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Topic: Franconian Circle

	Imperial Circle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A map of the Imperial Circles as at the beginning of the 16th century.
		An Imperial Circle (in German Reichskreis, plural Reichskreise) was a regional grouping of states of the Holy Roman Empire, primarily for the purpose of organising a common defence and of collecting imperial taxes, but also as a means of organisation within the Reichstag (Imperial Diet).
		These ten circles remained largely unchanged until the early 1790s, when the Wars of the French Revolution brought about significant changes to the political map of the Empire.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Imperial_Circle_Estates (241 words)

	AllRefer.com - Franconia : History, Germany (German Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		The title of duke of Franconia fell into disuse until it was again assumed (15th cent.) by the bishops of WUrzburg, who continued to use it until their bishopric was secularized at the beginning of the 19th cent.
		The margraviates of Ansbach and Bayreuth, under the Franconian branch of the house of Hohenzollern, were the main secular territories in Eastern Franconia.
		The division (16th cent.) of the Holy Roman Empire into circles resulted in the creation of the Franconian circle, which included the bishoprics of WUrzburg and Bayreuth, the free imperial city of Nuremburg, and the margraviates of Ansbach and Bayreuth.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/F/Franconi-history.html (429 words)

	THE IMPERIAL CIRCLES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Before the 18th century, when comital families became extinct their parts in curial voices in Colleges of Counts in the Imperial Diet were excluded but a voice in Circle Diets went to new owners of the territory[6].
		In the Circle Diets a voices of a count was equal to a voice of a Prince.
		For example the Counties of Stollberg, Wernigerode and Hohnstein, and the lands of the house of Schönburg were under foreign Landeshoheit, the county of Bentheim was mortgaged, and the county of Hallermund was under control of Brunswick-Hanover.
	www.chivalricorders.org /nobility/holyroman/hrecircl.htm (464 words)

	Franconia
		The 'Franconian Rake' is the symbol and unofficial coat of arms of Franconia, also appearing in emblems of many Franconian cities
		Rhenish Franconia (Rheinfranken), which gave the empire the Franconian or Salian dynasty of Emperors (1024â“1125; Conrad II, Henry III, Henry IV and Henry V), was virtually an empty title held by the Ottonian emperors until 1024, when Conrad, the Salian count of Speyer and of Worms, became emperor.
		The Salian Franconian territories were granted as a fief in 1093 to the count palatine at Aachen, a territory that would evolve into the important German principality of the Rhenish Palatinate.
	www.cooldictionary.com /words/Franconia.wikipedia (595 words)

	Western Music - Notation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The relationship of the semibreve to the breve is similar to that between the breve and the long, although there was no opportunity for rhythmic variety in the Franconian "chains of S." According to Appel, rather few examples of "true" Franconian notation exist due to lack of rhythmic variety in the smaller values.
		In addition to its use of Franconian (and Petronian) notation, it is one of the first to use red notes to signify a transition from modus perfectus to modus imperfectus.
		One of the objections by opponents of the new style is that, by introducing smaller note values and slowing down the overall tempo, composers were merely inventing a new means of notating what had already been done.
	www.uky.edu /~ldnels00/exams/polynotation.html (1692 words)

	Kreisstände (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The function of each Circle was primarily the administration of Imperial law and the maintenance of order, but the assemblies also served to assess local opinion and to direct regional efforts as circumstances dictated.
		Membership in the circles was not entirely fixed, and could shift from decade to decade as circumstances changed.
		Note that nearly all the Empire was involved in one circle or another - still, there were some regions lying outside any circles; most notably the Kingdom (and Electorate) of Bohemia, the Margraviate of Moravia, the Dukes of Silesia, and the Margraves of Lausitz (Ostmark).
	www.hostkingdom.net /Kreiss.html (589 words)

	Status of October 29, 1998
		circle coiled horn with a tiny bell, winding, and a broad-rimmed funnel mouthpiece; his French dancing master brandishing a pochette and its bow; and a man playing a harpsichord.
		Includes two ensembles of four hunters playing 1-1/2 circle coiled horns of various sizes and held in various ways (bells up, held with both hands; bells out behind, held with both hands; bell behind, held with one hand, the other hand on the hip).
		There are eighteen musicians in all, of which are visible four players of 1-1/2 circle coiled horns (two played, two held?), five of oboes, and four of bassoons (three played, one held).
	www.unh.edu /music/Icon/ighnjs.htm (6846 words)

	UTRECHT - LoveToKnow Article on UTRECHT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The bishops, in fact, as the result of grants of immunities by a succession of German kings, and notably by the Saxon and Franconian emperors, gradually became the temporal rulers of a dominion as great as the neighboring counties and duchies.
		The defences consist of an inner line of works which preserve the place against surprise, and of an outlying chain of detached forts of fairly modern construction, forming roughly two-thirds of a circle of three miles radius.
		Of these the works facing the east would in war time cover the assembly of troops destined to operate outside the Water Line, while those of the north and south fronts would be surrounded by inundations and serve chiefly to control the sluices.
	99.1911encyclopedia.org /U/UT/UTRECHT.htm (4094 words)

	Imperial Circle Estates: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about Imperial Circle Estates
		In 1495, the Holy Roman Empire was divided into Imperial Circles (in German: Reichskreise).
		Each circle was organized so that the states in a different region of the Empire would be able to organize a common defense.
		The Imperial Circle Estates (Reichskreisstandschaft) were the assemblies of each Circle.
	www.encyclopedian.com /im/Imperial-Circle-Estates.html (263 words)

	Info and facts on 'Imperial Circle Estates' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In 1495, the Holy Roman Empire (The lands ruled by Charlemagne; a continuation of the Roman Empire in Europe) was divided into Imperial Circles (in German (A person of German nationality) : Reichskreise).
		This act was part of the Reichsreform (additional info and facts about Reichsreform) (Imperial Reform) concluded at the Reichstag (additional info and facts about Reichstag) at Worms (Any of numerous relatively small elongated soft-bodied animals especially of the phyla Annelida and Chaetognatha and Nematoda and Nemertea and Platyhelminthes; also many insect larvae).
		Austrian (A native or inhabitant of Austria) Circle
	absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/i/im/imperial_circle_estates.htm (1668 words)

	[No title]
		The English shires and hundreds, the continental counties and Grafschaften are riddled with districts in which the place of the ordinary judges of the land is taken by secular or ecclesiastical magnates or their representatives, among whom the secular judges of ecclesiastical corporations, the advocati (avoues, Vogte), are the most conspicuous.
		This is especially noticeable in the case of English manorial courts, in the composition of which free and unfree elements are generally intermixed in such a way that it is difficult to distinguish between verdicts laid down by the free tenants and those contributed by the villeins.
		In a sense the circle of tenants constituting the peers' court was a most complete expression of the principle of equality as between allied sovereigns.
	socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca /~econ/ugcm/3ll3/vinogradoff/feudal (9209 words)

	Printable Version on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Rhenish Franconia, which gave the empire the Franconian or Salian dynasty (1024-1125; Conrad II, Henry III, Henry IV, and Henry V), broke up into the free cities of Frankfurt and Worms, the ecclesiastical states of Mainz and Speyer, the Rhenish Palatinate, the landgraviate of Hesse, and other territories.
		The title of duke of Franconia fell into disuse until it was again assumed (15th cent.) by the bishops of Würzburg, who continued to use it until their bishopric was secularized at the beginning of the 19th cent.
		The division (16th cent.) of the Holy Roman Empire into circles resulted in the creation of the Franconian circle, which included the bishoprics of Würzburg and Bayreuth, the free imperial city of Nuremburg, and the margraviates of Ansbach and Bayreuth.
	www.encyclopedia.com /printable.asp?url=/ssi/section/Franconi_History.html (320 words)

	Constitution of the Holy Roman Empire
		When the Circle system was established, the position of the King of Bohemia as Imperial Elector had been suspended since the Hussite wars 1420-1433.
		In 1708 the Circle Assembly of Franconia excluded the County of Geyer from the list of the Circle Estates.
		The Assembly of the Circle also supported the allodial heirs to the Limpurg house in their struggle for the voices of Limpurg against the King of Prussia.
	www.geocities.com /vrozn/Constit.html (7918 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Humanism
		Grammarians and rhetoricians journeyed from city to city, and spread the enthusiasm for antiquity to ever-widening circles; students travelled from place to place to become acquainted with the niceties of an author's style and his interpretation.
		A zeal for teaching coupled with a pugnacious temperament, a delight in books but not in their making, religious latitudinarianism, and enthusiasm for the antique were his chief characteristics.
		Ulrich von Hutten (1488-1523), a Franconian knight, and enthusiastic champion of the liberal sciences, was still better known as politician and agitator.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07538b.htm (4115 words)

	List of states in the Holy Roman Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The "Circle" column shows the Imperial Circle (Reichskreis) that the state belonged to.
		The "Bench" column shows where the state was represented in the Imperial Diet (Reichstag).
		Note that in the "Circle" column, "n/a" denotes a state that had ceased to exist before the Reichsreform.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_states_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire (1026 words)

	Law and Goverment
		The Assemby of the Circle also supported the allodial heirs to the Limpurg house in their struggle for the voices of Limpurg against Brandenburg's claims.
		There were two Imperial Circle Personalists, Princes of Thurn-Taxis and Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort, who contributed monies not as owners of the Circle territories, but as persons.
		During the War of the Spanish succession Elector and Duke of Bavaria was banned by the Roman Emperor and his possession, the Langraviate of Leuchtenberg in the Imperial Circle of Swabia, was given to the family of Lamberg (1708).
	sam_smith1_07755.tripod.com /The.Holy.Roman.Empire/id19.html (4901 words)

	Jhereg Stories - To Talk of Rebirth
		So we rushed instead to the ritual circle, blood-soaked and battle-weary, and laid an ambush for him, while a group of ritualists led by Brother Gabriel struggled to hold the circle secure against the Blood Queen.
		Not when Granny, youthful once more, thanks to a potion she and Traps had shared, filled with youth's energy and rage, called out to Turin of the Mithrim, as he was about to leave the circle, and bade him wait.
		I cried for Grandpa when Granny stood in the circle and spoke of her loss, and I know I was not alone.
	tsamaris.com /?page=To+Talk+of+Rebirth (2150 words)

	the Holy Roman Empire
		Throughout the Middle Ages, the convention was that the (elected) king of Germany (a kingdom formed by the division of the empire in 843 and the separation of the western Franconian kingdom in 888) was also Emperor of the Romans.
		The original 6 Circles of 1500 (Swabia, Bavaria, Franconia, upper Saxony, lower Saxony, Westphalia) were increased in 1512 to 10 (Austria, Rhine, Saxony, Burgundy).
		The role of the circles was to serve as administrative units in the enforcement of imperial law and order.
	www.heraldica.org /topics/national/hre.htm (11303 words)

	History of Florence
		The numerous privileges conceded by her and the events in which the Florentine community had played a leading role in the struggle against the emperor, induced the people to organize autonomously and to undertake action aimed at weakening imperial power.
		It was therefore inevitable that in 1125, upon the death of the last emperor of the Franconian dynasty, Henry V, the Florentines decided to attack and destroy Fiesole, the neighboring rival city.
		The perimeter of the new city walls, raised in barely two years, from 1173 to 1175, was twice that of the "old circle" and enclosed an area that was three times as great.
	www.aboutflorence.com /history-of-Florence.html (6281 words)

	[No title]
		The archduke, in the meantime, deprived the troops belonging to the Swabian circle of their arms at Biberach, on account of the peace concluded by their princes with the French, and retired behind the Danube by Donauwoerth.
		An attempt was, however, made to console the circle of Franconia by depicturing the far worse sufferings of that of Swabia under the imperial contributions.
		The petty Estates of the empire stumbled, under these circumstances, upon the unfortunate idea "that the intercession of the Russian court should be requested for the maintenance of the integrity of the German empire and for that of her constitution"; the intercession of the Russian court, which had so lately annihilated Poland!
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext05/7grm410.txt (15517 words)

	Franconia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In 1340 these territories organized the Landfriedensbund (regional peace-keeping league), which served as the basis of the Franconian Kreis (circle, or administrative district) set up in the early 16th century.
		In Napoleon's reorganization of Germany, the Franconian region was divided between the kingdoms of Bavaria and Württemberg and the Grand Duchy of Baden.
		King Louis I of Bavaria revived the use of the name in 1837 by creating the provinces of Upper, Middle, and Lower Franconia, which still form the northwestern corner of the present Land of Bavaria.
	www.hfac.uh.edu /gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/britannicapages/Franconia/Franconia.html (299 words)

	WHKMLA : History of the Holy Roman Empire, 1493-1519
		In 1500/1512 the Imperial circles were introduced, in an attempt to reorganize the Empire.
		The Burgundian and the Austrian lands were political entities of their own; in all practicality, the Empire was reduced to 8 Imperial Circles - the Bavarian, Swabian, Franconian, Upper Rhenian, Lower Rgenian-Westphalian, Upper Saxon, Lower Saxon Circle and the Electoral Rhenian Circle, federative organizations which were to uphold peace in their respective region.
		In 1499-1500 the Swabian Circle, in the Swabian War, failed to enforce her will on the Swiss Federation; this war marks the factual independence of Switzerland.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/germany/hre14931519.html (628 words)

	TABLE OF CONTENTS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Circles were fixed at no less a sum than 2,500,000 dollars ; and before the Convention separated it resolved on the restoration of the Palatinate to Frederick's heir, Charles Lewis.
		A remonstrance was drawn up by two officers of the Franconian army- one of them the Colonel Mitzlaff who had commanded the remnants of Mansfeld's troops in Silesia and had then passed first into the Danish, and then into the Swedish, service.
		The Imperialists hereupon occupied the Swabian lands to the south, and the Franconian to the north, of the river, Johann von Werth's horse and Isolani's Croatians carrying fire and sword through the country, while the main body of the army moved upon Nördlingen (north-west of Donauwörth).
	www.uni-mannheim.de /mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh407.html (13430 words)

	Articles - Netherlands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This drainage caused the fertile peat to compress and the ground level to drop, locking the landusers in a vicious circle whereby they would lower the water level to compensate for the drop in ground level, causing the underlying peat to compress even more.
		Several dialects of Low Saxon are spoken in much of the north and are recognised as regional languages, as protected by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.
		To the south, the Dutch language shifts into other varieties of Low Franconian and German, which may or may not be best classified as Dutch, most notably West Flemish.
	www.foreverc.com /articles/Netherlands (3398 words)

	AK Coburg Recordings - Music of Draeseke on AKCoburg
		Felix Draeseke was born in 1835 in the Franconian ducal town of Coburg, Germany.
		Following the debacle concerning Peter Cornelius' opera "The Barber of Baghdad" and its resultant consequences for Liszt and his circle, Draeseke made his way to Switzerland where he remained until 1876, teaching in the Suisse Romande in the area around Lausanne.
		Upon his return to Germany Draeseke chose Dresden as his place of residence: though he continued having success with his compositions, it was only in 1884 that he received an official appointment to the Dresden conservatory and with it, some financial security.
	www.draeseke.org /akcoburg/draeseke-ak.htm (633 words)

	WORLD ENCYCLOPAEDIA - Germany - Alpine Foreland and the Alps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The term comes from the Greek words εγκύκλιος παιδεία, enkyklios paideia ("in a circle of instruction").
		Encyclopaedias can be general, containing articles on topics in many different fields, or they can specialize in a particular field (such as an encyclopedia of medicine or philosophy).
		The foreland is roughly triangular in shape, about 400 kilometers long from west to east with a maximum width of about 150 kilometers north to south, and is bounded by Lake Constance and the Alps to the south, the Swabian and Franconian albs to the north, and the Bavarian Forest to the east.
	encyclopaedic.net /world/germany/78.php (383 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: German Literature
		During the ninth and tenth centuries German poetry fell into neglect; at the courts of the Saxon (919-1024) and Franconian emperors (1024-1125) and in the monasteries the Latin language was almost exclusively cultivated, and thus a body of Latin poetry arose, of which the tenth-century "Waltharius" (Waltharilied) of Ekkehard, a monk of St. Gall (d.
		The German language was neglected and devised in aristocratic circles and was corrupted by the influx of foreign words.
		As a reaction against naturalism "symbolism" made its appearance; but the art which it inspired is apt to be so intangible and hyper-aesthetic as to be limited for appreciation to a narrow and exclusive circle.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06517a.htm (12373 words)

	The Thirty Years War — Volume 03 by Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller eBook by BookRags
		A Swedish general who had been left in Franconia, undertook to punish the perfidy of the bishop; and the ecclesiastical territory became the seat of war, and was ravaged alike by friends and foes.
		The formidable presence of the Imperialists had hitherto been a check upon the Franconian States; but their retreat, and the humane conduct of the Swedish king, emboldened the nobility and other inhabitants of this circle to declare in his favour.
		Nuremberg joyfully committed itself to his protection; and the Franconian nobles were won to his cause by flattering proclamations, in which he condescended to apologize for his hostile appearance in the dominions.
	www.bookrags.com /ebooks/6772/9.html (477 words)

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