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Topic: Francesco Sforza

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	House of Sforza - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sforza was a ruling family of Renaissance Italy, based in Milan.
		His son Francesco Sforza ruled Milan for the first half of the Renaissance era, acquiring the title of Duke of Milan from the extinct Visconti family in 1447.
		Duke of Milan Francesco I Alessandro Sforza at worldroots.com
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sforza (337 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Sforza
		Sforza, Italian ducal family that ruled Milan from 1450 to 1535.
		Sforza, Francesco (1401-66), duke of Milan, son of Giacomuzzo Sforza (1369-1424), founder of the Sforza dynasty of Milan.
		Sforza, Galeazzo Maria (1444-1476), duke of Milan, son of Francesco Sforza.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Sforza.html (125 words)

	AllRefer.com - Sforza (Italian History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		His illegitimate son, Francesco I Sforza (see separate article), became duke of Milan in 1450 through his marriage to Bianca Maria Visconti, daughter of the last Visconti duke of Milan.
		Francesco was succeeded by his eldest son, Galeazzo Maria Sforza, 1444–76, a highly educated but dissolute and cruel man; he was a patron of the arts and employed the architect Bramante.
		Francesco took possession of his duchy after the French defeat (1522) by the army of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at Bicocca.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/Sforza.html (706 words)

	VISCONTI-SFORZA TRIUMPH OF FORCE
		Francesco carried well his father’s reputation, being both a successful general and a physically powerful man, renowned for bending metal bars with his bare hands.
		Although the Sforzas were employed both by the Viscontis against the Venentians and then the Venetians against the Visconti, both Murzio and Francesco finally carved city-states out for themselves, with Francesco controlling Cremona, south of Milan.
		In Sforza’s case, unlike the area of Trojan romances, where all the manuscripts pre-dated his rule, astrology was one area of the Pavian library to which he added - in particular a highly illustrated volume of Iohannes de Sacrobosco’s De Sphaera, treating allegorically of the influence of the planets on human life.
	www.angelfire.com /space/tarot/hercule.html (1941 words)

	A Horse for the Duke / A Horse for Leonardo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The founder of the Sforza lineage was the leader of mercenary troops (condottiere) Muzio Attendolo (1369-1424).
		Francesco managed to obtain her hand, but he had to face the hostility of the Visconti, who easily scented the ambitions of the duke’s future son-in-law.
		In 1450 Francesco Sforza triumphantly re-entered the city and was acclaimed duke.
	www.museoscienza.org /english/leonardo/cavallo/cap3.htm (751 words)

	NICCOLO PICCININO - LoveToKnow Article on NICCOLO PICCININO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		He defeated the papal forces at Castel Bolognese (1434), but another papal army under Francesco Sforza having defeated and killed Fortebraccjo at Fiordimonte, Piccinino was left in sole command, and in a series of campaigns against Sforza he seized a number of cities in Romagna by treachery.
		He was defeated by Sforza at Anghiari (1440), but although a number of his men were taken prisoners they were at once liberated, as was usually done in wars waged by soldiers of fortune.
		Sforza was driven from the Marche, but defeated Piccinino at Montelauro, and while the latter was preparing for a desperate effort against Sforza he was suddenly recalled to Milan, his army was beaten in his absence, and he died of grief and of his wounds in 1444.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PI/PICCININO_NICCOLO.htm (398 words)

	Sforza on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Francesco was succeeded by his eldest son, Galeazzo Maria Sforza, 1444-76, a highly educated but dissolute and cruel man; he was a patron of the arts and employed the architect Bramante.
		Another of Francesco's sons, Ascanio Maria Sforza, 1455-1505, was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and also a patron of the arts.
		Galeazzo's daughter Bianca Maria married Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, and his illegitimate daughter Caterina Sforza, 1463?-1509, became the wife of Gerolamo Riario, lord of the cities of Imola and Forlì and a nephew of Pope Sixtus IV.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/S/Sforza.asp (732 words)

	PESARO - LoveToKnow Article on PESARO
		Upon this hill stands.he Villa Imperiale, the foundation stone of which was laid by ;he emperor Frederick III., built by the Sforza, and decorated with fine stucco ceilings and wall paintings and pavements of majolica plaques.
		The composer Gioacchino Rossini, who was a native of Pesaro, left all his fortune to found a musical lyceum in the city, and his statue by Marochetti (1864) stands near the railway station.
		Leo X. took the city away from Francesco and gave it to Lorenzo de' Medici; but on Lorenzo's death Francesco was restored and Pesaro became the ordinary residence of the dukes of Urbino till tne death of Francesco Maria II.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PE/PESARO.htm (646 words)

	Duchy of Milan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The adventurer Francesco Sforza, who married the last Visconti's illegitimate daughter, seized Milan in 1450 and made himself Duke.
		Following the decisive French defeat at Pavia in 1525, which seemed to leave the Imperial forces of Charles V dominant in Italy, Francesco joined the League of Cognac against the Emperor along with Venice, Florence the Pope, and the French.
		When Francesco died without heirs in 1535, the question of succession again arose, with both the Emperor and the King of France claiming the Duchy, leading to more wars.
	www.kernersville.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Duchy_of_Milan (547 words)

	The Official Castello Sforzesco Website
		Military leader Francesco Sforza, who had already been commanding the Milanese troops in the service of the last duke, was called in to defend the city against the attacks of the Venetian.
		Francesco was succeeded by his eldest son, Galeazzo Maria Sforza, a highly educated but dissolute and cruel man. He was assassinated in 1476 by a group of republican conspirators.
		Ludovico Sforza married Beatrice d'Este, sister of the Duke of Ferrara.
	www.milanocastello.it /ing/approfondimentiSforza.html (776 words)

	history
		The Sforzas were patrons of such artists as the architect Bramante and the painter-inventor Leonardo da Vinci; many were able rulers, and the city flourished under their guidance.
		In December 1499, however, the Sforza family was driven from Milan by French forces; Leonardo left the statue unfinished (it was destroyed by French archers, who used the terra cotta model as a target) and he returned to Florence in 1500.
		Manzoni, Alessandro Francesco Tommaso Antonio Manzoni, Alessandro Francesco Tommaso Antonio (1785-1873), Italian novelist, poet, and playwright, born in Milan.
	www.milanometropoli.com /history.htm (2036 words)

	Sforza, Francesco I on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		(fränchās´kō, sfôr´tsä), 1401-66, duke of Milan (1450-66); illegitimate son of Muzio Attendolo Sforza.
		He succeeded his father as leader of his band of mercenaries, and by his valor and sagacity he became one of the most powerful condottieri of his time.
		Francesco, who commanded the Milanese troops, made himself master of the republic and was proclaimed duke in 1450 with the support of the Medici of Florence.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/s/sforza-f1.asp (362 words)

	St. John's Co Cathedral
		Francesco Sforza was one of the 3 witnesses of this marrage.
		Caravaggio was concived in his first few days after the marrage "Il concepimento del bambino nel giorno piu probabile quello del matrimonio." Francesco sforza in 1957 married Costanza Colonna who was the sister of Fabrizio Colonna, who married, in 1572, Anna Borromeo.
		These letters also show that during his last visit to Naples, Caravaggio was the guest of Costanza Sforza Colonna and the "Maddalena" which the artist carried on his final voyage was to end up with his great protector Ð the end of the rainbow which had begun on her estate on the 29th September 1571.
	www.jagrove.com /stjohn/Caravaggio.html (1580 words)

	Chapter Fourteen Hundred! <i>to</i> Frankenstein of F by Brewer's Readers Handbook
		Francesco, the “Iago” of Massinger’s Duke of Milan; the duke Sforza “the More” being “Othello;” and the cause of hatred being that Sforza had seduced “Eugenia,” Francesco’s sister.
		During Sforza’s absence with the camp, Franceso tried to corrupt the duke’s beautiful young bride Marcelia, and, being repulsed, accused her to the duke of wishing to play the wanton with him.
		Franchi (Antonio), the pseudonym of Francesco Bonavino, the Italian philosopher (1634–1709).
	www.bibliomania.com /2/3/174/1116/14696/2.html (452 words)

	Lodovico Sforza Biography / Biography of Lodovico Sforza Biography Biography
		Lodovico Sforza, born on July 27, 1452, was the fourth son of Francesco I Sforza and, as such, was not expected to become ruler of Milan.
		Under the tutelage of the humanist Francesco Filelfo, Lodovico received instruction in the beauties of painting, sculpture, and letters, but he was also taught the methods of government and warfare.
		When Francesco I Sforza died in 1466, he was succeeded by the dissolute Galeazzo Maria, elder brother of Lodovico.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-lodovico-sforza/index.html (710 words)

	End of Europe's Middle Ages - The Visconti and Sforza in Milan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Having settled the situation, Sforza declared himself to be the successor to the Visconti dynasty through his wife and ruled as Duke of Milan until his death in 1466.
		Francesco's son, Galeazzo Maria (1466-1476), proved to be so malignant that his assassination was plotted by leading Milanese families who argued that a tyrant should be killed for the good of the community.
		The infant Giangaleazzo Sforza (1467-1494) was left to rule with first his mother and then his uncle, Lodovico Sforza (1494-1499), as regents.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/endmiddle/bluedot/milan.html (345 words)

	GALEAZZO MARIA SFORZA FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Galeazzo Maria Sforza (January_24, 1444 – December_26, 1476) was Duke of Milan.
		He was a member of the Sforza family of Milanese rulers, famous as patrons of the arts and music.
		Most of the singers at the chapel fled after Galeazzo's murder, however, and took positions elsewhere; soon there was a rise in musical standards in other cities such as Ferrara as a result.
	www.igopay.com /Galeazzo_Maria_Sforza (227 words)

	Francesco Sforza (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Son of Muzio Sforza[?], Francesco Sforza (1401 - 1466) founded the Sforza dynasty in Milan.
		During Sforza's reign over Milan, Florence was under the command of Cosimo de Medici and the two enlightened rulers became close friends.
		Regretably Francesco's successors were not nearly as competent, a number of them being dangerously unbalanced individuals.
	www.city-search.org /fr/francesco-sforza.html (523 words)

	A Horse for the Duke / A Horse for Leonardo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		A monument to celebrate the status and the exploits of Francesco Sforza was first proposed during Galeazzo Maria’s rule.
		Francesco’s son planned to build a life-size, bronze equestrian statue to be placed inside the Sforza Castle, in the ravelin towards the square or however in a place where it would create a great impression.
		It was certainly there in 1493, when the wedding between Bianca Maria Sforza and Maximilian of Hapsburg was celebrated: in fact, there are no valid reasons to believe that the model had been publicly exhibited, contrary to what some poets of the time claim.
	www.museoscienza.org /English/leonardo/cavallo/cap4.htm (906 words)

	Sforza
		Ludovico Sforza was a devious man, seizing power in Milan from his adolescent nephew and arranging the execution of his nephew’s chief minister.
		Francesco spent the rest of his life consolidating power to bolster his fragile claim to legitimacy.
		Ludovico Sforza required similar nodes of power if he was to maintain and build a clientele in Milan and develop relationships with foreign courts (upon whose aid his safety might have depended).
	www.stanford.edu /~mgorman/essays/John/Sforza.html (3444 words)

	VENETO.ORG
		Sforza and Piccinino were in fact fighting a personal war in which the interests of the opposing powers were secondary.
		Francesco Sforza entered the service of Visconti and married his daughter, while Florence took a new turn under Cosimo de' Medici.
		Visconti died in 1447, and in May 1450 Francesco Sforza entered Milan in triumph, after the demise of the short-lived Ambrosian Republic (in 1449 Venice had acquired Crema).
	www.veneto.org /history/serenissima3.htm (5514 words)

	Italy
		The son of Giovanna and Giovanni, Francesco Maria, then succeeds to the Duchy, which is then in the possession of the della Roveres until the male line fails and the territory reverts to the Papacy.
		Francesco Maria II married a granddaugher, Lucretia, of Lucretia Borgia, whose children otherwise failed to continue the line of d'Este in Modena.
		What the Sforzas had to deal with nearly their entire tenure in Milan was the fact that their hereditary claim to Milan was less good than the French house of Orlèans, which was descended from a daughter, Valentina, of Gian Galeazzo.
	www.friesian.com /italia.htm (9545 words)

	The Great Human Diasporas
		This book is an account of the scholarly endeavours of one man, Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Professor Emeritus of Human Genetics at Stanford University, California, and as such, it is about the evolution of biological (or genetic) and cultural diversity in their most general sense.
		Francesco's role is to present the text as his father's narrative.
		Despite Francesco Cavalli-Sforza's introductory claim that the book is not the scientific biography of a researcher, the converse seems to be true.
	www.shef.ac.uk /assem/2/2evison2.html (1360 words)

	Allusions
		The illegitimate son of a mercenary commander, Muzio Attendolo Sforza, Francesco grew up at the court of Ferrara and accompanied his father to Naples, where Muzio entered the employ of King Ladislas.
		Though Sforza was primarily a warrior, he and his children became known as patrons of the arts and enriched Milan architecturally.
		It was sold in 1445 to the Sforza family, and in 1512, through the influence of Pope Julius II, it went to the pope’s nephew Francesco Maria I della Rovere, duke di Urbino.
	www.pthompson.addr.com /prince/allusions.htm (5069 words)

	Sforza, Muzio Attendolo -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Muzio's illegitimate son Francesco (1401–66) was also a soldier of fortune, essentially a mercenary who fought for whoever would pay him.
		It was burned a number of times—once by the Huns, twice by the Goths, and again by the German Frederick Barbarossa in 1162.
		In this capacity he was constantly kept busy as a painter and sculptor, though many of his paintings and all of his sculptures remained unfinished.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9067027?tocId=9067027 (506 words)

	Andy's Playing Cards - page VI - The Visconti Tarots - part 1
		Allegedly, the two personages are Francesco Sforza and Bianca Maria Visconti, who married in 1441; thus, we should assume that this tarot was manufactured later than the Cary-Yale one.
		Other scholars, though, have claimed that the personages appearing in the Cary-Yale card might be the son of Francesco Sforza, Galeazzo Maria, and his bride Bona of Savoy: in fact, the serpent was among the devices retained by the Sforza family.
		Seen from the opposite end, the gold coin may have been fictional by the time the tarot was painted, and later on Francesco Sforza, inspired by the knight pattern, may have decided to strike a real one, with a different motto.
	it.geocities.com /a_pollett/cards31.htm (2409 words)

	[No title]
		There is less cause for surprise at finding that the equestrian statue of Francesco Sforza is only incidentally spoken of; for, although Leonardo must have worked at it for a long succession of years, it is not in the nature of the case that it could have given rise to much writing.
		Galeazza Maria Sforza was assassinated in 1476 before his scheme for erecting a monument to his father Francesco Sforza could be carried into effect.
		If we suppose it to refer to the first model of the equestrian statue of Francesco Sforza (see the introduction to the notes on Sculpture) this observation may be regarded as one of his arguments for abandoning the first scheme of the Sforza Monument, in which the horse was to be galloping (see page 2).
	www2.cddc.vt.edu /gutenberg/etext04/7ldv210.txt (18383 words)

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