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Topic: Franconian language

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West Franconian

Low Franconian

High German dialect

Frankish language

High German

Franconian

Alsatian language

East Low German

Upper German

Luxembourgish language

Dutch language

Frisian language

Pennsylvania German language

Alemannic German

Low Saxon

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	Afrikaans Language - Karr.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Afrikaans is a Low Franconian language mainly spoken in South Africa and Namibia with smaller numbers of speakers in Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland, Zimbabwe and Zambia.
		Geographically, the Afrikaans language is the majority language of the western one-third of South Africa (Northern and Western Cape, spoken at home by 69% and 58%, respectively).
		Dutch remained an official language until the new 1961 constitution finally stipulated the two official languages in South Africa to be Afrikaans and English (although, curiously, the 1961 constitution still had a sub-clause stipulating that the word "Afrikaans" was also meant to be referring to the Dutch language).
	www.karr.net /encyclopedia/Afrikaans_language (543 words)

	German Language - LoveToKnow 1911
		As the middle ages did not produce a German Schriftsprache or literary language in the modern sense of the word, which - as is undoubtedly the case in Modern German - might have influenced the spoken language (Umgangssprache), the history of the language in its earlier stages is a history of different dialects.
		The High Franconian dialects, that is to say, east and south (or south-Rhenish) Franconian, which are separated broadly speaking by the river Neckar, comprise the language spoken in a part of Baden, the dialects of the Main valley from Wiirzburg upwards to Bamberg, the dialect of Nuremberg and probably of the Vogtland (Plauen) and Egerland.
		THE OLD High German Period The language spoken during the Old High German period, that is to say, down to about the year 1050, is remarkable for the fulness and richness of its vowel-sounds in word-stems as well as in inflections.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /German_Language (6830 words)

	Language Statistics
		Language of the Caucasus mountains in the Russian autonomous republic of Karachay-Cherkessia by the Abazins.
		Is a dialect of the Persian language of Afghanistan spoken west of the Hazara, central northwest Afghanistan, eastern Iran, and Tajikistan.
		Is a Visayan language spoken in Aklan province in the Philippines.
	www.aboutlanguageschools.com /language/list (1537 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Dutch language
		In South Africa and Namibia the closely-related language Afrikaans is spoken.
		Dutch is an official language of the Netherlands, Belgium, Suriname, Aruba, and the Netherlands Antilles.
		Standaardnederlands or Algemeen Nederlands ('Common Dutch', abbreviated to AN) is the standard language as taught in schools and used by authorities in the Netherlands, Flanders, Suriname, Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Dutch_language (5516 words)

	Ethnologue report for language code:afr (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Spoken as first language mainly in commercial farms and Ghanzi village, Ghanzi District, in the southern half of Kgalagadi District, especially near the South Africa border, and in Takatokwane village, Kweneng District.
		Spoken as first language by Afrikaners (Ghanzi District) and by people of mixed racial background (Kweneng and Kgalagadi districts).
		Literacy rate in second language: 75% in Kweneng and Kgalagadi districts in Tswana, 50% in English; few use Tswana in Ghanzi District, most use English.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=afr (282 words)

	German language - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		German is the third most taught foreign language worldwide, also in the USA (after Spanish and French); it is the second most known foreign language in the EU (after English; see [1]) It is one of the official languages of the European Union.
		This language was based on Eastern Upper and Eastern Central German dialects and preserved much of the grammatical system of Middle High German (unlike the spoken German dialects in Central and Upper Germany that already at that time began to lose the genitive case and the preterit tense).
		Central German dialects include Ripuarian, Luxembourgish, Moselle Franconian, Rhine Franconian, Hessian, Thuringian, and Upper Saxon, and are spoken in the southeastern Netherlands, eastern Belgium, Luxembourg, parts of France, and in Germany approximately between the River Main and the southern edge of the Lowlands.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/g/e/r/German_language.html (3592 words)

	Frisian Language - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Frisian Language, language of the historical Frisian people, now officially recognized in the Dutch province of Friesland, with two other varieties...
		Language, communication among human beings that is characterized by the use of arbitrary spoken or written symbols with agreed-upon meanings.
		Dutch Language, member of the Low-Franconian language group in the western branch of the Germanic languages, spoken by over 17 million people.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Frisian_Language.html (112 words)

	German Language - MSN Encarta
		German belongs to the Netherlandic-German group within the western branch of the Germanic languages, a subfamily of the Indo-European languages.
		Another characteristic of German, as well as of all the Germanic languages, is that the principal accent falls regularly upon the first syllable of a word; in verbal combinations, however, the root syllable, not the prefix, is stressed.
		German is an inflected language, with three genders, four cases, and a strong and weak declension of qualifying adjectives.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761567950/German_Language.html (624 words)

	Dutch Information Center - von dutch
		Algemeen Nederlands ('general Dutch', abbreviated to AN) is the standard language as taught in schools and used by authorities in the Netherlands, Flanders, Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles.
		It is not a separate language (though the term is often also used to distinguish the standard Dutch spoken in Flanders from that of the Netherlands) nor are the dialects in Belgium more closely related to each other than to the dialects in The Netherlands.
		Afrikaans, a language spoken in South Africa and Namibia, is derived primarily from 17th century Dutch dialects, and a great deal of mutual intelligibility still exists.
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Official_Languages_D_-_G/Dutch.html (4344 words)

	How the Language of Work Effects Indigenous Language Survival
		Language of work is operative not based on parents' attraction to material goods but on their desire to prepare their children for life.
		If a language is well documented before or during the process of language shift and is diligently passed on to younger speakers as a second language, the language can live on even after there are no more first-language speakers of the language.
		It would appear that in general, only the largest language groups, and even then probably only those with considerable resources, will be able to maintain the indigenous language as the language of work and simultaneously provide a range of job opportunities to their speech community.
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~jar/TIL_22.html (9319 words)

	Dutch language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is one of the 11 languages of South Africa and is the mother tongue of about 15% of its population and spoken or understood by very many more.
		Moreover, and especially in Belgium, the difference between the standard language and the language people speak (their local dialect or, more often, a version of the standard language heavily influenced by it) can be very important and cause difficulties.
		The Pennsylvania Dutch language itself is closely related to High German especially its Franconian dialects spoken in the southwest of Germany.
	www.higiena-system.com /wiki/link-Dutch_language (5554 words)

	The German language
		Russia, by contrast is so vast, and yet the language is extremely uniform, with no dialects at all in widespread usage that I can tell (not counting the various slang vocabularies, which are something different), and only very slight differences in accent.
		Moscow-St. Petersburg is considered the standard literary language, which is a single form, and everyone from the lowest to the highest social levels speaks very pure and unaccented Bühnenrussisch, if you will.
		Language skills in Russia fall off a bit in the villages, but the general level of language ability is extraordinarily high, much higher than any other place I know of.
	www.stanford.edu /group/wais/Language/language_germanlang101302.html (1084 words)

	Dutch language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The transition between these language was very gradual and one of the few moments linguists can detect somewhat of a revolution is when the Dutch standard language emerged and quickly established itself.
		The Dutch often make fun of their own language — for example Tom Meyer, a radio commentator, used to say on air that "Dutch isn't a language; it's a disease of the throat." Pronunciation can be a challenge as many of the Dutch vowel sounds are difficult for non native speakers.
		Indeed the Low Franconian dialects and languages are morphologically closer to the original form of Western Germanic than the High German from which standard German is derived.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Dutch_language (5778 words)

	German 101 > German Language > Dialects
		Low Franconian includes Dutch and Afrikaans, spoken primarily in the Netherlands, Belgium and South Africa; Plattdüütsch includes dialects spoken primarily in the German Lowlands and in the eastern Netherlands.
		It is spoken in the southeastern Netherlands, eastern Belgium, Luxembourg, parts of France, and in Germany approximately between the River Main and the southern edge of the Lowlands.
		The Moselle Franconian varieties spoken in Luxembourg have been officially standardized and institutionalized and are therefore usually considered a separate language, Luxembourgish language.
	www.101languages.net /german/dialects.html (459 words)

	Dutch language, alphabet and pronunciation
		Dutch is a West Germanic language with about 20 million speakers mainly in the Netherlands and Belgium.
		It is taught in schools and used by authorities in the Netherlands, Flanders (Belgium), Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles.
		The earliest known example of written Old Franconian appears in a 9th century Latin manuscript, the Laws of the Salic Franks, and in translations of the Psalms.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/dutch.htm (338 words)

	German language
		It is comprehensible why it is the language of some of the greatest thinkers of century XIX and of gorgeous literary works that last in the cultural heap of the humanity.
		Nowadays, German is native language of 98 million people in the world, who not only live in the countries where it is official language (such as Germany and Austria).
		It is, in short, a language that is due to know for reasons of pure work as by pleasing or by culture.
	www.orbislingua.com /ead.htm (508 words)

	Low Saxon language - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		The distinction between Low Saxon, East Low German and Low Franconian (on one side) or High German (on the other side) is not precisely defined; there are several clines that vary smoothly from one dialect to another.
		The Low Saxon language has commonality with the English language, the Scandinavian languages and Frisian in that it has not been influenced by the High German sound shift.
		It served as a standard language in many regions of northern Germany until it was replaced for that purpose by Standard German (a High German dialect) during the unification of Germany under Otto von Bismarck in 1871.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=17743 (969 words)

	Our Association (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		We are also active within the High Commission of Reference for Alemannic and Franconian Language and Culture under the leadership of Honoury Senator, Henry Goetschy.
		These languages are every bit as noble an the ancient dialect from the Ile-de-France, which had the good fortune of establishing itself as the Capetian Monarch’s language.
		In view of the complete lack of understanding of our problem on the part of all the governments and the majority of parliamentarians, we demand the creation of a Federal France which would be governed according to the principals of subsidiary.
	www.heimetsproch.org /2_association/pre_asso0.htm (701 words)

	HOASM: The Ars Nova In France
		The Italians had their own equivalents of the virelai and the chace, the ballata and caccia, and a form all their own, the madrigal.
		In both countries the harmonic language grew increasingly refined.
		Towards the end of the century, this was to lead to the ever more complex development of L'Ars Subtilior,of which some of the best-known examples are to be found in the Chantilly Codex.
	www.hoasm.org /IID/IIDArsNovaFrance.html (1027 words)

	Whatever happened to the language of the Franks? \| Antimoon Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It's quite possible (and source of heated debates) that the Frankish language had 2 forms, high (in the end) and low, like saxon had, but one thing is sure it certainly had a low form, because germanic languages that have experienced the High German consonant shift do not turn low once more.
		Those Franks living on the middle and upper Rhine, as well as the Main saw their language transform into middle and upper Franconian, with the rise of High German, which altered the languages of all the Germans in south and central Germany, probably from the 5th to 8th centuries.
		Low Franconian is also a linguintic marker and Flemish refers to 2 certain Dutch dialects with about 1 million speakers.
	www.antimoon.com /forum/t3339.htm (1422 words)

	VTrain (Vocabulary Trainer) --- Language Database
		Dutch and Flemish are two names for standard Netherlandic, a West Germanic language totalling some 20 million speakers, most of which live in The Netherlands and in Belgium.
		, a language spoken in South Africa, derives from Dutch.
		While The Netherlands had their Golden Age during the 17th c., Flemish literature stagnated under French rule and revived only in the 19th c.
	www.paul-raedle.de /vtrain/db-nl-info.htm (86 words)

	Low Franconian languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Low Franconian is any of several West Germanic languages spoken in the Netherlands, northern Belgium, and South Africa, descended from Old Dutch.
		In Germany it is common to consider the Limburgian dialects as Low Franconian; in the Netherlands and Belgium however they are seen as Central or High German.
		This difference is caused by a difference in definition: the linguists of the Low Countries define a Low Franconian dialect as one that has only taken part in the fourth phase of the High German consonant shift.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Low_Franconian_language (229 words)

	Ethnologue report for language code:nld
		The variety of Dutch (not Vlaams) spoken in Belgium is only slightly different from the variety spoken in the Netherlands.
		Practically all speakers of other languages in the Netherlands are also fluent in Dutch.
		The language of provinces of West Vlaanderen, Oost Vlaanderen, Antwerpen, Limburg, Vlaams-Brabant, and the bilingual part (10% to 20%) of Brussels.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=nld (193 words)

	Dutch Translation - Dutch Translation Services (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		No matter what language you speak, we can find the right translator for you.
		The dialects of the West Germanic dialect continuum can be divided according to the region's historical tribes (Frisian, Saxon, Franconian, Bavarian, Swabian, etc.) and according to the extent of their participation in the High German consonant shift.
		The present Dutch standard language is almost completely based on Low Franconian (Old Dutch) dialects spoken in the Low Countries, the latter being derived from Old Frankish, the language of the Ancient Franks.
	www.naorgroup.com /Dutch.htm (148 words)

	Portuguese words of Germanic origin
		Although Portuguese is clearly a Romance language, one of the modern successors of Latin, it also has some Germanic loan-words.
		This is considering that earlier stages of that language pronounced what is written as "ij" as [i:], so the sound in French and Portuguese can be explained from it.
		The Franconian word krok is cognate with Old Norse krókr, which is related to English crook, and perhaps also to Dutch kreuk (= crease, ruck, wrinkle), and a now disused obsolete Dutch word krook, meaning curly hair.
	rudhar.com /etymolog/germport.htm (808 words)

	Dialects
		The Upper German dialects described are: Alamannic, Bavarian-Austrian, South Franconian, East Franconian, and Langobardic.
		The Middle German dialects described are: Rhine Franconian, Mosel Franconian, Ripuarian, Thuringian, Upper Saxon and Silesian.
		This page is not the best site for information about the language, but is good for a general overview of who uses the language and where it is used.
	web.uvic.ca /geru/472/472dialects.htm (1555 words)

	The NDSU Libraries: Germans From Russia
		Buchheit, Robert H. "Language Maintenance and Shift among Mennonites in South-Central Kansas," Yearbook of German-American Studies.
		Gilbert, Glenn G. "The German Language in Ellis County, Kansas," Heritage of Kansas, 9 (1976), 8-16.
		Keel, William D., "A Russian-German Settlement Dialect in Kansas: Plautdietsch in South Central Kansas," 138-57 in The German Language in America, 1683-1991, Joseph C. Salmons, editor, Madison, Wisconsin: Max Kade Institute for German-American Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1993.
	www.lib.ndsu.nodak.edu /grhc/info/bibliography/dialect2.html (1460 words)

	MoinMoinEtymology - MoinMoin
		Lëtzebuergesch is a middle Franconian Germanic language, which is a form of middle German rather than "platt".
		It may even be a part of the common North Germanic family of languages, and be as old as the hills themselves.
		I have the impression that the term naturally lends itself to wordplay, as it is comprehensible to basically everyone speaker of a Germanic language.
	moinmoin.wikiwikiweb.de /MoinMoinEtymology (3210 words)

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