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Topic: Frankish language

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Old Frankish language

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	Franks - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The conversion to Christianity of the pagan Frankish king Clovis in the late 5th century was a crucial event in the history of Europe.
		The Frankish realm underwent many partitions and repartitions since the Franks divided their property among surviving sons and, lacking a broad sense of a res publica, they conceived of the realm as a large extent of private property.
		Modern scholars of the period of the migrations are in agreement that the Frankish confederacy emerged at the beginning of the third century from the unification of various earlier,smaller Germanic groups, including the Sicambri, Usipetes, Tencterii, and Bructerii), who inhabited the Lower Rhine valley and lands immediately to the east.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Frankish (2716 words)

	Franks
		The reigns of earlier Frankish chieftains -- Pharamond[?] (about 419 until about 427) and Chlodio[?] (about 427 until about 447) -- are thought to owe more to myth than fact, and their relationship to the Merovingian line is uncertain.
		The Frankish area expanded further under Clovis' sons, eventually covering most of what is today France, but including areas east of the Rhine river as well, such as Alamannia (today's southwestern Germany) and Thuringia (since 531).
		On December 23 and 24, 800, Charles was crowned Emperor by Pope Leo III in Rome in a ceremony that formally acknowledged the Frankish Empire to be the successor of the (Western) Roman one.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/fr/Frankish.html (2140 words)

	Lingua franca
		Lingua Franca (Italian meaning "Frankish language") or Sabir ("to know") was an early pidgin language, used in the Mediterranean area from the 14th century or earlier and still in use in the 20th century.
		Constructed languages tend to base their premise of universality on the assumption of a need for extreme simplicity, and the assumption that non-native speakers should not be at a disadvantage.
		If a constructed language (or other language with few speakers) were to be decided upon such as by international agreement to be used as an international auxiliary language, the number of speakers would rise to meet the demand.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/li/Lingue_franchi.html (625 words)

	French Language Institute-Why Study French? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		It is spoken as a first language by 60 million people in France and Corsica; in Canada by 7.2 million; in Belgium by 3.3 million; in Switzerland by 1.2 million; in Monaco by 17,000; in Italy by 100,000; and in the United States by nearly 2 million.
		The source of modern French (and of the other Romance languages) was a spoken, popular version of the Latin tongue that was spread abroad by conquering Roman legions – namely, in the case of French, to so-called "Transalpine Gaul" by the armies of Julius Caesar during the century that preceded the birth of Christ.
		The earliest written documents in a distinctly "French" ("Francien", from "Frankish") language are the so-called "Oaths of Strasbourg", sworn by two of Charlemagne’s grandsons in 842 AD This "French" language was in fact one of a number of different languages descended from Latin that were spoken in various parts of post-Roman Gaul.
	www.frenchin.org /WHY.HTM (1162 words)

	Old Frankish language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Old Frankish was the language of the Franks.
		Classified as a West Germanic language, it was spoken in areas covering modern France, Germany, and the Low Countries in Merovingian times (until the 6th century), possibly extending into early Carolingian times (8th century).
		Perhaps the best known example is the Frankish werra "to repel" (Compare English "war") which entered modern French as guerre and guerra in Italian, Spanish and Portuguese.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Old_Frankish_language (401 words)

	History of the French Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Even though Romance languages, share certain qualities not found in contemporary Latin that is taught today, it is believed that Latin is the father of the Romance group of languages.
		Frankish was a Germanic language, and most of the Frankish words adopted have to do with agriculture, war, or social organizations.
		One dialect, Francien, was the primary language of Paris.
	f99.middlebury.edu /RU232A/STUDENTS/matranga/history.htm (649 words)

	Germanic Languages
		Frankish is the extinct West Germanic language formerly spoken in Northern Gaul and the Low Countries.
		It is the official language of Sweden and is one of the official languages of Finland.
		West Norse is the western branch of the North Germanic languages used in Iceland, Ireland, Norway, the Hebrides, Orkney, Shetland, and the Faroe Islands.
	softrat.home.mindspring.com /germanic.html (3010 words)

	Whatever happened to the language of the Franks? \| Antimoon Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Frankish, a dialect of High German, was spoken in parts of France until about the end of the 7th century when it was completely replaced by the Romance vernaculars, primarily French and Provençal.
		It's quite possible (and source of heated debates) that the Frankish language had 2 forms, high (in the end) and low, like saxon had, but one thing is sure it certainly had a low form, because germanic languages that have experienced the High German consonant shift do not turn low once more.
		Frankish was originally a dialect of Low German, which was spoken by small, ferrocious tribes living between the lower Rhine and the Wesser in northwest Germany and the Netherlands.
	www.antimoon.com /forum/t3339.htm (1422 words)

	Wiley Geography Newsletter
		Language, besides being a fascinating topic in its own right, is also an important gauge of political and cultural strength, since expansion or contraction of a language goes hand-in-glove with the relative dominance of those who speak it.
		Similarly, nationally dominant or officially proclaimed languages are usually the form of the language spoken in the capital region of the country.
		When dominant languages are not spoken by the majority of the population in part of a country, it often reflects ongoing conflict between central government and subnational groups, as reflected by the use of Basque and Catalan in Spain and Celtic languages in the British Isles.
	www.wiley.com /college/soc/geog/geonews/13/danta.html (1338 words)

	JH Prospectus: Intro (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Uriel Weinreich's 1953 study Languages in Contact is generally credited with opening modern research into this topic, and other scholars have over the years followed his lead, although on the whole it has remained one of the less-explored areas of linguistics.
		Additional case studies on other languages have been conducted and published since then by other scholars using this framework, which has proved to be useful in explaining certain changes in various languages as well as in illuminating past social conditions based upon the development of the language(s).
		I argue that the non-Frisian inhabitants of this province, which was taken over in medieval times by the Counts of Holland who spoke a Frankish language, were affected by the local language just as their arrival affected that language in turn.
	www.germanic.ucla.edu /grads/jharvey/prospectus/intro.htm (598 words)

	Introduction to Linguistics
		When a pidgin language is adopted by a community as its native tongue and is learned by children as their first language, it is usually referred to as a creole.
		dialect--a distinct form of a language that differs from other forms of that language in specific linguistic features (pronunciation, vocabulary, and/or grammar), possibly associated with some regional, social, or ethnic group, but that is nevertheless mutually intelligible with them.
		lingua franca--trade language; a language that is used by general agreement as the means of communication among speakers of different languages ("Frankish language"--trade language in medieval times; at one time Latin was used as a lingua franca in Europe.).
	www.lli.ulaval.ca /khummel/defsocio.htm (472 words)

	Embassy of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, Washington, DC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Until 1984, the official use of languages was based on grandducal decrees of 1830, 1832 and 1834, which determined free choice between German and French.
		German was used as a written language in the political domain to comment on laws and ordinances in order to make those texts comprehensible for everyone.
		It is worth noting that for a long time Luxembourgish (Lëtzebuergesch), a Frankish language from the Moselle region, had a less significant status than it enjoys today.
	www.luxembourg-usa.org /languages.shtml (738 words)

	JH Prospectus: Frisian background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This last area was granted to the Frankish counts of Holland in 1289, and in time their language became the dominant one in the areas we now call the Netherlands and northern Belgium.
		The assertion that these two languages developed from a common ancestor is questionable in light of the number of divergent features; even Lass admits in the later publication that Anglo-Frisian was "probably not a Protolanguage in the usual sense, but rather a Sprachbund...
		But the language that was spoken across the inland sea, in the province of Noord-Holland, does matter in this discussion, because unlike the province of Friesland, Noord-Holland and its great port city of Amsterdam became extremely powerful both economically and politically over the next centuries.
	www.germanic.ucla.edu /grads/jharvey/prospectus/frisian.htm (1323 words)

	interdisciplines : Issues in Coevolution of Language and Theory of Mind
		Some obvious strands are the relation between language and theory of mind as tested by false belief, the kind of primitive theory of mind that might be present at the first stages of language acquisition and the impact of developing language on developing theory of mind and vice versa.
		On this view, an individual with less language would not be able to formulate the appropriate representation of another person holding a false belief, and hence have no basis for reasoning about their actions.
		Together, language and theory of mind are distinguished by their recursive compositional nature, posing the difficult question of how such a recursive representation capability could have evolved.
	www.interdisciplines.org /coevolution (1392 words)

	Lingua Franca - 2 January 1999 - The Origins of Lingua Franca...
		Aramaic was a language of ancient Syria, but over the previous six centuries had become the main language of the Levant.
		Aramaic was therefore a good language for a preacher, and it is probable that some of the early records of the story of Christ were written in Aramaic.
		Indeed, the great period of Latin as an international language was still in the future when, at the end of the 5th century, the invading Goths sacked Rome and brought the Western Empire to an end.
	www.abc.net.au /rn/linguafranca/stories/1999/692604.htm (2095 words)

	Old French Online
		Old French is one of the earliest attested Romance languages and offers a fascinating field for research in historical linguistics: not only are many of its changes attested in texts, but its linguistic ancestor, Latin, is richly documented as well.
		The Frankish kings made important contributions to the development of France: with the conversion of Clovis to the Church of Rome (ca.
		Consequently the language of the 14th and 15th centuries is typically referred to as Middle French.
	www.utexas.edu /cola/centers/lrc/eieol/ofrol-0-X.html (2418 words)

	NETWORK EXTERNALITIESAND LINGUA FRANCAS
		A first one, which is not relevant to the argument of this paper or to the economic analysis of language, is frankish language, namely the language spoken by communities of Frank peoples in what is nowadays Germany, and in those parts of France and Belgium that formed Gaul.
		It must be stressed that for the investment in the language to have that sort of a yield, the sense of solidarity must be correlated to language and not to ethnicity, race, or religion.
		Furthermore, the increased acceptance of one lingua franca and the consequent reduction in the use of minority languages, especially when these are known by no more than a small number of persons, imply a more or less rapid depreciation of these languages, if only because of the inevitable reduction in the use made of them.
	www.pch.gc.ca /OFFLANGOFF/perspectives/english/economic/ch1_04.html (2731 words)

	french language history in france -- from latin & provencal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		French is used as the official language of 22 countries and is the co-official language of several others, including Belgium, Canada, Haiti, Madagascar, and Switzerland.
		It is spoken as a first language by 51 million people in France and Corsica; in Canada by 7.2 million; in Belgium by 3.3 million; in Switzerland by 1.2 million; in Monaco by 17,000; in Italy by 100,000; and in the United States by nearly 2 million (primarily in Maine and Louisiana).
		This “French” language was in fact one of a number of different languages descended from Latin that were spoken in various parts of post-Roman Gaul.
	www.alsintl.com /languages/french1.htm (853 words)

	Dutch language information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The present Dutch standard language is largely based on Low Franconian dialects spoken in the Low Countries deriving from Old Frankish, the language of the Franks.
		Dutch is an official language of the Netherlands, Belgium, Suriname, Aruba, and the Netherlands Antilles.
		Standaardnederlands or Algemeen Nederlands ('Common Dutch', abbreviated to AN) is the standard language as taught in schools and used by authorities in the Netherlands, Flanders, Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Dutch_language (5886 words)

	The Franks
		After AD 700, the Merovingians gradually lost control of the Frankish kingdom to the Carolingians, a family of ambitious landowners who served as court advisors to the Merovingians.
		Frankish troops secured the fate of Christian Europe in the Battle of Tours, in which the Muslim forces were defeated by the Carolingian general Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer).
		However, the most notable of all the Frankish rulers was Charlemagne (Charles the Great).
	www.thenagain.info /WebChron/WestEurope/Franks.html (531 words)

	LINGUIST List 11.1659: Expressions for "Language", Old Frankish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Expressions for 'language' Dear Linguists, I am researching metonymic and metaphorical expressions in the domain of language which reflect a folk model of language.
		'Language' is commonly expressed metonymically by words for the tongue (as in Latin _lingua_ or English _native tongue_); more rarely other body parts are used as in German _Mundart_ 'mouth manner' or Tok Pisin 'neck'.
		Another common source for 'language' are words meaning 'speaking' (as in English _speech_ or German _Sprache_).
	www.linguistlist.org /issues/11/11-1659.html (275 words)

	Indo-European Chronology: the 6th period
		During the Langobard era, the Italian language was actively forming on the basis of the Popular Latin dialects of Italy.
		The importance of this last war between Byzantine and Persian empires for geographical distribution of languages is that the border of Iran was fixed in the west, and millions of Iranian people, mainly Kurdish, remained living on the lands ruled by Byzantium, later Turkey.
		After that, the East Frankish Empire was soon called simply France, the West Frankish Empire became Germany, the territory between them, including the Netherlands in the north, Burgundy in the center and Northern Italy in the south, was called Lotharingia, or Lorraine in French, as its first king was Lothar.
	indoeuro.bizland.com /project/chron/chron5.html (8407 words)


		In Frankish, [although no correct spelling of a language which was not written can be found] the effect was harsher still by ending the name with hard vowel: Hlodovik.
		The Romance languages are rooted in Latin, the language of the Romans.
		Languages of the Celtae and Belgae were completely eliminated by the late Empire.
	www.raleightavern.org /france.htm (5689 words)

	Wer güet schmiert, fàhrt güet: Hope Rises on the Upper Rhine
		Their language is one of several Germanic dialects spoken in the Rhine country's Three Nations region, where France, Luxembourg, and Germany converge.
		Losing a language means losing the greater part of your culture, a fact too often overlooked.
		It is truly unfortunate that local languages are dying at such an appalling rate.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/world_languages/38017/1 (663 words)

	What is a lingua franca? in The AnswerBank: Phrases & Sayings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Literally it means 'Frankish language' in Italian, and it referred originally to a common language consisting of Italian mixed with French or Occitan, Spanish, Greek and Arabic that was spoken in Mediterranean ports from the Middle Ages until relatively recently.
		In a more general sense it now means any auxiliary language, generally of a hybrid and simplified nature, that is used by people of different and mutually unintelligible native languages to communicate with each other.
		This is often the case with languages of former colonists, such as English in India and Nigeria.
	www.theanswerbank.co.uk /article1000.html (495 words)

	A Short History Of The German Language
		Of the languages related to High German, that is, languages that have undergone the Second Sound Shift at least partially, there is only one besides German which has such a status: Luxemburgish (Lëtzebuergesch) is an official language in Luxemburg along with both French and German.
		Consequently, the language of the Netherlands is not regarded as a variety of German.
		To this end, he took the chancery language of Prague and Meißen as his standard, but changed its style drastically so that it was no longer the stilted language of lawyers, but resembled more the colloquial language of the man in the street.
	www.lrz-muenchen.de /~hr/lang/dt-hist.html (3469 words)

	the French vs. the Franks \| Antimoon Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Even today people in Flanders and Holland speak a decendant language of Frankish, whereas the French as we all know speak a decendant language of Latin.
		Although the French language is based predominately on Latin, the French people I have talked to (from both France and Quebec) definitely don't like to be lumped together with the Spanish, Italians, Romanians and South Americans.
		Quebecers are very very proud of their language and are very aware that it comes from latin.
	www.antimoon.com /forum/posts/6655.htm (1470 words)

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