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	EAWC Essay: Mithraism
		Cumont compiled a catalogue of every known mithraic temple, monument, inscription, and literary passage relating to Mithras and claimed on the basis of his study of this body of evidence that Roman Mithras was, ultimately, Zoroastrian Mithra.
		Cumont argued by extension that if Roman Mithras had Iranian roots, the cult of Mithraism must have originated in the eastern provinces of the Roman empire and spread westward with legionaries in the Roman army, merchants from eastern provinces (often lumped under the broad misnomer "Syrians"), freedmen in the imperial bureaucracy, and slaves.
		Finally, Cumont was aware that the earliest datable evidence for the cult of Mithras came from the military garrison at Carnuntum in the province of Upper Pannonia on the Danube River (modern Hungary).
	eawc.evansville.edu /essays/mithraism.htm (2554 words)

	Franz Cumont
		Franz-Valery-Marie Cumont (Aalst, Belgium, January 3 1868 - Brussels, August 25 1947) was a Belgian archaeologist and historian, a philologist and student of epigraphy, who brought these often isolated specialties to bear on the religions of Antiquity.
		Cumont was a graduate of the University of Ghent (PhD, 1887).
		Cumont's international credenbtials were brilliant, but his public circumspection was not enough.
	encyclopedia.codeboy.net /wikipedia/f/fr/franz_cumont.html (306 words)

	Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism: Introduction: The Significance of Franz Cumont's Work
		FRANZ CUMONT, born January 3, 1868, and educated at Ghent, Bonn, Berlin, and Paris, resides in Brussels, and has been Professor in the University of Ghent since 1892.
		Cumont's other work of prime interest to students of the ancient faiths, Les religions orientales dans le paganisme romain, appeared in 1906, was revised and issued in a second edition in 1909, and is now presented in English in the following pages.
		Cumont's work, then, transports us in imagination to a time when Christianity was still--at least in the eyes of Roman pagans--only one of a numerous array of foreign Eastern religions struggling for recognition in the Roman world, and especially in the city of Rome.
	www.sacred-texts.com /cla/orrp/orrp02.htm (1804 words)

	Franz Cumont - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Franz-Valéry-Marie Cumont (Aalst, Belgium, January 3, 1868 - Brussels, August 25, 1947) was a Belgian archaeologist and historian, a philologist and student of epigraphy, who brought these often isolated specialties to bear on the syncretic mystery religions of Late Antiquity, notably Mithraism.
		After receiving royal travelling fellowships, he undertook archaeology in Pontus and Armenia (published in 1906) and in Syria, but he is best known for his studies on the impact of Eastern mystery religions, particularly Mithraism, on the Roman Empire.
		In 1997 the Royal Library, Brussels, observed the fiftieth anniversary of Cumont's death appropriately, with a colloquium on syncretism in the Mediterranean world of Antiquity.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Franz_Cumont (505 words)

	MITHRAISM
		Franz Cumont had responded to this problem by focusing on an ancient Iranian text in which a bull is indeed killed, but in which the bull-slayer is not Mithra but rather Ahriman, the force of cosmic evil in Iranian religion.
		Cumont argued that there must have existed a variant of this myth-- a variant for which there was, however, no actual evidence-- in which the bull-slayer had been transformed from Ahriman to Mithra.
		It was this purely hypothetical variant on the myth of Ahriman's killing of a bull that according to Cumont lay behind the tauroctony icon of the Roman cult of Mithras.
	expage.com /miaremi2 (681 words)

	Franz Valery-Marie Cumont + Marcus Tullius Cicero
		It was on this date, January 3, 1868, that Belgian archaeologist and philologist Franz Valery-Marie Cumont was born in Aalst.
		In particular, Cumont's studies of the neglected cult of the Persian sun-god Mithra illuminated the development of early Christianity.
		In 1910, Baron Descamps, the Catholic Minister of Sciences and Arts at the University of Ghent, refused to approve Cumont for the chair in Roman History, in spite of the unanimous recommendation of the faculty.
	www.ronaldbrucemeyer.com /rants/0103almanac.htm (654 words)

	UMONT, FRANZ VALÉRY MARIE (b
		Cumont extracted from Textes et monuments a compendium of Mithraic studies, Les mystères de Mithra (Brussels, 1900), which was twice reprinted (Paris, 1902; Brussels, 1913).
		The importance of Cumont’s work has been universally acknowledged, though, as Francis noted in his preface to this last article, “Cumont sometimes pressed his conclusions beyond the available evidence, and what many epigoni have on occasion taken to represent an unassailable judgement may rest on little more than an imaginative interpretation of unusually problematic data.
		Cumont also seems to have underestimated the importance of astronomy in the genesis of Mithraism: He noted in Textes et monuments (I, p.
	www.iranica.com /newsite/articles/unicode/v6f5/v6f5a006.html (888 words)

	Franz Cumont (Site not responding. Last check: )
		After receiving royal travelling he undertook archaeology in Pontus and Armenia in 1906) an in Syriabut he is known for his studies on the impact Eastern mystery religions particularly Mithraism on the Roman Empire.
		When candidate was named in 1912 Cumont resigned positions at the University and at the Museum in Brussels left Belgium and henceforth his time between Paris and Rome.
		A century ago, Franz Cumont gathered together all the primary evidence about Mithraism: mentions in literary texts, inscriptions, sculptures, coins, excavated Mithraea.
	www.freeglossary.com /Franz_Cumont (615 words)

	Historians of Astrology - by Lester Ness (Changchun University of Technology)
		Like Cumont, he was a prolific author of articles as well as books, covering a wide range of astronomical and astrological subjects.
		Brown is one of the successors of Otto Neugebauer.
		Cumont expanded his interests to include the use of astrology in religion.
	cura.free.fr /xxv/24ness.html (3502 words)

	Cosmic Mysteries of Mithras \| Mithraism \| Ancient Religion
		Franz Cumont had responded to this problem by focusing on an ancient Iranian text in which a bull is indeed killed, but in which the bull-slayer is not Mithra but rather Ahriman, the force of cosmic evil in Iranian religion.
		Cumont argued that there must have existed a variant of this myth-- a variant for which there was, however, no actual evidence-- in which the bull-slayer had been transformed from Ahriman to Mithra.
		It was this purely hypothetical variant on the myth of Ahriman's killing of a bull that according to Cumont lay behind the tauroctony icon of the Roman cult of Mithras.
	www.well.com /user/davidu/mithras.html (3812 words)

	Encyclopedia: Franz Cumont
		FACTOID # 101: The United States has the world's highest marriage rate - as well as the world's highest divorce rate.
		Syncretism is the attempt to reconcile disparate, even opposing, beliefs and to meld practices of various schools of thought.
		Franz-Valery-Marie Cumont (Aalst, Belgium, January 3 1868 - Brussels, August 25 1947) was a Belgian archaeologist and historian, a philologist and student of epigraphy, who brought these often isolated specialties to bear on the syncretic mystery religions of Late Antiquity, notably Mithraism.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Franz-Cumont (1084 words)

	Amazon.ca: The Mysteries of Mithra: Books (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cumont believed that the Roman cult of Mithras was derived from the ancient Persian worship of Ahura-Mazda, or Mithra, and identical to it.
		Cumont's work is generally considered to be the quintessential work on the Mithraic cult.
		Cumont's entire account of Roman Mithraism is based on the supposedly-obvious idea that Roman Mithraism arose from Persian or Iranian religion, in some important sense.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0486203239 (690 words)

	Amazon.com: The Mysteries of Mithra: Franz Cumont: Books
		Cumont's work is generally considered to be the quintessential work on the Mithraic cult.
		Cumont believed that the Roman cult of Mithras was derived from the ancient Persian worship of Ahura-Mazda, or Mithra, and identical to it.
		He was led to this view by mentions of Persia in connection with the cult, although since 'the Persian' was one of the stages of initiation, this is not necessarily so.
	www.amazon.com /Mysteries-Mithra-Franz-Cumont/dp/0486203239 (709 words)

	To Walt Re: Proof Please (Site not responding. Last check: )
		CREA Here's what John Hinnells, the editor of __Mithraic Studies__ (1975) had to say about Cumont's contributions to the field: "In 1896, at the age of twenty-eight, Franz Cumont inaugurated the modern history of Mithraic scholarship by publishing the __Textes et monuments figures relatifs aux mysteres de Mithra II__.
		The second part of this introduction was then printed separately as __Les Mysteres de Mithra__, a compelling portrait of the biography and nature of Mithra which seemed to illuminate the dark recesses enshrouding the Iranian origin and Roman cult of the god.
		In his quest for coherent synthesis, however, Cumont sometimes pressed his conclusions beyond the available evidence, and what many epigoni have on occasion taken to represent an unassailable judgement may rest on little more than an imaginative interpretation of unusually problematic data.
	www.errantyears.com /1998/feb98/000108.html (337 words)

	Franz Cumont -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The Austrian dramatic poet Franz Grillparzer drew on his personal problems to create tragedies that are recognized as the greatest work of the Austrian stage.
		The most brilliant pianist of his day, Franz Liszt was also a distinguished composer of great originality and a major figure in the whole of Romantic music.
		Franz Schubert was a student at the Royal Imperial Academy in Vienna when Napoleon attacked the city.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9028205 (698 words)

	The Mysteries of Mithra (Franz Cumont) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cumont leads the reader in a fascinating voyage of discovery to understand the meanings of the many occult symbols found on the statues (such as keys, signs of the Zodiac etc.).
		However, scholarship has moved on, and now it is generally agreed that Cumont's seminal work is wrong and that the cult's rituals are one of many examples of star myths (see D. Ulansey's book), and have nothing to do with Persian religion.
		However, 5 stars are merited simply due to the fact that this book was a defining moment in the history of Mithraic scholarship - indeed, it was the beginning of scholarship in this field - it was this book which caused the Mysteries of Mithra to be noticed and scrutinised br proceeding academics
	software.justwilliams.com /uk/product/0787302317.htm (258 words)

	Astrology and Religion Among the Greeks and Romans, Kessinger Publishing, Franz Cumont
		According to Cumont, based on the fact that such knowledge was simply unavailable earlier, it can be demonstrated to have emerged only in the sixth century BC.The subsequent course of the book is the study of the large influence that Babylonian astronomy has exerted on Greek and Roman religion.
		An examination of these connections is critical to understanding the nature of Greek culture, and its later influence on Western thought, since it had been universally recognized by ancient authors that Greek philosophy was born, not in a vacuum, but as a result of Greek contact with the teachings of the Magi.
		According to Cumont, the early Greek philosophers were not in contact with the orthodox Magi, but with the unorthodox Maguseans of Asia Minor, whose creeds later formed the basis of all the mysteries and occult doctrines of the Hellenistic Age...
	allentech.net /bookstore/item_1564594599.html (361 words)

	Research Sources For Astrology
		Cumont, Franz, "Le mysticime astral dans l'antiquite," Bulletins de l'academie royale des sciences, des lettres, et des beaux-arts de Belgique (1909): 256-279.
		Cumont, Franz, "Les noms des planetes et l'astrolatrie chez les Grecs." L'antiquite classique 4 (1935): pp.
		Cumont, Franz, Astrology and Religion among the Greeks and Romans (New York and London: G.P. Putnam's Sons, The Knickerbocker Press, 1912; repr., NY: Dover, 1960) {The best single book on history of astrology in ancient society and religion.
	www.smoe.org /arcana/astrol5.html (2499 words)

	Franz CUMONT : astrology and planets, Map of the Heavens and Interactive Birth Chart
		Just click on the Dynamic Natal Chart of Franz CUMONT with the positions of planets, astrological houses, and the list of the aspects with orbs in degrees and minutes.
		Only 6 diagrams out of 11 are displayed, and precision of these computations is of course not of the same level than those for the case of the known time of the event.
		Texts are not translated, so if you wish to read interpretations associated with theses computations, you need to go to the full astrological Portrait of Franz CUMONT and to use this Automatic Free Website Translator.
	www.astrotheme.fr /en/portraits/MMLT36h33zwx.htm (580 words)

	Franz Cumont - Hotel Resource Book Store (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Franz Cumont is a scholar who spent his entire life studying Mithras, and one which students of the New Age have been trying to "refute," debunk and reinterpret for a generation.
		However, Cumont remains the towering figure in the field of Mithraic research.
		The text is a superb overview of the material that was available when Cumont wrote and provides an excellent starting point for any exploration into the...
	www.hotelresource.com /bookstore/authorsearch_Franz%20Cumont/mode_books.html (239 words)

	Franz Cumont - The Info Page (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Franz E Rosenberger - Fundamentals of Crystal Growth Springer Series in Solid - State Sciences V 5 - 0387090231
		Franz-Valery-Marie Cumont (Aalst, Belgium, January 3 1868 - Brussels, August 25 1947)was a Belgian archaeologist and historian, a philologist and student of epigraphy, who brought these often isolated specialties to bear on the syncretic mystery religions of Late Antiquity, notably Mithraism.
		Modern interpretation of Mithras as the astronomical bull-slayer have continued to move away from Cumonts interpretations, though his documentation remains valuable.In 1997 the Royal Library, Brussels, observed the fiftieth anniversary of Cumonts death appropriately, with a colloquium on syncretism in the Mediterranean world of Antiquity.
	www.bookpricesearchengines.com /306943_franz-cumont_1299586651astrologyandreligionamongthegreekstobuyabook.html (891 words)

	Fate VS Free Will
		Discussed are the successful blending of these as well as ancient astrological paradigms that allows us to understand not only the mechanical resolution to this contradiction, but the psychological notions that allow that resolution through understanding as well.
		Stoic astrological perspectives (Cumont, 40) conceived the world as a great organism, with destiny connected with an infinite succession of causes, with the regularity of the celestial configurations as indicative of this destiny.
		Fatalism is one of the major principles that promoters of astrology imposed on the world because of the irrefutable observational evidence of celestial regularity, leading to an assumed philosophic derivation of this fate from necessity, and emanating from the awareness of divine plan (Cumont, 85).
	www.astroconsulting.com /FAQs/fate_vs_free_will.htm (2838 words)

	Society Fresh : Article 'Franz Cumont' (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Mysteries of Mithra (http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/mom/index.htm), by Franz Cumont (English translation) at sacred-texts.com
		The Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism (http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/orrp/index.htm), by Franz Cumont (English translation) at sacred-texts.com
		Astrology and Religion Among the Greeks and Romans (http://www.sacred-texts.com/astro/argr/index.htm), by Franz Cumont at sacred-texts.com
	www.society-fresh.net /DisplayArticleFull422052.html (487 words)

	Holier Than Thou - Mithraism (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Of late the researches of Cumont have brought it into prominence mainly because of its supposed similarity to Christianity...
		Cumont worked with the thesis that Mithraic belief was of a continuous, fairly invariable tapestry from it's earliest history up into the Roman period.
		Cumont came to believe the religion spread westward from Eastern Roman provinces.
	www.holierthanthou.info /mithras.html (7934 words)

	The "body and blood of Mithras" myth
		Cumont refers to a similar passage in Theodore bar Koni.
		I obtained this from among Cumont's papers at the Academia Belgica in Rome.
		Finally, the book "Mithraic studies" doesn't contain a posthumous article of Franz Cumont, but objections to Cumont's theories: R. Gordon, "Franz Cumont and the Doctrines of Mithraism" in J. Hinnells (ed.), Mithraic Studies I, Manchester 1975, pp.
	www.tertullian.org /rpearse/mithras/mithras_myth.htm (11135 words)

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