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Topic: Francisco de Vitoria

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	School of Salamanca - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Francisco de Vitoria, Domingo de Soto, Martín de Azpilcueta (or Azpilicueta), Tomás de Mercado, and Francisco Suárez, all scholars of natural law and of morality, founded a school of theologians and jurists who undertook the reconciliation of the teachings of Thomas Aquinas with the new economic order.
		Nonetheless, in de Molina's view, the power of society over the individual is greater than that of a mercantile society over its members, because the power of the government of a nation emanates from God's divine power (as against merely from the power of individuals sovereign over themselves in their business dealings).
		Francisco de Vitoria was perhaps the first to develop a theory of ius gentium (the rights of peoples), and thus is an important figure in the transition to modernity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/School_of_Salamanca (3789 words)

	Books printed in Spain - 1565: Francisco de Vitoria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		De Vitoria is the founder of the great school of sixteenth century Spanish Dominican theologians; among his many students were Melchior Cano (catalogue n° 53) and Domingo and Pedro de Soto (catalogue n° 50, n° 52, n° 54, and n° 70).
		Later, after the promulgation of the teachings of the Council of Trent, de Vitoria's sacramental teaching (as represented by Chavez) was incriminated on a point concerning the sacrament of extreme unction.
		De Vitoria reportedly opined that consecrated oil is not necessary for the validity of the sacrament.
	www.rarebooks.nd.edu /exhibits/dominican/spain/1565_deVitoria.html (840 words)

	The School of Salamanca
		Spanish Dominican jurist, educated at the College Saint-Jacques in Paris, Vitoria was appointed to the all-important chair of theology at the University of Salamanca in 1526.
		Vitoria is widely regarded as the founder of the Salamanca School, particularly its marriage of "natural law" philosophy with Catholic doctrine.
		De Soto was a professor at Salamanca from 1532, contemporaneously with Vitoria, and thus regarded as the second pillar of the Salamanca School.
	cepa.newschool.edu /het/schools/salamanca.htm (999 words)

	Bibliography - New Spain
		Responding to the argument of Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda justifying war against the American Indians as a means to their salvation, Las Casas argues passionately and eloquently for the humane treatment and conversion of natives.
		This comprehensive analysis of the work of Vitoria is given a historical context in introductory chapters on the era of discovery and on the historical background of the Spanish school.
		De Ivre Belli also establishes rules governing behavior in just war, including the illegality of the killing of innocents and the degrees of legality involved in appropriating the spoils of war (land, captives, tributes, etc.).
	www.lehigh.edu /~ineng/justification/MAP/new_spain/bibliography.htm (2089 words)

	Vitoria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Vitoria was a friar of the Dominican order and professor at Salamanca.
		He was a defender of the Indians in the New World and influenced Bartolome de Las Casas, the so called "apostle of the indians." The work on display treats the sacraments in general then the seven sacraments in particular followed by discussions on the power of the keys (papal authority) and excommunication.
		Vitoria's statement that it is not necessary for the oil to be consecrated was expurgated and crossed out by the Inquisition.
	www.nd.edu /~rarebook/exhibits/durand/spanish/vitoria.html (108 words)

	Catholic resistance theory
		Francisco de Vitoria was a Spaniard educated at Paris.
		De Soto was a student of Vitoria at Paris and returned with him to Spain.
		Luis de Molina was a Jesuit priest educated at the University of Salamanca.
	history.wisc.edu /sommerville/367/367-052.htm (2187 words)

	Blueprint for Social Justice - Loyola University New Orleans
		Vitoria objects that it is intolerable to kill someone for a sin he is yet to commit, probably the first statement against preemption.
		For Vitoria, "if the war seems patently unjust to the subject he must not fight even if he is ordered to do so by the prince." If there are doubts that only detailed study could hope to resolve, subjects may trust their superiors.
		Vitoria concedes that cannibalism is considered a sin against nature, but he insists that no such sins, including sexual ones, committed by citizens of one nation, fall under the jurisdiction of another.
	www.loyno.edu /twomey/blueprint/vol_lvi/No-08-09_Apr_2003-May_2003.html (7000 words)

	Vitoria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Vitoria is considered a significant contributor to just war theory.
		However, unlike Las Casas, Vitoria changed his theory so as to justify the Spanish seizure of treasure in the Americas.
		The Asociacion Francisco de Vitoria is founded in Spain to study Vitoria and spread his ideas through publications, conferences and courses at the University of Salamanca.
	oregonstate.edu /instruct/phl302/philosophers/vitoria.html (186 words)

	International Law Pioneers by Sanderson Beck (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Vitoria did argue that Spanish sovereigns might send governors for those natives who would clearly be benefited by that; but it must be for their welfare and not for the profit of the Spaniards.
		Vitoria taught, "Subjects whose conscience is against the justice of a war may not engage in it."4 However, later Vitoria stated that subjects are bound to follow their ruler in a defensive war or an offensive war that is justified because they should not betray their state to the enemy.
		Vitoria also stated, "The deliberate slaughter of the innocent is never lawful in itself."5 He did acknowledge that collateral damage could occur in a just war, and some innocent people may be killed, as when a city is stormed, for example.
	www.san.beck.org /GPJ13-InternationalLaw.html (11299 words)

	1992 October A O'Meara
		The occupants of the chair in theology of the liturgical hour of prime from Vitoria in 1526 to Báñez's retirement in 1604 were all Dominicans, while the chair of vespers was held by Dominicans from Domingo de Soto's inception in 1532 to Peña's concluding lectures in 1565.
		Vitoria's is not the first theological protest, but he is a famous theologian of human rights from that century and that school.
		Vitoria's chapter headings in the De Indis repeatedly demolished the tenets "that the pope could entrust to the Spanish alone the preaching of the Gospel," or that the pope is civil or temporal lord of the whole world or has any jurisdiction over the Indies.
	www.thomist.org /journal/1992/924aOMea.htm (7765 words)

	Vitoria on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Vitoria and Pampulha airports increase passengers flood in 40%.
		Gilberto Vitoria, 16, readies to mount a bull in the junior competition in Barretos, Brazil, August 28, 2004.
		L'américain de Moscou John Robert Holden face à Pablo Prigioni (Vitoria) Le CSKA Moscou peut obtenir sa qualification pour.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/V/VitoriaS1p.asp (653 words)

	Additional Reading (from Francisco de Vitoria) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Vitoria's contribution to international law is treated in James Brown Scott, The Spanish Origin of International Law, vol.
		capital of Álava province, in the autonomous Basque Country, northeastern Spain, lying north of the Montes de Vitoria on the Río Zadorra and southwest of San Sebastián.
		Founded as Victoriacum by the Visigothic king Leovigild to celebrate his victory over the Basques in 581, it was granted a charter by Sancho VI the Wise of Navarre in the 12th century.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-7733 (747 words)

	Book Reviews
		Whether it is Vitoria or rather Grotius who deserves the honorary title "father of modern international law" is but a matter of faith.
		This is particularly true for Vitoria, whose work has not only to be ranged among the classics of our discipline, but occupies a most prominent place in theology, political ethics and the general theory of state as well.
		That Vitoria can still provide valuable contributions to today's legal and political discourse might be exemplified by a rather simple but nonetheless fundamental statement he reiterates time and again (De Indis, De potestate civilis, De iure belli): Causa iusti belli non est diversitas religionis.
	www.ejil.org /journal/Vol9/No4/br6.html (508 words)

	J&P 1,c: Brothers and Sisters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		As a brother from Spain (he entered the Order in 1502), Francisco was in contact with all the European intellectuals of the time.
		Vitoria was the first person to establish the idea of human rights, the limits of colonization and public international law.
		The Tito de Alencar Lima Center in Praça da Se continues to pursue the objectives and example left by Tito.
	www.op.org /curia/JPC/booklets/brosistr.htm (3192 words)

	UNOP: Master of the Order of Preachers Visits the UN in Geneva
		One of the emotional moments of the visit was a guided tour of the Francisco de Vitoria Council Room at the UN Palais des Nations.
		In the sixteenth century, Francisco de Vitoria of the University of Salamanca, one of the founders of international law, was the first to formulate the idea of orbis and to conceive the world as one political unity with the power to make laws applicable to all nations and to all people.
		The Master said that he was moved during his visit of the Francisco de Vitoria Council Room as Fray Vitoria is considered the father of international law in the modern sense the word.
	un.op.org /news/article.php?id=127 (1452 words)

	Amazon.com: Vitoria: Political Writings (Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought): Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Francisco Vitoria was the earliest and arguably the most important of the Thomist philosophers of the counter-Reformation.
		His works are of great importance for an understanding of both the rise of modern absolutism, and the debate about the emergent imperialism of the European powers, and are unusually accessible since they survive in the form of summaries of his lecture courses on law and theology.
		Translated here into English for the first time, these texts comprise the core of Vitoria's thought, and are accompanied by a comprehensive introduction, chronology, and bibliography.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/052136714X?v=glance (747 words)

	Zenit News Agency - The World Seen From Rome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		On December 8, John Paul II wrote to all Catholics in China without distinctions proposing that the Jubilee, which is also being organized by the Patriotic Association, serve to unite them, finally, in communion with the universal Church.
		MADRID, DEC 16 (ZENIT).- The new education plan of the Francisco de Vitoria University Center in Madrid, is to form politicians in Christian humanism and the social doctrine of the Church.
		The Francisco de Vitoria University Center, which is directed by the Legionaries of Christ, is located in Madrid, which offers the program thanks to agreements with other Spanish and foreign universities, and with the collaboration of the "Ibero-American Union of Law Schools."
	www.zenit.org /english/archive/9912/ZE991216.html (2640 words)

	FT April 2001: Catholicism & Capital Punishment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Jesus commends the good thief on the cross next to him, who has admitted that he and his fellow thief are receiving the due reward of their deeds (Luke 23:41).
		John Henry Newman, in a letter to a friend, maintained that the magistrate had the right to bear the sword, and that the Church should sanction its use, in the sense that Moses, Joshua, and Samuel used it against abominable crimes.
		By consenting to the punishment of death, the wrongdoer is placed in a position to expiate his evil deeds and escape punishment in the next life.
	www.firstthings.com /ftissues/ft0104/articles/dulles.html (4283 words)

	[No title]
		Francisco de Vitoria*, De Indis (On the American Indians) (c.
		Alberico Gentili, De Jure Belli (The Law of War) (1598), Book I, chs 1-3, 13-19, 25.
		Samuel Pufendorf, De Jure Naturae et Gentium (The Law of Nature and of Nations) (1672), Book I, ch 1 and ch.
	www.law.nyu.edu /kingsburyb/spring02/intlJurisprudence/syllabus.html (2608 words)

	Vitoria
		Vitoria de Guimaraes, líder provisional del Campeonato de Portugal (Agence France Presse Spanish)
		Francisco de Vitoria y la justicia.(filósofo)(Biografía) (Letras Libres)
		Vitoria Guimaraes cae ante Varzin y rifa oportunidad de tomar la punta (Agence France Presse Spanish)
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/world/A0851055.html (225 words)

	Chapter 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Bartolome de las Casas was a proponent of peaceful conversion of Indians.
		Bartolome de las Casas returned to Spain in the 1540s to once more take on the task of defending the Indians.
		He challenged Juan Gines de Sepulveda, a noted church authority who supported enslavement of Indians, to an open debate before the King and other members of the clergy.
	catholicleague.org /catholicism_and_slavery/stopskych2.htm (1974 words)

	Open Directory - Society:Philosophy:Philosophers:V (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Description: Lorenzo Valla (Lorenzo de Valle, Laurentius Vallensis), 1407-1457.
		He is most remembered today as the classicist who showed that the "Donation of Constantine was a forgery.
		Lorenzo Valla (Lorenzo de Valle, Laurentius Vallensis), 1407-1457.
	dmoz.org /Society/Philosophy/Philosophers/V/desc.html (310 words)

	Letras Libres: Francisco de Vitoria y la justicia.(filósofo)(Biografía)@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		La célebre Escuela de Salamanca, de filosofía y teología, tuvo en el siglo XVI a Francisco de Vitoria como el gran maestro e iniciador.
		Enseñó en el Colegio de San Gregorio de Valladolid, y luego ganó la cátedra de prima de teología en Salamanca, en 1526.
		Desde ese año hasta su muerte, en 1546, se dedicó a la enseñanza, con la que llenó de brillo esa universidad.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:113646965&refid=holomed_1 (209 words)

	Theological Studies: The children of God: natural slavery in the thought of Aquinas and Vitoria.(Dominican theologian ...
		[The author seeks to show the consonance of Thomas Aquinas's and Francisco de Vitoria's views of natural slavery in the context of developments in natural rights theories.
		Against two views, one of which indicts Aquinas, and the other, Vitoria, for an unchristian perspective on slavery, the article shows that neither Aquinas nor Vitoria had the theological resources to condemn slavery as we should.]
		DID THE DOMINICAN theologian Francisco de Vitoria (1486?-1546) betray the best impulses of Thomas Aquinas and countenance slavery in a way that Aquinas would not have?
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:84093074&refid=holomed_1 (241 words)

	[No title]
		Fray Francisco de Paula Castan~eda: Un testigo de la naciente patria argentina 1810-1830.
		Enigmas ofrecidas a la discreta inteligencia de la coberana asamblea de la casa del plazer por su mas rendida y fiel aficionada.
		Familia y vida cotidiana de una elite de poder: Los regidores madrilenos en tiempos de Felipe II (Madrid: Siglo XXI de Espana, 1993).
	www.h-net.org /~latam/jrnl/coleg/jrnlcolegfeb.html (1830 words)

	International Dominican Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Today Salamanca is a university city, rich in history and art.
		It houses the Dominican convent of San Esteban in which the theological studies flourished during the sixteenth century, with its most famous masters being Francisco de Vitoria, Domingo de Soto and Melchior Cano.
		With our memory turned to these masters and our eyes turned to our present and future in Europe the Second Congress of Dominican Theologians (men and women) in Europe was held on September 18 to 21, 2004.
	www.op.org /international/english/IDI/idi1.htm (1170 words)

	Vitoria Francisco de at PhilosophyClassics.com -- essays, resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Vitoria Francisco de at PhilosophyClassics.com -- essays, resources
		If you're knowledgeable about Francisco de consider helping us build this site by becoming a Classics Expert.
		Own thousands of works of classic literature for less than 3c a book: our Classics Digital Library CD is the intelligent way to read and interact with the classics.
	www.philosophyclassics.com /philosophers/Francisco%20de (215 words)

	Find in a Library: The Spanish origin of international law; lectures on Francisco de Vitoria (1480-1546) and Francisco ...
		Find in a Library: The Spanish origin of international law; lectures on Francisco de Vitoria (1480-1546) and Francisco Suarez (1548-1617
		The Spanish origin of international law; lectures on Francisco de Vitoria (1480-1546) and Francisco Suarez (1548-1617
		WorldCat is provided by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. on behalf of its member libraries.
	www.worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/a205fdc0041e66c8.html (98 words)

	Francisco De Vitoria Books, Book Price Comparison at 130 bookstores (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Search result for: 'Francisco De Vitoria' [Also search UK books for Francisco De Vitoria]
		by Francisco de Vitoria Anthony Pagden (Editor) Jeremy Lawrance (Editor)
		by Francisco De Vitoria John P. Doyle (Translator)
	www.bookfinder4u.com /search_author/Francisco_De_Vitoria.html (182 words)

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