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	IISH - Today in 1901 : 8 September - Modern School Opens
		Francisco Ferrer Guardia (1849-1909) was a freemason, an atheist and a radical educational reformer who felt affinity with anarchism.
		Ferrer was suspected of being involved in the attempt at the Spanish King.
		In 1909 Ferrer was condemned to death on accusation of having organised the Semana Trágica - a general strike against sending troops to Morocco - in Barcelona.
	www.iisg.nl /today/en/08-09.php (195 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Evidence sent in Ferrer's favour was confiscated by the police; the witnesses who could have disproved the case against him were kept in custody miles away from Barcelona; and documents which would have tended to show his innocence were refused to the defending officer.
		Ferrer's school was thoroughly rationalistic, and this embittered the clergy—for his system was spreading rapidly through Spain—without in the least infringing Spanish law.
		Further, Ferrer's school explicitly taught children that militarism was a crime, that the unequal distribution of wealth was a thing to be abhorred, that the capitalist system was bad for the workers, and that political-government is an evil.
	hal.csd.auth.gr /~hkosmidi/Anarchy/Francisco_Ferrer/ferrer1.html (1366 words)

	The Stelton Modern School: A Brief History of Fransisco Ferrer
		Ferrer can be a difficult person to grasp, and while he is often canonized by the proponents of free education, many of his actions call to question his commitment to those ideals.
		Ferrer seemed to see hope for the future through the training of a new generation of anarchists and revolutionaries, and he saw in the principals of free education his route to this goal.
		Ferrer was arrested as the instigator of the incident and, using a provision of the 1902 Inspection Law, all the anarchist schools in Barcelona were closed.
	www.talkinghistory.org /stelton/historyofferrer.html (2268 words)

	Francisco Ferrer y Guardia (1859-1909) page, Spanish educator, anarchist, at The Anarchist Encyclopedia from the Daily ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Francisco Ferrer can today be known as the modern heretic executed for heresy.
		During the time of Ferrer, the literacy rate was dwindling around 50% in Spain, and all the schools at the time were church-regulated.
		Ferrer regarded religion as "ancient error" and he led the people to a higher ground of education.
	recollectionbooks.com /bleed/Encyclopedia/FerrerFrancisco.htm (1057 words)

	About Francisco Ferrer
		To promote the concepts of the Modern School, Ferrer was obliged to be more than an educator, and his personal fate, in turn, became a political event of great importance in the early years of the twentieth century.
		It was in the French capital that Ferrer began to abandon the party politics of the Republicans for education.
		Ferrer and the Modern School were held responsible, although the young assassin had explicitly denounced the Catalan educator and Anselmo Lorenzo for their opposition to atentados.
	www.english.uiuc.edu /maps/scw/ferrer.htm (1416 words)

	Untitled Document
		Francisco Ferrer Guardia was born on a farm in Allela, a small town near Barcelona, in 1859.
		Ferrer returned to Spain later that year, now more of a threat to Spanish authorities than ever – not only was he a radical reformer, but a wealthy one, and he wasted little time putting his money to good use.
		Ferrer had very little, if anything, to do with the uprising, but he was nevertheless convicted as the “author and chief” of the events of the “Tragic Week,” and was executed by firing squad at the fortress of Monjuich on October 13th, 1909.
	www.agrnews.org /issues/298/culture.html (1692 words)

	Register of Francisco Ferrer Collection - MSS 0248
		This collection was compiled primarily by Sol Ferrer Sanmarti, the daughter of Francisco Ferrer Guardia (1859-1909), a theoretical anarchist from Catalonia and the founder of La Escuela Moderna.
		Francisco Ferrer Guardia, a theoretical anarchist and the founder of La Escuela Moderna, was born January 10, 1849, in Allela, a small town near Barcelona.
		Francisco Ferrer was found late in September and thrown in the dreaded fortress of Montjuich in Barcelona.
	orpheus.ucsd.edu /speccoll/testing/html/mss0248a.html (5741 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Guardia, (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Calderón Guardia, Rafael Ángel CALDERÓN GUARDIA, RAFAEL ÁNGEL [Calderón Guardia, Rafael Ángel], 1900-1970, president of Costa Rica (1940-44).
		Ferrer Guardia, Francisco FERRER GUARDIA, FRANCISCO [Ferrer Guardia, Francisco], 1859-1909, Spanish political theorist and educator.
		He rose to prominence as an outspoken critic of President Calderón Guardia in 1942 and was exiled to Mexico (1942-44).
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Guardia, (739 words)

	Amazon.fr : The Life, Trial, and Death of Francisco Ferrer: Livres en anglais: William Archer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Francisco Ferrer Guardia, a theoretical anarchist and founder of La Escuela Moderna, was born in 1849 near Barcelona.
		Ferrer had very little, if anything, to do with the uprising, but false evidence and forced confessions were produced.
		Ferrer was named a martyr for free thought and, by his execution, became one of the most famous of Spanish anarchists.
	www.amazon.fr /Life-Trial-Death-Francisco-Ferrer/dp/0898755093 (576 words)

	Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia (January 10, 1859 - October 12, 1909), (known as Francisco Ferrer y Guardia in Spanish and often simply as Francisco Ferrer), was a Catalan free-thinker and anarchist.
		A follower of Spanish republican leader Ruiz Zorilla, Ferrer was exiled to Paris with his wife and children in 1885.
		Shortly after his execution, numerous supporters of Ferrer's ideas in the United States formed what were called Modern Schools, or Ferrer Schools, modeled after la Escuela Moderna.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Francisco_Ferrer_Guardia (332 words)

	Spain - Search View - MSN Encarta
		In the late 1970s the government of Spain underwent a transformation from the authoritarian regime of Francisco Franco (who ruled from 1939 to 1975) to a limited monarchy with an influential parliament.
		In the 20th century the brutal Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) and the ensuing dictatorship of Francisco Franco seemed to set Spain apart from a prosperous, democratic, and modern Europe.
		Spanish painter Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes was a dominant influence in this era.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761575057__1/Spain.html (17136 words)

	Francisco Ferrer y Guardia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		When Ferrer was teaching Spanish in Paris, one of his wealthy pupils gave him a million gold francs to start nonreligious scohols in Spain.
		On his prison wall, Ferrer wrote, "When their god and his exploiters cease to be adored and served, we shall live like comrades in mutual respect and affection." Ferrer was acquited.
		On the eve of October 13, 1909, Ferrer wrote on his prison wall, "Let no more gods or exploiters be served.
	recollectionbooks.com /bleed/Encyclopedia/FerrerFrancisco/franciscoferrer.html (948 words)

	Ferrer Guardia Francisco: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		...The Palencia newspaper wrote that a Nationalist General Ferrer had convoked journalists to the office of the civil governor...in Spain: As is known, those present at the funeral of a Guardia Civil lieutenant on 16th April 1936 were treacherously attacked...
		FERRER GUARDIA, FRANCISCO franthes ko farar gwar dya, 1859 1909, Spanish political theorist and educator.
		In 1909 the government was widely attacked for the execution of the radical publicist Francisco Ferrer Guardia, following an uprising in Barcelona.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/ferrer_guardia_francisco.jsp (712 words)

	Radical Educators in New York City (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Ferrer stated that "power is based almost entirely on the school and they [government officials] therefore insist on retaining their monopoly on it." [11]
		Ferrer's real affront to the Spanish government was his effective organization of education to free people from governmentally imposed religious and political propaganda.
		Ferrer's statements, repeated by Goldman, are again virtually reiterated word-for-word by Bayard Boyesen, the first director of the Ferrer Modern School, in his 'Prospectus of the Francisco Ferrer Association of New York': (1911), Avrich, 75.
	www.socsci.kun.nl /ped/whp/histeduc/radicaled.html (4720 words)

	Fundación Francesc Ferrer Guàrdia
		Ferrer era un laico, un humanista que creía en el hombre como centro de todas las cosas y que propugnaba el libre examen, la capacidad de cada hombre de buscar individualmente la verdad sin imposiciones exteriores.
		Ferrer fue, efectivamente, francmasón, es decir un librepensador que quiso dedicarse a la tarea más sublime, la de enseñar a los demás a pensar, a ser ciudadanos libres.
		Ferrer Guardia podía servir de punto de referencia para sectores progresistas muy amplios, al mismo tiempo que se recordaba que históricamente la lucha por un mundo mejor ha recibido como premio la muerte de manos del poder.
	www.laic.org /cas/fig/salocent/salocent6.htm (1103 words)

	The Stelton Modern School: History
		Ferrer was born in Barcelona Spain in 1859.
		The school thrived, but was finally shut down by Spanish authorities in 1906 when Ferrer was implicated in a plot to assassinate King Alfonso XIII on his wedding day.
		In New York, the Francisco Ferrer Association was formed in 1910 by Anarchist leaders Emma Goldman, Alexander Berkman, Leonard Abbott, and Harry Kelly.
	www.talkinghistory.org /stelton/steltonhistory.html (1775 words)

	Francisco Ferrer Guardia 1859 - 1911 Ecole Moderne
		Francisco Ferrer Guardia naquit le 10 janvier 1859, à; Alella, près de Barcelone.
		Francisco Ferrer dut vaincre bien des réticences à ce sujet, dans son propre entourage, mais il resta intraitable et finit par obtenir gain de cause.
		Francisco Ferrer décida alors de retourner à Paris et de donner une dimension internationale à son œuvre pédagogique.
	increvablesanarchistes.org /articles/biographies/ferrer_guardia.htm (2340 words)

	Kate Sharpley Library Bulletin - No. 37
		Almost a century after the shooting of Francisco Ferrer y Guardia on 13 October 1909, a symposium was held at Barcelona University on 16 October 2001 on "Ferrer and Italy." What follows is a summary of three of the Italian contributions that bear witness to the various facets of Ferrer's influence in the Italian context.
		In Italy in the years between 1906 and 1910, Francisco Ferrer came to symbolise libertarian education and was at the same time the outstanding victim of a cultural obscurantism represented by a reactionary alliance between Church and State.
		Signifying that the life of the educationist Ferrer had not been forgotten: indeed by then he had become one of the emblems of the struggle for progress against "ignorance and fanaticism" and of the yearning of the oppressed for a "free and fair" society.
	www.katesharpleylibrary.net /bulletin/issues/kslb37.htm (4935 words)

	Anarchism - MSN Encarta
		Anarchists took the lead in a new form of libertarian education, which was child-centred and anti-clerical, but also against indoctrination by the secular State.
		The execution of Francisco Ferrer Guardia (1849-1909), the founder of the anarchist Modern School movement, witnessed mass protests against the Spanish government by anarchists, liberals, and educationalists.
		In France the libertarian cultural anarchists supplied popular and educational networks of the broader socialist movement with literature and teachers.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761568770_2/Anarchism.html (1442 words)

	Ferrer Guardia, Francisco - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		FERRER GUARDIA, FRANCISCO [Ferrer Guardia, Francisco], 1859-1909, Spanish political theorist and educator.
		Find newspaper and magazine articles plus images and maps related to "Ferrer Guardia, Francisco" at HighBeam.
		Ferrer i Guardia, la conexiÃ³n radical y masÃ³nica.(FundaciÃ³n Francesc Ferrer i Guardia)(promociÃ³n de la laicidad en provincia de CataluÃ±a)(ArtÃculo breve)
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-ferrerg1u.html (282 words)

	September 2006 Friends of the Ferrer Modern School Reunion Announcement
		Michael Saladino is the great-great grandson of Francisco Ferrer y Guardia, founder of the Escuela Moderna in Spain.
		Michael provided writings and personal belongings of the Ferrer’s to the library archives at the University of California at San Diego, home to a large collection on the Spanish educator, whose life work was the inspiration for the Modern School movement.
		We first considered a nomination of the Ferrer Colony as an historic area but the former homes of colonists were too scattered amongst newer houses to be considered by the National Registry committees.
	home.nycap.rr.com /modernschool/announcement.htm (767 words)

	Ferrer Septuagenarian Ibrahim Ferrer Who Was Born At A Social Club Dance In Santiago, 1927 To Concent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Septuagenarian Ibrahim Ferrer who was born at a social club dance in Santiago, 1927 to concentrate on music full time.
		To Miguel Ferrer, the best part about playing forensic examiner Dr he is the son of movie star Jose Ferrer and singer Rosemary Clooney Ferrer initially began carving his career.
		The persecution to which Ferrer was subjected in later years brings into sharp focus the enormous problems and concepts of the Modern School, Ferrer was obliged to be more than.
	www.99hosted.com /names8608.html (412 words)

	Chapter 2: Intervention and Republic (1899-1933) \| libcom.org
		Francisco Federico Falco was stopped by police before he could speak, thus preventing the anarchist orator from presenting his eulogy to Creci.
		He also recalls that, "When [the libertarian educator and founder of the â€˜free school'] Francisco Ferrer Guardia was tried and executed [on trumped-up charges] in Barcelona in 1909, the crime had repercussions in Cuba, and resulted in numerous public acts,â€ which, as one would expect, were violently suppressed.
		The government of GarcÃa Menocal violently repressed all protests, using the Ejército Pretoriano (Pretorian Army) and the Guardia Rural to persecute, deport and murder anarchists.
	libcom.org /library/cuban-anarchism-2 (7509 words)

	Francisco Ferrer y Guardia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Francisco Ferrer y Guardia, January 10, 1859 to October 13, 1909.
		Ferrer was an anarchist and pioneer of the alternative Modern School Spain.
		"On the morning of October 13, 1909, Ferrer was Executed by a firing squad in Montjuich prison.
	flag.blackened.net /daver/anarchism/ferrer.html (78 words)

	Francisco Ferrer
		Here is an essay by Emma Goldman on Ferrer and the Modern School.
		Francisco Ferrer by Voltairine De Cleyre, from her Collected Works.
		A page about Ferrer and rationalist education from an australian perspective is here.
	www.geocities.com /athens/Acropolis/5422 (391 words)

	Bulletin of the KSL - No. 18 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A novel branch of anarchism put in an appearance in 1901 in the shape of Francisco Ferrer y Guardia’s "modern" schools.
		Come 1907, Catalonia was racked by the events of the ‘Red week’ in Barcelona and in 1909 there was a spontaneous uprising by conscripts sent off to repress the Moroccans, Republicans and anarchists together took on the police and army.
		All that he was guilty of was wanting to see the youth completely liberated through co-educational schools, science education and intellectual and manual work informed by an appreciation of the class nature of real life.
	flag.blackened.net /ksl/bullet18.htm (4692 words)

	EducationGuardian.co.uk \| Special Reports \| Obituary: Paul Avrich
		Back in New York he researched amongst surviving Soviet exiles, many of whom he met at the anarchist Yiddish Freie Arbeiter Stimme (Free Voice of Labour) meetings and established lifelong friendships with many of them.
		Avrich's other work included The Modern School Movement: Anarchism and Education in the United States (1980) which dealt with the radical schools inspired by the ideas of the Spanish anarchist educationalist Francisco Ferrer i Guardia, which survived from 1910 to 1960.
		His last important work was the extraordinary Anarchist Voices: An Oral History of Anarchism in America (1995) based on interviews gathered over 30 years.
	education.guardian.co.uk /obituary/story/0,,1750740,00.html (454 words)

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