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Topic: Francisella

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	Francisella
		SJÖSTEDT (A.B.): Genus I. Francisella Dorofe'ev 1947, 176
		1923, "Brucella tularensis" (McCoy and Chapin 1912) Topley and Wilson 1929, "Francisella tularense" (sic) (McCoy and Chapin 1912) Dorofe'ev 1947.
		OLSUFJEV (N.G.) and MESHCHERYAKOVA (I.S.): Subspecific taxonomy of Francisella tularensis McCoy and Chapin 1912.
	www.bacterio.cict.fr /f/francisella.html (689 words)

	Francisella tularensis
		Francisella tularensis is a common gram negative bacteria that is found throughout the United States, but is most commonly located in the central states (Missouri, Arkansas, Illinois, Oklahoma, Tennesee).
		Francisella tularensis is transferred to humans from tick bites, deerflies, and undercooked meat.
		Francisella tularensis appear as small (0.2 by 0.2 µm), gram negative coccobacilli in a gram stain.
	web.umr.edu /~microbio/BIO221_2003/F_tularensis.htm (266 words)

	Medmicro Chapter 29
		Francisella tularensis is a facultative intracellular parasite, which induces a strong mononuclear cell immune response on the part of the host defenses (Fig.
		Francisella tularensis is a nonmotile, Gram-negative coccobacillus, which forms small translucent colonies on glucose blood agar or on Dorset egg slants.
		Francisella tularensis is suseptible to inactivation by mild heat (55°C for 10 minutes) and disinfectants.
	gsbs.utmb.edu /microbook/ch029.htm (4358 words)

	UCBSO_Website
		Francisella novicida was shown by Hollis in 1989 to be the same species as F. tularensis and was demoted to the classification of F. tularensis biogroup novicida.
		Francisella tularensis biovar tularensis (type A) may be highly virulent in humans and animals.
		Francisella tularensis biovar palaearctica (type B) is relatively avirulent and is thought to be the causative agent for tularemia in Europe and Asia.
	ehs.ucdavis.edu /ucbso/FactSheet_Francisella_tularensis.html (1328 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Identification of transposon insertion mutants of Francisella tularensis tularensisstrain ...
		Francisella tularensis is a zoonotic intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes tularemia.
		Francisella tularensis is a gram-negative bacterium that causes a potentially life-threatening disease called tularemia [1].
		Francisella seems to have combined these two pathways; after uptake it remains in a phagosome for three to six hours before escaping to, and replicating in the cytosol [5-8].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2180/6/69 (6021 words)

	Gram-negative Coccobacilli Biosafety Risk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Two members of this group, Brucella and Francisella, can pose a significant challenge for laboratories that are unfamiliar with these genera, particularly when the suspicion of brucellosis or tularemia has not been communicated to the microbiology staff.
		Francisella tularensis is found in Canada and the United States and contact with both wild and domestic animals may be an important clue to its subsequent identification (2,3,7,8).
		Since Brucella and Francisella are uncommon isolates that may require specialized media and techniques to verify the identification, referral to a reference laboratory for confirmation is recommended.
	www2.provlab.ab.ca /bugs/biologos/9801gncb.htm (1270 words)

	Bacter Family Saga :: Francisella’s Surprise :: July :: 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		This upset her parents (giving Francisella another reason to be angry with them) and they were especially upset that she and Orlando were living together and weren’t even engaged.
		But Francisella had long since stopped caring; she loved Orlando and he loved her and that was all that really mattered.
		Francisella hated to stay home but considering she couldn’t even pull her head up long enough to brush her teeth she knew Orlando was right.
	simaholic.blogsome.com /2005/07/06/francisellas-surprise (952 words)

	APIC \| Selected Reading
		AcpA is a Francisella acid phosphatase that affects intramacrophage survival and virulence.
		Role of the wbt locus of Francisella tularensis in lipopolysaccharide O-antigen biogenesis and pathogenicity.
		A mutant of Francisella tularensis strain SCHU S4 lacking the ability to express a 58-kilodalton protein is attenuated for virulence and is an effective live vaccine.
	www.cidrap.umn.edu /apic/bt/tularemia/readings/index.html (893 words)

	Francisella - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Francisella is a genus of pathogenic, Gram-negative bacteria.
		Strict aerobes, Francisella colonies bear a morphological resemblance to those of the genus Brucella.
		After 24 hours of incubation on appropriate solid media, Francisella colonies are generally small (1 - 2 mm), opaque, and white-gray to bluish-gray in color.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Francisella (381 words)

	Francisella Organism
		Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia, is considered a potential bioterrorism agent.
		The LVS strain was originally isolated in the former Soviet Union from a water rat and transferred from Moscow, Russia to the USAMRIID in 1956.
		The Francisella pathogenicity island and its transcriptional regulator MglA are essential for arresting biogenesis of the FCP (Santic et al, 2005).
	www.biohealthbase.org /GSearch/Francisella_Organism.jsp?decorator=Francisella (2264 words)

	Francisella tularensis
		Description: Francisella tularensis biogroup tularensis (also known as nearctica, type A), (Website 10) is predominantly found in mammalian hosts and arthropod vectors of North America (Parola and Raoult, 2001).
		Francisella tularensis biogroup holarctica (also known as palaearctica, type B) is more widely distributed in nature and is found in Europe, Asia, and to a minor extent in North America.
		Prognosis: When treated, overall death rates from Francisella tularensis have been 4% or less, but were as high as 33% before the introduction of streptomycin (Cross et al., 2000).
	pathport.vbi.vt.edu /pathinfo/pathogens/Ft.html (8576 words)

	Francisella tularensis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Francisella tularensis is a pathogenic species of gram-negative bacteria.
		Atkins H, Dassa E, Walker N, Griffin K, Harland D, Taylor R, Duffield M, Titball R. "The identification and evaluation of ATP binding cassette systems in the intracellular bacterium Francisella tularensis.".
		Francisella tularensis information from the CDC/National Center for Infectious Diesase:
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Francisella_tularensis (905 words)

	Francisella tularensis in Rodents, China \| CDC EID
		Tularemia is a disease caused by Francisella tularensis, a gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacterium.
		Genotypic diversity of Francisella tularensis infecting Dermacentor variabilis ticks on Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts.
		Genotyping of Francisella tularensis strains isolated from China by short-sequence tandem repeat region analysis.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/EID/vol12no06/05-1324.htm (1333 words)

	Newswise
		In this study the researchers found that, unlike other kinds of bacteria, Francisella is fully detected by the immune system only after it gets inside a monocyte, an immune cell whose job is to detect pathogens when they enter the body.
		It’s only when Francisella breaks through the phagosome’s protective lining and enters the inside of the cell that the monocyte launches a complete attack.
		Although they haven’t yet studied the more pathogenic Francisella tularensis, the researchers suspect that this related bacterium also enters the monocyte by penetrating the lining of the phagosome.
	www.newswise.com /articles/view/516959 (869 words)

	Intranasal Interleukin-12 Treatment Promotes Antimicrobial Clearance and Survival in Pulmonary Francisella tularensis ...
		Analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences of Francisella strains and utilization for determination of the phylogeny of the genus and for identification of strains by PCR.
		Activation of macrophages for destruction of Francisella tularensis: identification of cytokines, effector cells, and effector molecules.
		In vitro susceptibility of Francisella tularensis to fluoroquinolones and treatment of tularemia with norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin.
	aac.asm.org /cgi/content/full/48/12/4513 (3954 words)

	MglA regulates transcription of virulence factors necessary for Francisella tularensis intraamoebae and intramacrophage ...
		MglA regulates transcription of virulence factors necessary for Francisella tularensis intraamoebae and intramacrophage survival -- Lauriano et al.
		Differential infection of mononuclear phagocytes by Francisella tularensis: role of the macrophage mannose receptor
		A microarray analysis of the murine macrophage response to infection with Francisella tularensis LVS.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/101/12/4246 (3149 words)

	MVM Faculty Research - Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
		The facultative intracellular pathogen, Francisella tularensis, is the causative agent of tularemia, and is among the most infectious pathogens known, both in terms of the number of zoonotic species it infects (>250), and the number of organisms needed to establish a potentially lethal infection (<10 by the airborne route).
		There are four subspecies of Francisella tularensis: subspecies tularensis (Type A), subspecies holarctica (Type B), subspecies novicida, and subspecies mediasiatica.
		Isogenic Francisella mutant strains will be constructed subsequently to test the roles of candidate alleles in strain attenuation and host specificity.
	www.bcm.edu /molvir/faculty/jpetrosi.htm (557 words)

	Francisella tularensis Selectively Induces Proinflammatory Changes in Endothelial Cells -- Forestal et al. 171 (5): ...
		Early pathogenesis of infection in the liver with the facultative intracellular bacteria Listeria monocytogenes, Francisella tularensis, and Salmonella typhimurium involves lysis of infected hepatocytes by leukocytes.
		Inability of the Francisella tularensis lipopolysaccharide to mimic or to antagonize the induction of cell activation by endotoxins.
		The 17 kDa lipoprotein and encoding gene of Francisella tularensis LVS are conserved in strains of Francisella tularensis.
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/171/5/2563 (5787 words)

	Tularemia, (Francisella tularensis) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Clinical diagnosis is supported by evidence or history of a tick or a deerfly bite, exposure to tissue of a mammalian host of Francisella tularensis (e.g.
		Isolation of Francisella tularensis from a clinical specimen.
		Detection of Francisella tularensis in a clinical specimen by fluorescent assay.
	www.state.nj.us /health/cd/cd_tularemia.htm (260 words)

	Medical Dictionary: Francisella tularensis - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Francisella tularensis: The etiologic agent of TULAREMIA in man and other warm-blooded animals.
		Francisella tularensis : species in the family Francisellaceae; the etiologic agent of tularemia.
		Terms that may be interchangeable with Francisella tularensis:
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /medical/francisella_tularensis.htm (239 words)

	Francisella tularensis
		The causative organism, named for its discoverer (Dr. Edward Francis) and site of discovery (Tulare county, California) is among the most virulent organisms that infect humans and likely was the cause of the Biblical admonition, "the hare......their flesh shall ye not eat, and their carcass shall ye not touch......".
		In spite of this long-standing recognition of the pathogenicity of Francisella, its extreme virulence is still not completely understood.
		It is contracted either by skin contact, ingestion of contaminated food or water, or by inhalation of organisms aerosolized in the process of, for instance, skinning a diseased rabbit.
	medinfo.ufl.edu /year2/mmid/bms5300/bugs/frantula.html (195 words)

	Characterization of a novicida-like subspecies of Francisella tularensis isolated in Australia -- Whipp et al. 52 (9): ...
		rodents, rabbits and hares) and is caused by the bacterium Francisella
		Forsman, M., Sandström, G. and Sjöstedt, A. Analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequences of Francisella strains and utilization for determination of the phylogeny of the genus and for identification of strains by PCR.
		Sjöstedt, A., Kuoppa, K., Johansson, T. and Sandström, G. The 17 kDa lipoprotein and encoding gene of Francisella tularensis LVS are conserved in strains of Francisella tularensis.
	jmm.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/52/9/839 (2456 words)

	CDC Tularemia \| FAQ About Tularemia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Tularemia, also known as “rabbit fever,” is a disease caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis.
		If Francisella tularensis were used as a bioweapon, the bacteria would likely be made airborne so they could be inhaled.
		Francisella tularensis can remain alive for weeks in water and soil.
	www.bt.cdc.gov /agent/tularemia/faq.asp (736 words)

	Francisella tularensis LVS (Live Vaccine Strain) Genome Sequence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		We are sequencing (in collaboration with Dr. May Chu at the Centers for Disease Control, Fort Collins, CO) the genome of Francisella tularensis LVS (Live Vaccine Strain) a type B strain that has been widely studied over the last three decades.
		The LVS strain was originally isolated in the former Soviet Union from a water rat and transferred from the Gamaleya Institute, Moscow, Russia to the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious diseases (USAMRIID) in 1956.
		Burke, Donald S. Immunization against tularemia: analysis of the effectiveness of live Francisella tularensis vaccine in prevention of laboratory-acquired tularemia.
	bbrp.llnl.gov /bbrp/html/F.tularensis.html (457 words)

	Detection of Francisella tularensis in Biological Specimens Using a Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, an ...
		Detection of Francisella tularensis in Biological Specimens Using a Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, an Immunochromatographic Handheld Assay, and a PCR -- Grunow et al.
		Subspecific taxonomy of Francisella tularensis McCoy and Chapin 1912.
		Detection of Francisella tularensis in ulcers of patients with tularemia by PCR.
	cdli.asm.org /cgi/content/full/7/1/86 (2715 words)

	Innate immunity against Francisella tularensis is dependent on the ASC/caspase-1 axis -- Mariathasan et al. 202 (8): ...
		Innate immunity against Francisella tularensis is dependent on the ASC/caspase-1 axis -- Mariathasan et al.
		Factors affecting the escape of Francisella tularensis from the phagolysosome.
		Delineation of the molecular mechanisms of Francisella tularensis-induced apoptosis in murine macrophages.
	www.jem.org /cgi/content/full/202/8/1043 (3756 words)

	Francisella tularensis Genome Research
		Francisella tularensis is a Gram-negative bacteria that causes the disease tularemia.
		The genus also includes the strains Francisella novicida and Francisella holarctica, both of which are important research organisms.
		The biology, genomes and virulence capabilities of these organism are under active investigation in research institutions throughout the world.
	www.francisella.org (193 words)

	Factors affecting the escape of Francisella tularensis from the phagolysosome -- Lindgren et al. 53 (10): 953 -- ...
		Factors affecting the escape of Francisella tularensis from the phagolysosome -- Lindgren et al.
		Golovliov, I., Ericsson, M., Sandström, G., Tärnvik, A. and Sjöstedt, A. Identification of proteins of Francisella tularensis induced during growth in macrophages and cloning of the gene encoding a prominently induced 23-kilodalton protein.
		Immunologic Consequences of Francisella tularensis Live Vaccine Strain Infection: Role of the Innate Immune Response in Infection and Immunity.
	jmm.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/53/10/953 (2952 words)

	A Francisella tularensis Pathogenicity Island Required for Intramacrophage Growth -- Nano et al. 186 (19): 6430 -- The ...
		Susceptibility to secondary Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain infection in B-cell-deficient mice is associated with neutrophilia but not with defects in specific T-cell-mediated immunity.
		Identification of proteins of Francisella tularensis induced during growth in macrophages and cloning of the gene encoding a prominently induced 23-kilodalton protein.
		Sequencing of the Francisella tularensis strain Schu 4 genome reveals the shikimate and purine metabolic pathways, targets for the construction of a rationally attenuated auxotrophic vaccine.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/186/19/6430 (5032 words)

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