his proofs that neither reflection nor refraction is able to explain the phenomenon” (Biographical Dictionary of Scientists).
	www.polybiblio.com /quaritch/SS150.html (338 words)

	Giovanni Battista Riccioli biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		He devoted his career to the study of astronomy, often working with Francesco Maria Grimaldi.
		Interestingly, despite his stated opposition to Copernicus's theory he named a very prominent crater (Copernicus crater) after him, and other important craters were named after other proponents of the theory Kepler, Galileo and Lansbergius.
		Craters that he and Grimaldi named after themselves are in the same general vicinity, while some other Jesuit astronomers have craters named after them in a different part of the Moon, near Tycho crater.
	giovanni-battista-riccioli.biography.ms (231 words)

	Encyclopedia: Francesco Maria Grimaldi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		People who viewed "Francesco Maria Grimaldi" also viewed:
		Francesco Maria Grimaldi (April 2, 1618 - December 28, 1663) was an Italian mathematician and physicist who taught at the Jesuit college in Bologna.
		April 2 is the 92nd day of the year (93rd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar, with 273 days remaining.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Francesco-Maria-Grimaldi (646 words)

	Footnotes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Grimaldi observed coloured diffraction fringes at the boundaries of shadows using white light.
		Newton, repeating Grimaldi's experiments, asked "are not the rays of Light in passing by the edges and sides of Bodies, bent several times backward and forwards, with a motion like that of an Eel?
		And do not the three Fringes of colour'd Light mention'd arise from such bendings?" Newton never got to the bottom of this, and never acknowledged the wave theory of light even though it was available 14 years before he published his Optiks in 1704.
	www.cmmp.ucl.ac.uk /~ahh/teaching/1B24n/lect24/footnode.html (278 words)

	LPOD - 2004-10-10 - Lunar Photo of the Day
		His nomenclature was displayed on a map constructed by his former student Francesco Maria Grimaldi.
		The crater Riccioli (diameter 145 km) is striated with ejecta from the formation of the Orientale impact basin to the southwest.
		The lack of ejecta on the mare patch on the floor of Grimaldi (230 km) demonstrates that the lava flows there and the small patch in Riccioli erupted more recently than 3.84 billion years ago, Orientale's birthday.
	www.lpod.org /LPOD-2004-10-10.htm (329 words)

	B & L Rootenberg Rare Books: Featured Catalogue: Millennium One -- R-Z (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		His mathematical treatment concerning the radius of the earth and the ratio of water to land is considered extremely noteworthy.
		With his Jesuit colleague Francesco Maria Grimaldi, he surpassed Galileo in perfecting the pendulum as an instruments to measure time and ascertain the earth's rotation.
		With Grimaldi, Riccioli introduced the nomenclature still used to describe lunar features based on their observations of the moon's topography.
	www.rootenbergbooks.com /list5.htm (2599 words)

	A Science History Quiz
		Francesco Maria Grimaldi (1618-1663) is credited as the discoverer of diffraction.
		Grimaldi's one book was published posthumously in 1665.
		Francesco Pellos (or Pelizzati) of Nice used a decimal point to indicate division of a number by a power of 10, in his 1492 book on commercial arithmetic.
	www.lhup.edu /~dsimanek/scihist.htm (3941 words)

	Giovanni Francesco Grimaldi
		He was a pupil of the Carracci and of Francesco Albani.
		His paintings, chiefly landscapes in the manner of the Carracci, are found in the Borghese and Colonna galleries and the Quirinal, Rome; the Louvre; and in Vienna.
		Grimaldi, Francesco Maria (1618-1663) (The Hutchinson Dictionary of Scientific Biography)
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/people/A0821867.html (244 words)

	Grimaldi - Hotel Le Grimaldi - Nice - Côte d'Azur - French Riviera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Grandi Navi Veloci is the youngest cruise line in the Grimaldi group.
		The Origins of the Grimaldi's in Monaco : 8 January 1297.
		The Grimaldi's, one of the most influential Guelf families of Genova, were twice chased away from
	linksessions.com /q/grimaldi.htm (201 words)

	AllRefer.com - Francesco Maria Grimaldi (Physics, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Francesco Maria Grimaldi[frAnchAs´kO mArE´A grEmAl´dE] Pronunciation Key, 1618?–1663, Italian physicist and mathematician.
		A Jesuit and professor at Bologna, he studied in detail and named the dark areas on the moon.
		More articles from AllRefer Reference on Francesco Maria Grimaldi
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/G/GrimaldiF.html (170 words)

	SAM-C
		Maria Luisa Righini Bonelli and Albert Van Helden, Divini and Campani, Supplement to Annali dell'Istituto e Museo de Storia della Scienza, 1981.
		While he was at the university, Canano, together with his cousin Anton Maria Canano, held an anatomical academy in their home which was attended by the leading physicians of the city and even by the Duke.
		He dedicated works to both Francesco I and Ferdinand I. In 1570 he was collecting plants in Tuscany on the orders of Pius V who intended to establish a botanical garden in Rome.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Home/resource-ref-read/major-minor-ind/westfall-dsb/SAM-C.htm (17303 words)

	Francesco Maria Grimaldi Online Research :: Information about Francesco Maria Grimaldi (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Francesco Maria Grimaldi Online Research :: Information about Francesco Maria Grimaldi
		Francesco Maria Grimaldi (April 2, 1618 - December 28, 1663) was an Italy Mathematician and Physicist who taught at the Jesuit college in Bologna.
		Between 1640 and 1650, working with Giovanni Riccioli, he investigated the Free fall of objects, discovering that the distance of fall was proportional to the square of the time taken.
	www.in-northcarolina.com /search/Francesco_Maria_Grimaldi.html (153 words)

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