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Topic: Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan

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	Gian Giacomo Medici di Marignano - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		1495 - 8 November 1555) was an Italian condottiero, duke of Marignano and marquis of Musso and Lecco in Lombardy.
		The Medeghino gained a reputation for unscrupulous violence in the Sforza pay; in partial recompense, he was made Marquis of Marignano on 28 March 1528 (by Imperial patent and confirmed by Francesco Sforza II, Duke of Milan), and also Marquis of Musso and Lecco.
		Il Medeghino is buried in the Duomo of Milan.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gian_Giacomo_Medici_di_Marignano (380 words)

	Ascanio Sforza - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ascanio Maria Sforza Visconti (March 3, 1455- May 28, 1505) was an Italian cardinal of the Catholic Church, generally known as a skilled diplomat.
		Ludovico Sforza having secretly allied himself with King Charles VIII of France, Ascanio betrayed the Pope together with several cardinals and clamoured for his deposition under della Rovere.
		When Pius III (Francesco Piccolomini) died the same month of his coronation, the undaunted Milanese repeated his endeavour but was again defeated by Giuliano della Rovere (Julius II).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ascanio_Sforza (920 words)

	milan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Milan dominates the Po valley and is the strongest force in northern Italy.
		Francesco Sforza secured the duchy in 1450, taking his claim from his marriage to the last Visconti, a bastard daughter.
		Duke Francesco is a remarkable man and he needs to be because the Viscontis loved ruling but not governing.
	freespace.virgin.net /sheldon.stevens/milan.html (227 words)

	Milan Travel Guide \| Fodor's Online
		Milan even reigns supreme where it really counts (in the minds of many Italians), routinely trouncing the rest of the nation with its two premier soccer teams.
		Milan is more European than Italian, a new buckle on an old boot, and although its old city can stand cobblestone for cobblestone against the best of them, seekers of Roman ruins and fairy-tale towns may pass.
		But Milan's new faces are hidden behind splendid beaux-arts facades and in luxurious 19th-century palazzos, and those lured by its world-class shopping and European sophistication enjoy the city's lively, cosmopolitan feel.
	fodors.com /miniguides/mgresults.cfm?destination=milan@103&... (430 words)

	[No title]
		Its fortunes ever since - both as a great commercial trading center and as the object of regular conquest and occupation - are readily explained by its strategic position at the center of the Lombard plain, directly south of the central passes across the Alps.
		The imposing Castello must be something of a travesty, so often has it been remodeled or rebuilt since it was begun in 1450 by Francesco Sforza, fourth duke of Milan (1401-66), the condottiere (hired mercenary) who founded the city's second dynastic family.
		Set midway between the Duomo and La Scala, it is the heart of Milan, inviting people-watching from the tables that spill from its bars and restaurants, where you can enjoy a ridiculously overpriced coffee.
	members.lycos.co.uk /mstoy/Photo/italy_milan.htm (365 words)

	Renaissance art, Vigevano, Italy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		It is celebrated exactly the second Sunday of October, in front of Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan, and his family among whom also the beloved little Ludovico.
		The Duomo is the background on the short side, connecting in a particular harmonic way the two sides of the square, primarily because of the hollow form of its baroque front side.
		The other three sides are uninterruptedly constituted by 84 columns decorated by various ornaments of mythological animals and medals that show the family of the Sforzas, the Viscontis and roman emperors and that are all part of palaces and arcades.
	www.infoitaly.net /ENG/rin_vig1.htm (271 words)

	The Pact of AD1447 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		This Pact bears both legal and supernatural authority: within the mortal realms it is known as the Treaty of Marignano, which binds all of the support and vassal cities to Sforza, the Duke of Milan granting them their support in the capture of Milan and the formation of the Duchy.
		The Pact was the basis of the Sforza Treachery, as the Order of Hermes knows it, and resulted in the fall of the Ambrosian Republic that had been initiated by the Hermetics.
		Sforza has also chosen to take a little more aid, though his approach is more calculated than the others, and his rewards a little more subtle.
	www.btinternet.com /~paul.shawley/PactofAD1447.html (1059 words)

	Ca' del Duca
		Construction continued for a while under Marco's supervision, but in 1461 the property was sold to Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan, for 20,000 ducats.
		Of the price, 12,000 ducats was satisfied by Sforza's transferring to the Cornaro brothers his palace in Campo S. Polo, previously the property of the famous condottiere Gattamelata [later, following a fire, rebuilt as Ca' Cornaro and now sometimes called Ca'Cornaro-Mocenigo].
		Before further work was undertaken, the Duke lost the property in 1466 as a result of a political dispute with Venice.
	www.boglewood.com /cornaro/xcadelduca.html (435 words)

	HolidayCity Flash Travel Article - Leonardo da Vinci's Il Cavallo Horse Sculpture Strides Again in Milan, Italy
		I was one of those on a stifling hot day at the majestic San Siro Racetrack in Milan, Italy on Sunday June 16 2002.
		He worked on various projects from portraits of Milan’s upper crust to the direction of gala parties and the composition of riddles and rhymes for the court’s amusement.
		But he was passionate about his horse and eventually a 24 foot clay model was built in a field not too far out of the city.
	www.holidaycityflash.com /italy/leonardos_horse1.htm (677 words)

	Programmi Comunitari di Formazione - UNIMI
		Founded in 1924, Università degli Studi di Milano has its main campus in the Renaissance "Spedale dei Poveri" (Hospital of the Poor), built to the order of Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan, in the fifteenth century.
		The work of the Tuscan architect Antonio Averlino, known as "il Filarete" (1400-1469), the design is based on a square and conveys a clear religious symbolism: the building's layout is a rectangle formed by ten equal squares, with a Church located in a central position.
		Building work started in April 1456 and was only completed in the nineteenth century, funded by donations and legacies from citizens of Milan, who felt they had a duty to contribute to the completion and running expenses of the hospital, which is also known as "la Ca' Granda".
	studenti.unimi.it /SOCRATES/in/history.htm (334 words)

	Villa Sonnino Italia
		However the inhabitants of San Miniato also rebelled against Florence in 1370 and 1396 attacked by the Florentines and once, in 1530, by Spanish troups of Charles V, lead by the Duke of Amalfi.
		hen the town of the lily fell under Charles V's rule, San Miniato was subdued by Duke Alexander of Medici ant it later came to be part of the Grand Ducal rule.
		Also the Borromeo family of Milan and the Buonapartes of Corsica are descendents of noble San Miniato blood.
	www.villasonnino.com /e/in_e_history_s.htm (270 words)

	Portrait of Francesco Sforza by BEMBO, Bonifazio
		The customary fifteenth-century scheme for portraiture used here is much closer to Pisanello's interpretation of the form than to Piero della Francesca's or Pollaiolo's versions.
		Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan from 1450 to 1466, is portrayed with a certain surface realism, but the main intent is to show him as a polite and princely figure rather than a heroic one, which is perfectly in tune with the painter's archaic International Gothic taste.
		The seignorial profile has the incisive quality of a classic medallion or cameo.
	www.wga.hu /html/b/bembo/psforza1.html (85 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Papal elections - XV Century
		Sixtus IV further damaged it by adding to the College the faculty of being a senate of Italian princes solely devoted to the political interests of their families and city-states, and the families and city-states of their allies.
		Giorgio da Costa, first minister of Portugal, was created to satisfy the desire of Afonso V. Louis XI was responsible for procuring the red hat for Charles de Bourbon, as a reward for aiding the king in the negotiation of the treaty of Picquigny.
		The Venetians, Barbo, Zeno, Michiel, and Foscari, were certainly not of the party which brought about the Cibo's elevation to the throne; and Cibo himself would not have risked all by the easily discoverable tactic of voting for himself, which might have canonically invalidated the scrutiny.
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/election-innocentviii.htm (3974 words)

	artnet.com: Resource Library: Enzola, Gianfrancesco (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		He is recorded in Parma between 1467 and 1471 and was master of the mint in Ferrara in 1472–3 under Ercole d’Este, Duke of Ferrara.
		Many of his early medals (1455–71) are struck from engraved dies and are small, but only a few struck examples survive; most known specimens are cast from struck originals.
		One of these is dedicated to the memory of Costanzo’s father, Alessandro Sforza, who is portrayed on the reverse.
	www.artnet.com /library/02/0263/T026397.asp (271 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Papal elections - XV Century
		One of these new cardinals, Giovanni Castiglione, received the red hat at the express demand of Francesco Sforza, duke of Milan, who thus became the first of the north Italian princes to have a voice in the nomination of cardinals.
		Thus, the principal powers of the peninsula-Naples, Genoa, and Milan among them-were anxious to prevent the elevation of a French pope at all costs.
		In 1458, the official candidate of the Milanese was Domenico Capranica, and in the preconclave negotiations it appeared almost certain that he would be elected.
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/election-piusii.htm (1040 words)

	Naples
		He was sent to Francesco Sforza, duke of Milan, who set him at liberty and formed an alliance with him.
		Daughter of Charles, Duke of Calabria; succeeded grandfather Robert on throne; participant in plotting of assassination (1345) of her husband Andrew, brother of Louis I of Hungary; m.
		Her whole reign was disturbed by civil wars, and on her death the throne passed to Alfonso of Aragón.
	website.lineone.net /~johnbidmead/naples.htm (861 words)

	History of Florence by Niccolo Machiavelli: Chapter 46
		CHAPTER II The duke of Milan becomes lord of Genoa--The king of Naples and
		assistance of Francis, duke of Brittany, and Charles, duke of
		Francesco Sforza became, the latter, duke of Lombardy and prince of
	www.online-literature.com /machiavelli/florence_italy/46 (2905 words)

	Castello Sforzesco \| Milan \| Travel Story and Pictures from Italy
		In 1450, Francesco Sforza became duke of Milan, he rebuilt the castle and saved it, and it took his name.
		After the Castello Sforzesco was restored to its present glory, its function changed to a distinct landmark of the city of Milan.
		Right in front of the Castello Sforzesco, on the city side, is a fountain on the Piazza Castello or Castle Square, adding to the air of importance that the castle assumes when coming from the city.
	www.traveladventures.org /continents/europe/castellosforzesco.shtml (398 words)

	Glossary: New Monarchies
		After an initial loss to his rival, René of Anjou, Alfonso V formed an alliance with Francesco Sforza, duke of Milan, and captured the throne in 1443.
		The duke of Burgundy was Charles VI's uncle while the duke of Orléans was his brother.
		The dukes of Burgundy were extremely powerful throughout the Middle Ages, wielding a great influence in European politics until the last duke died in 1477 and the estates were divided between the French king and the Holy Roman emperor.
	ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/endmiddle/glossary/monagloss.html (5851 words)

	Leonardo da Vinci, Intro
		After spending fourteen years perfecting his artistic and engineering skills, he wrote to Francesco Sforza, the duke of Milan, and offered to help Milan's army with his designs of such military artifacts as cannons, catapults, war ships, drain moats, as well as techniques to dig tunnels and scale castle walls.
		During his time in Milan, Leonardo, besides his other occupations, also worked as a court entertainer, playing the lute, singing and reciting poetry.
		In 1506, he returned to Milan to work for Charles d'Amboise, the commander of the French troops, who had by then taken over the city.
	www.cyberartsweb.org /cpace/cpace/ht/sulam/leo (784 words)

	Agostino Ramelli
		Ponte Tresa or Mesanzena in 1531 and until 1555 he was in the service of Gian Giacomo de' Medici (1495-1555), Marquis of Marignano (the present-day Melegnano), with whom he had the possibility of studying mathematics and architecture (according to what Ramelli himself wrote).
		This Medici, also known as Gian Giacomo 'il Medeghino', a condottiere, received the Marquisate of Marignano around 1532 from Francesco Sforza II, Duke of Milan, the city from which he had been banished due to his ambition.
		Ramelli, during an explorative mission at the Atlantic port of La Rochelle, was seriously wounded and captured, although thanks to the intervention on the part of the Duke he was soon released.
	www.provincia.va.it /preziosita/ukvarese/pers/ramelli.htm (518 words)

	SurLaLune Fairy Tales: The Facetious Nights of Straparola
		But through the falling in of evil times, through bitter hatreds, through bloody battles, and through the never-ending vicissitudes of state affairs, he departed thence and betook himself secretly to Lodi with his daughter Lucretia, the wife of Giovanni Francesco Gonzaga, cousin of Federico, Marquis of Mantua, and there they abode some months.
		But to share the home of another generally begets restraint, so the duke, after mature deliberation, resolved to depart and to find elsewhere a dwelling of his own.
		Wherefore, embarking one day with his daughter in a small vessel, he went to Murano, and having come there his eyes fell upon a marvellously beautiful palace which at that time stood empty.
	www.surlalunefairytales.com /facetiousnights/proem.html (1227 words)

	Ca' Cornaro (later Mocenigo)
		The original palace on the S. Polo site of Cà Cornaro-Mocenigo once belonged to Giacomo da Carrara and Giacomo dal Verme, then was acquired by the Venetian government and given to the famed condottiere Gattamelata.
		Andrea Cornaro (B-17) acquired the property from a later owner, Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan, in a remarkable real estate transaction.
		The brothers sold to the Milan ruler the C
	www.boglewood.com /cornaro/xpolo.html (460 words)

	Milan, itinerary of works of art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Our visit to the Baroque period of Milan could start from "Palazzo Durini", nowadays called Caprono di Talideo, designed by the architect Francesco Maria Richino in 1648.
		Further, there is the State University, built by Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan in 1607.
		At last, one must visit the church of "Santa Maria della Porta " in which you can to admire pictures of '600, made by E.Procaccini.
	www.infoitaly.net /ENG/bar_mil1.htm (109 words)

	The Ecole Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Venetians were then at war with the Milanese, who were under the command of Niccolò Piccinino, a former comrade.
		In 1441, Erasmo and his ally, Francesco Sforza (later Duke of Milan), captured Verona, lost it, and recaptured it.
		After the last battle, Gattamelata suffered two strokes, and although he retained his title, captain general, he never fought again.
	www2.evansville.edu /ecoleweb/glossary/gatta.html (193 words)

	artnet.com: Resource Library: Masters, anonymous, and monogrammists, §I: Ippolita Master (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Numerous manuscripts survive by this Master, who was mainly active at the Sforza court in Milan.
		In the same and subsequent years he was commissioned to decorate other manuscripts, mostly Classical texts (Paris, Bib.
		7703 and 7779) for the education of the young Galeazzo Maria Sforza.
	www.artnet.com /library/05/0554/T055413.asp (206 words)

	Find in a Library: Humanistic historiography under the Sforzas : politics and propaganda in fifteenth-century Milan
		Humanistic historiography under the Sforzas : politics and propaganda in fifteenth-century Milan
		Subjects: Milan (Italy) -- History -- To 1535.
		WorldCat is provided by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. on behalf of its member libraries.
	worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/3f2fd3c9cc15157ba19afeb4da09e526.html (84 words)

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