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Topic: Franz Joseph Gall

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	Franz Joseph Gall - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Franz Joseph Gall (March 9, 1758 - August 22, 1828) was a neuroanatomist and physiologist who was a pioneer in the study of the localization of mental functions in the brain.
		Gall was born in Grand Duchy of Baden, in the village of Tiefenbronn.
		Gall's phrenological theories and practices were best accepted in England, where the ruling class used it to justify the "inferiority" of its colonial subjects, including the Irish, and then in the USA, where it became very popular from 1820 to 1850.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Franz_Joseph_Gall (464 words)

	Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind - Gall, Franz Joseph (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Gall lectured on phrenology and believed that mind could be divided into separate faculties which were discretely localized in the brain, and that the exercise of or innate prominence of a faculty would enlarge the appropriate brain area that, in turn, would show up as a cranial prominence.
		Gall believed that mind could be divided into separate faculties which were discretely localized in the brain, and that the exercise of or innate prominence of a faculty would enlarge the appropriate brain area that, in turn, would show up as a cranial prominence.
		However Gall was correct in assigning the brain the role of the seat of mental activities, and although he was wrong in detail due to a faulty methodology, the possibility of the localization of brain functions is widely accepted today.
	www.artsci.wustl.edu /~philos/MindDict/gall.html (310 words)

	FJ Gall
		Franz Joseph Gall was born in the Swabian village of Tiefenbronn near Pforzheim, which was later in the German Grand-Dutchy of Baden, the sixth of ten children of Roman Catholic merchant parents.
		Gall began to collect human and animal skulls and wax moulds of brains from around 1792 in order to study the development of the cranial contours with the characteristic behaviours associated with a species of animal, or a well-known general or robber.
		Gall described the brain as the continuation of the spinal cord and claimed to have discovered that the brain is made of "bundles of threads" rather than a pudding-like substance.
	pages.britishlibrary.net /phrenology/fjgall.html (2266 words)

	Franz Joseph Gall - LoveToKnow 1911
		FRANZ JOSEPH GALL (1758-1828), anatomist, physiologist, and founder of phrenology, was born at Tiefenbrunn near Pforzheim, Baden, on the 9th of March 1758.
		Following out these researches, he gradually reached the strong conviction, not only that the talents and dispositions of men are dependent upon the functions of the brain, but also that they may be inferred with perfect exactitude and precision from the external appearances of the skull.
		Gall's first appearance as an author was made in 1791, when he published the first two chapters of a (never completed) work entitled Philosophisch-medicinische Untersuchungen fiber Natur u.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Franz_Joseph_Gall (587 words)

	Franz Josef Gall
		Gall was especially interested in studying individuals who demonstrated extreme behaviors -- those who were especially gifted, or criminal, or insane -- and considered their particular skull prominences and depressions as representing those parts of the underlying brain that were over- or underdeveloped relative to their special characteristics.
		Gall amassed a large collection of skull and brain casts, including those of well-known writers, philosophers and artists, to serve as a basis for correlation and corroboration of his theories.
		Gall correctly identified the origins of cranial nerves I through VIII, and was the first to notice the presence of two discrete kinds of nerve fibers, "rentrants" or "divergents" (projection fibers) and "convergentes" (association/commissural fibers).
	www.geocities.com /SoHo/Workshop/4220/gall.html (3545 words)

	A Brief Biography of Franz Joseph Gall
		Franz Joseph Gall was born in Baden, Germany, on March 9, 1758.
		Gall studied medicine in Vienna, Austria, and became a renowned neuroanatomist and physiologist.
		Gall's phrenological theories and practices were best accepted in England, where the ruling class used it to justify the "inferiority" of his colonial subjects, including the Irish,; and then in the USA, where it became very popular from 1820 to 1850.
	www.cerebromente.org.br /n01/frenolog/frengall.htm (316 words)

	History of Phrenology on the Web
		Franz Joseph Gall was born in the Swabian village of Tiefenbronn near Pforzheim, later part of the German Grand Duchy of Baden.
		Gall's unorthodox practice of disseminating theoretical knowledge to mixed or lay audiences via a lecture tour - and for profit - was described by his critics as the mark of a charlatan.
		Gall's claims to the certitude of Nature were inextricable from the particulars of his system and it was appropriated, along with the faculties and bumps, by Spurzheim when he brought his own version of Gall's system to Britain in 1814.
	pages.britishlibrary.net /phrenology/other_texts/2002van_wyhe.htm (12714 words)

	[No title]
		Gall (1798, Part I, para.4) maintains that the mind is affected by injuries to the brain instead of other parts of the body, and he also writes that the brain is “not necessary to life”.
		Gall’s (1798, Part I, para.9) fifth principle is that other organs in the body are affected in their development by the formation of the brain.
		Gall also felt that brain injury, such as in the form of lesions, could not be isolated and removed; further, such injuries would affect all organs of the brain (Young, 1998: 49).
	www.criminology.fsu.edu /crimtheory/2002/gallpeerdraft.doc (4691 words)

	GALL AND PHRENOLOGY: SPECULATION versus OBSERVATION versus EXPERIMENT - Mind, Brain and Adaptation in the Nineteenth ...
		Gall attempted to replace the speculatively derived, normative, intellectual categories of the sensationalists with observationally determined faculties which reflected the activities, talents and adaptations of individual organisms and were the determinate variables in individual behaviour.
		Gall was as convinced of the continuity of animal and human functions as any post-evolutionary animal psychologist, and a number of his fundamental faculties drew heavily on observations of animals for their evidential support.
		Gall's methods had revealed that this structure was the organ of the sexual instinct ('Instinct of Generation, of Reproduction; Instinct of Propagation'),[5] while Flourens, on the basis of surgical ablation experiments, concluded that it was responsible for the coordination of voluntary movements.[6] For Gall's critics, Flourens' discovery was an important basis for rejecting phrenology.
	human-nature.com /mba/chap1.html (14237 words)

	galling - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Gall, also cecidium, swelling or excrescence of plant tissues caused by the action of parasites.
		Gall, Franz Joseph (1758-1828), German anatomist and physician, born in Tiefenbronn, Germany.
		Gall developed a system for studying the skull, called...
	ca.encarta.msn.com /galling.html (90 words)

	European Traces of the History of Psychology: Paul Broca
		Gall was born in Tiefenbronn, Baden, Germany in 1758 and died in Paris in 1828.
		He is recognized as the father of phrenology, although Gall himself did little to popularize the notions of the phrenologists (see Spurzheim for later development of the phrenology movement).
		Although Gall's interpretation of the structure and functioning of the cortex contributed to the growing knowledge base of the central nervous system, his notion of "reading bumps" ultimately contributed nothing to science.
	mysite.verizon.net /donrae19/gall.htm (275 words)

	The First Psychologists
		Gall's work is interesting because he is at once a visionary and a clod.
		Franz Gall is responsible for doing early brain research on individual differences in learning.
		Franz Gall is responsible for providing "scientific credibility" to a widely popular contention of his time - that the brain's faculties were located in certain sections of the brain, and that the size and shape of these sections indicate the strength or weakness of the faculty.
	www.candleinthedark.com /gall.html (932 words)

	Twenty Medical Classics of the Jefferson Era
		Franz Joseph Gall was born in Tiefenbronn, Germany, and was a pupil of Van Swieten at the University of Vienna.
		As a student and later as a professor at Vienna, Gall concentrated on the study of the brain, particularly on the function and relation of the gray and white matter.
		Gall is famous for introducing the theory of localization of cerebral function, and notorious for inventing the pseudo-science of phrenology, the assessment of intellect and personality based on the shape of the skull.
	www.med.virginia.edu /hs-library/historical/classics/Gall.html (3531 words)

	Phrenology Bust, Dittrick Medical History Center - Case Western Reserve University
		According to Gall, the different functions of the brain, such as memory, language, emotion, the ability to recognize faces, perform calculations, and appreciate music, were situated in specific sites or "organs" of the brain.
		Gall contended that each "organ" of the brain would hypertrophy (grow) or atrophy (shrink) with use, and that these changes would be perceptible on the surface contour of the skull.
		Gall never approved of the term phrenology; he called his system organology and later simply the physiology of the brain.
	www.cwru.edu /artsci/dittrick/site2/museum/artifacts/group-A/A-5phrenology.htm (641 words)

	Franz Joseph Gall (www.whonamedit.com)
		Franz Josef Gall, infamous for the pseudoscience of phrenology, made many contributions to "real science", such as his discovery that the grey matter of the brain contained cell bodies (neurons) and the white matter contained fibres (axons).
		Gall and Spurzheim's investigations gave considerable impetus to the study of neuroanatomy, and both their findings and their general conceptions proved very important when they were later integrated with an evolutionary view of the nervous system and with the neuron theory.
		Gall's extensive case records from insane asylums, prisons, schools, and public life were supplemented by large collections of craniums, skull- and brain casts, including those of well-known writers, philosophers and artists, to serve as a basis for correlation and corroboration of his theories.
	www.whonamedit.com /doctor.cfm/1018.html (5265 words)

	Gall's Legacy Revisited
		Gall is widely known for his proposal that mental faculties are localized on the surface of the brain.
		Gall tended to focus on examples of individuals with special development or deficit in particular faculties and protrusions or indentations in parts of their cranium that corresponded, in his scheme, to these faculties.
		Gall's legacy was invoked by many neuroscientists later in the 19th century as they began to identify regions of the brain with specific mental activities.
	mechanism.ucsd.edu /~bill/research/gall.html (10825 words)

	phrenology
		The Viennese physician Franz-Joseph Gall (1758-1828) claimed there are some 26 "organs" on the surface of the brain which affect the contour of the skull, including a "murder organ" present in murderers.
		Gall was an advocate of the "use it or lose it" school of thought.
		However, in Gall's time it was only possible to study the brains of the dead; thus, phrenologists could only associate the different structures in the brain with supposed mental functions that were in turn associated with the contour of the skull.
	skepdic.com /phren.html (857 words)

	essay4F
		Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828), an Austrian physician, was the man who first conceived the idea of phrenology.
		Gall concluded that the human mind was composed of forty-four different faculties expressed in the configurations of the brain.
		Consequently, when Gall encountered a case involving large, projecting eyes (supposedly a sign of intelligence and good memory) connected with a rather unremarkable memory, he explained that the large eyes were probably due to rickets or hydrocephalus.
	www.msu.edu /user/hewittj4/essay4F.htm (1680 words)

	Pioneers of Psychology [2001 Tour] - School of Education & Psychology
		Convinced that mental functions are localized in specific regions of the brain and that human behaviour is dependent upon these functions, Gall assumed that the surface of the skull faithfully reflects the relative development of the various regions of the brain.
		It was also shown, however, that, since skull thickness varies, the surface of the skull does not reflect the topography of the brain, invalidating the basic premise of phrenology.
		Gall was the first to identify the gray matter of the brain with active tissue (neurons) and the white matter with conducting tissue (ganglia).
	educ.southern.edu /tour/who/pioneers/gall.html (222 words)

	Talking Heads - Page 2
		As early as the 1790s, Gall was developing theories on the anatomy and function of the parts of the brain.
		ranz Joseph Gall came to believe that the anatomy and structure of the brain influenced and, indeed, molded the shape of the skull and, conversely, a study of the skull could reveal information about the size and structure of the brain.
		(Gall did, in fact, place two faculties—memory of words and center of language—in their correct areas of the brain, although the others remain unverified.) Plaster casts of heads and skulls were used to support his ideas, and studies of living beings with pronounced faculties could be used as the basis for comparison.
	countway.med.harvard.edu /rarebooks/exhibits/talking_heads/heads2.html (696 words)

	Franz Joseph Gall : founder of phrenology
		GALL, FRANZ JOSEPH (1758 -1828), anatomist, physiologist, and founder of phrenology, was born at Tiefenbrunn near Pforzheim, Baden, on the 9th of March 1758.
		Gall’s first appearance as an author was made in 1791, when he published the first two chapters of a (never completed) work entitled Philosophisch-medicinische Unlersucliungen -uber Natur u.
		Gall suggested that the brain was divided into 27 separate "organs,".
	www.phrenology.com /franzjosephgall.html (663 words)

	Making the Modern World - Franz Joseph Gall
		Gall believed in a clear relationship between the size and shape of the skull, and mental faculties and character.
		Gall settled in Paris and continued to practice medicine and work on phrenology despite an unfavourable response to his work by the French scientific community.
		Despite his attachment to phrenology, Gall did make some positive contributions to science with his development of the theory that mental functions reside in specific brain areas and investigations of the brain's grey and white matter.
	www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk /people/BG.0065 (250 words)

	essay4
		Thesis: Franz Joseph Gall developed phrenology in Vienna during the 1820’s, there by reinforcing the ideology of race through a new pseudo-science, which persisted into the twentieth century.
		Phrenology thus inspired scientists to study skulls for the purpose of assessing the character, personality traits, and talents of individuals and the national character of ethnic populations.
		Franz Joseph Gall was the man who first conceived the idea of phrenology.
	www.msu.edu /user/hewittj4/essay4.htm (2346 words)

	Cyber Museum of Neurosurgery
		He slowly increased the number of areas he attributed to specific localizations of cerebral functions which he thought were indicative of the underlying attributes of the human personality.
		Gall used the term, "cranioscopy" but his younger colleague, Spurzheim, coined the word "phrenology" as he went abroad to evangelize and elaborate upon Gall's concepts.
		Gall had asserted that "amativeness" is apparent by the degree of prominence of the occipital bone, and reasoned that matinees must be localized within the cerebellar hemispheres.
	www.neurosurgery.org /cybermuseum/pre20th/phren/phrenology.html (940 words)

	Phrenology
		ustrian physician Franz Joseph Gall (1758–1828) speculated that different mental functions are located in specific parts of the brain, therefore becoming the first person to complete the theory of cerebral localization.
		In his book The Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in General and the Brain in Particular, a four-volume set published between 1810 and 1819, Gall set down the principles that focused on the contours and measurements of the human head as the basis of his doctrine on cranioscopy or phrenology.
		Gall believed it possible to establish individual behavior, personality, character, and strengths and weaknesses by studying the contours or bumps on the head.
	www.unexplainedstuff.com /Prophecy-and-Divination/Phrenology.html (384 words)

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