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	Otto Juliusburger / In Memory of Franz Oppenheimer
		Oppenheimer had begun his career as an interne in one of Berlin's worst slum districts, and often had to stand helpless at the bedside of a tuberculosis patient.
		Oppenheimer was one, with Virchow, Pettenkofer, and Muller-Lyer, of the immortal pioneers in social therapy.
		We should not forget that Oppenheimer was also closely associated with the famous surgeon Schleich, who when he first described his local anaesthesia before the Medical Society of Berlin, was jeered at and roundly ridiculed for his pains; later, he was awarded high honors for his immortal discovery.
	www.cooperativeindividualism.org /juliusburger-otto_on_franz_oppenheimer.html (973 words)

	Review
		Oppenheimer's goal is to trace the birth and development of the state from its sociological genesis to a current constitutional form, and to project certain inclinations forward to see where these trends may lead in the future.
		Oppenheimer claims, at this point, that a "semblance of rights" develops, the right to bare necessities of life; so it comes to be regarded as wrong to kill an unresisting man or to strip him of everything.
		Oppenheimer argues that for the first time in history, we find economic means not the object of exploitation by political means, but rather as a cooperating agent in the origin of the state.
	libertariannation.org /a/f24c1.html (2170 words)

	State, The
		Franz Oppenheimer in 1908 wrote what remains one of the most bracing and stimulating volumes in the history of political philosophy.
		Oppenheimer, who was a medical doctor who became a professor of sociology, suffered terribly for his libertarian views.
		With brilliant astuteness, Oppenheimer called this method of obtaining wealth "the political means." And then he went on to define the state, or government, as "the organization of the political means," i.e., the regularization, legitimation, and permanent establishment of the political means for the acquisition of wealth.
	www.mises.org /store/State-The-P285C0.aspx?AFID=1 (640 words)

	Defining State and Society: Newsroom: The Independent Institute
		Oppenheimer defined the state as “that summation of privileges and dominating positions which are brought into being by extra-economic power.” He defined society as “the totality of concepts of all purely natural relations and institutions between man and man.”
		Oppenheimer argued for what he called “an economic impulse in man.” He believed that material need was the prime motivator of human beings and that progress is produced by economic causes, not by political ones.
		First, Oppenheimer contended that, however the state may evolve, its origin is to be found in external conflict, not an internal one.
	www.independent.org /newsroom/article.asp?id=237 (2794 words)

	THE STATE
		Oppenheimer defines the state as a "control mechanism" imposed by a victorious (militarily, politically, or economically) group upon a "vanquished" group, and boldly asserts that the main goal of the state is to preserve the power and control of the victorious group.
		He then traces the evolution of the state from primitive kingdoms to constitutional democracies and finds this holds true throughout history, even though the "victorious" and "vanquished" groups change.
		Oppenheimer's book has been the foundation for much libertarian thought and is essential reading for anyone interested in political philosophy.
	www.liberty-tree.org /ltn/the-state.html (137 words)

	Amazon.com: The State: Books: Franz Oppenheimer,Charles Hamilton,George H. Smith,John M. Gitterman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Franz Oppenheimer presents a strongly libertarian view of the State.
		Oppenheimer contends that there are two fundamentally opposed organizing principles of social life.
		Oppenheimer enumerates these forces, traces their impact, and projects a future in which the State will have withered away, leaving only a Freeman's Citizenship; a society without a State.
	www.amazon.com /State-Franz-Oppenheimer/dp/0930073231 (722 words)

	Our Enemy, the State - Albert Jay Nock
		Drawing on Franz Oppenheimer's The State, Nock notes that 'the State invariably had its origins in conquest and confiscation' and is a tool used by one class to exploit another.
		Oppenheimer defines the State, in respect of its origin, as an institution "forced on a defeated group by a conquering group, with a view only to systematizing the domination of the conquered by the conquerors, and safeguarding itself against insurrection from within and attack from without.
		Oppenheimer's calculation, made in 1912, to which I have already referred, shows that if legal occupation were abolished, every family of five persons could possess nearly twenty acres of land, and still leave about two-thirds of the planet unoccupied.
	www.bigeye.com /enemy.htm (18153 words)

	Laissez Faire Books
		The book illustrates Oppenheimer's finding that the state "can have originated in no other way than through conquest and subjugation." He draws on vast historical knowledge, and the book is worth reading for the dramatic examples alone.
		Oppenheimer offers about as colorful a description as you're likely to find about the sordid process of state-building.
		The writer is Franz Oppenheimer, and his insight was simple but devastating: human beings have only two ways of surviving, either through productive labor or else through appropriating the product of the labor of others by force.
	www.lfb.com /index.php?stocknumber=PP7384 (514 words)

	How the AJES got its mission statement in 1941: Adolph Lowe's plea for cooperation and constructive synthesis in the ...
		His mentor, Franz Oppenheimer, held the Chair in Sociology at Frankfurt University, then Germany's sole full professorship in the discipline (Simonds 1978:5).
		Oppenheimer and Lowe were later founding members of the editorial board of The Ameri can Journal of Economics and Sociology.
		In the book's dedication, Lowe's reference to 1919-1939, those years in which the chair was occupied by Oppenheimer and Mannheim, as "a period of constuctive synthesis in the social sciences" (1935:5) recalls the fact that his influences, experiences, and intellectual environment were steeped in such collaboration.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0254/is_4_61/ai_94336731 (744 words)

	Defining the State and Society
		Oppenheimer argued for what he called 'an economic impulse in man'.
		As mentioned earlier, Oppenheimer's classic The State sketches the two basic means by which men satisfy their material needs: through their own labor or through expropriating the labor of others.
		Oppenheimer discovered the origin of the State within the 'economic impulse of man' -- or, rather, within those men who wished to satisfy this impulse through the political means.
	www.zetetics.com /mac/state.htm (2970 words)

	The Great Society: A Libertarian Critique by Murray N. Rothbard
		It was best summed up by the great German sociologist Franz Oppenheimer; Oppenheimer wrote that there were fundamentally two, and only two, paths to the acquisition of wealth.
		This method of robbing the fruits of another man's production was shrewdly named by Oppenheimer the "political means." Throughout history, men have been tempted to employ the "political means" of seizing wealth rather than expend effort in production and exchange.
		Or, as Albert Jay Nock, heavily influenced by Oppenheimer’s analysis, concluded: "The state claims and exercises the monopoly of crime" in its territorial area.
	www.lewrockwell.com /rothbard/rothbard40.html (2671 words)

	Letters to Henry Search Engine
		Franz Oppenheimer defines 'monopoly' as a position of economic power which makes exchange differently urgent for the partners, thus violating the equivalence of exchange essential for a free society.
		The state, says Oppenheimer is a creature of forcible conquest, a parasite on the body of the community.
		It is the closing of access to the land which ultimatedly causes immigration, claims Franz Oppenheimer.
	www.askhenry.com /fanmail.htm (1518 words)

	Commentary Magazine - Letters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Katz, Jacob and Forbes, Joseph and Oppenheimer, Franz M. and Barrett, William and Luttwak, Edward N. and Friedman, Murray and Rodman, F. Robert and Norwitch, Bernard E. and Agus, Jacob B. and Fierst, Edith U. and Adler, Susan Seidner and Wiklund, Rolf and Freedman, Joel and Barnett, Emilie
		...FRANZ M. OPPENHEIMER Washington, D.C.LETTERS FROM READERS/23 SUSAN SEIDNER ADLER writes: Franz M. Oppenheimer is distressed that I did not make allowances for what are essentially "the impressions of an adolescent girl" and judged Wendelgard von Staden as an author...
		...Oppenheimer does not think we can take it for granted that she hoped "Father's Jewish ac- quaintances" would get out of Ger- many, or that she was against per- secution...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V73I5P8-1.htm (10458 words)

	Nicholas Strakon on a new legitimacy
		In The State, Franz Oppenheimer portrays nomadic horsemen initially raiding and slaughtering communities of unarmed farmers but eventually deciding to rationalize the process by overthrowing the farmers' traditional tribal elders, settling down among them, and converting them into peasants to be milked on a long-term, systematic basis.
		Oppenheimer regarded that emergent system as the primordial state.
		Further rationalization was in order, though, so that the new ruling class of human wolves could catch forty winks without always having to keep one hand on their sword.
	www.thornwalker.com /ditch/lights30.htm (804 words)

	Commentary Magazine - Letters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		...Oppenheimer has a simple method-he declares the opponents of the Jews to have been lunatics and consoles himself that others besides Jews, including Catholics and Freemasons, were also victims of "vilkische nuts...
		...Oppenheimer comes up with a list of authors, all of whom belong to a later time...
		...Oppenheimer thinks I was talking about his grandmothers...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V77I6P4-1.htm (12259 words)

	Other OPPENHEIMERs
		OPPENHEIMER Park in Vancouver is named after him, and there is a statue of him there.
		Dr. Julius OPPENHEIMER, born in Uslar am Solling, 9-10 brothers and sisters who lived in Karlshafen, Uslar, Heiligenstadt and Warburg, died 1909 in Berlin, rabbi of the Jewish reform community in Berlin, married with Antonie OPPENHEIMER, family-name before marriage DAVIDSON, educated as a teacher.
		This OPPENHEIMER family is found in Gronau, Hildesheim and Celle in the region around Hannover, Germany.
	www.loebtree.com /other.html (4072 words)

	BlackCrayon.com: dictionary: 'theState' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Nowhere has the coercive and parasitic nature of the State been more clearly limned than by the great late nineteenth-century German sociologist, Franz Oppenheimer.
		Oppenheimer pointed out that there are two and only two mutually exclusive means for man to obtain wealth.
		Oppenheimer then proceeded to define the State as the "organization of the political means" -- the systematization of the predatory process over a given territorial area.
	www.blackcrayon.com /library/dictionary/?term=theState (719 words)

	Adolph Lowe
		His mentor, Franz Oppenheimer, held the chair in Sociology at Frankfurt, then Germany's sole full professorship in the discipline (Simmonds, 1978, p.
		At a time when the Historical school still dominated the discipline (and especially the academy), Lowe identified Oppenheimer as one of the few scholars in Germany with whom one could study [economic] theory in the classical and neo-classical meaning of the term (Lowe, 1959, p.
		Oppenheimer and Lowe were later founding members of the editorial board of the American Journal of Economics and Sociology.
	cepa.newschool.edu /het/profiles/lowemat.htm (3223 words)

	John Locke Foundation \| Carolina Beat \| No. 706: Forget Reform: Politics Corrupts Money
		Seventy years ago, sociologist Franz Oppenheimer pointed out that there are fundamentally only two ways of getting what you want in life.
		He called them “the economic means” and “the political means.” By economic means, Oppenheimer meant producing and trading.
		By political means, he meant the use of force, particularly force as organized and used by government.
	www.johnlocke.org /news_columns/display_story.html?id=1095 (710 words)

	Hit and Run
		In 1910, Merhaviah, the first Jewish settlement in the Esdrelon valley, was established as a co-operative farm, managed according to Oppenheimer's ideas.
		However, the workers of the second alliyah (immigration period) found it difficult to accustom themselves to the system of an authoritative administration by an appointed agronomist, considered as indispensable by Oppenheimer for the initial stage.
		Governments have fought to dominate land, because as Franz Oppenheimer has written in his great work The State, oppressive state power originates in the conquest of territory.
	www.reason.com /hitandrun/2004/05/voluntary_citie.shtml (1069 words)

	History News Network
		Writing in the tradition of such penetrating analysts of state and society as Stanislav Andreski, Alexander Rustow, Franz Oppenheimer and Herbert Spencer, Vargas Llosa quickly cuts to the chase.
		If no other evidence were available, the history of Latin America would be enough to lend credence to the theory that sheer force, through conquest and expropriation, was the origin of the state.
		Borrowing Franz Oppenheimer’s definition, one could say that the principles point to the use of “political” means of predation rather than “economic” means of production and exchange in order to sustain an elite.
	hnn.us /blogs/entries/12386.html (953 words)

	Nomination of Robert H
		The President today announced his intention to designate Franz Martin Oppenheimer to be a member of the Panel of Arbitrators of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes for a term of 6 years.
		Oppenheimer has been a partner with the law firm of Kominers, Fort, Schlefer and Boyer in
		Prior to this, he was a partner with the firm of Leva, Hawes, Symington, Martin and Oppenheimer, 1959 - 1983.
	www.reagan.utexas.edu /archives/speeches/1988/100588e.htm (958 words)

	Curmudgeon's Commentary
		It all came back to me. Years ago I encountered a reference to Oppenheimer's thesis in an article by Albert J. Nock.
		These are work and robbery, one's own labor and the forcible appropriation of the labor of others," writes Oppenheimer.
		He went on to define one's own labor and the equivalent exchange of that labor for the labor of others, as the "economic means" for the satisfaction of needs.
	www.wrisley.com /comment3.htm (653 words)

	The Old Cause
		Rejecting the state as a genial philanthropic enterprise, Rothbard followed Franz Oppenheimer, who, building on the classical liberal insight into politics-as-plunder,
		These are the "economic means" (production and trade) and the "political means" (seizure of wealth created by others).
		Oppenheimer accordingly defined the state as "the organization of the political means to wealth."
	www.antiwar.com /stromberg/pf/p-s062000.html (2201 words)

	What is a "State"? - Global Policy Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		GPF's Executive Director James Paul looks at the changing nature of nation states, including the effects of collapsing states, deregulation and the downsizing of social services.
		Franz Oppenheimer argued that the state is a “vehicle of capitalism” and “the bastard offspring of slavery and freedom.
		He stated that "the great task before us is to get rid of the remaining traces of slavery and bring full freedom into being.”
	www.globalpolicy.org /nations/nature.htm (946 words)

	SSRN-Duhring's "Socialitarian" Model 0f Economic Communes and Its Influence on the Development of Socialist Thought and ...
		In the 1934 Breit and Lange model of market socialism the organization of the economy is thought to be in the form of large self-management trusts, whose market power is limited by the second characteristic above (openness).
		Very similar features can also be found in Franz Oppenheimer's previous model of industrial cooperatives.
		It is notable that Oppenheimer is said to have been "the intellectual author" of the most famous settlement cooperatives of all, the Jewish settlement cooperatives of Palestine.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=55155 (416 words)

	Editor's Introduction to No Treason
		Traces of such protest are discernible in the traditions of many peoples.
		Oppenheimer described the United States of America a half-century ago (in The State [Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1914], p.17) as "among the most powerful State-formations in all history." Its prodigious growth since that time would surely have prompted him to elevate it to first place, and perhaps decades ago, had he lived to make such observations.
		There is no apparent logic or law regulating the age-old conflict between the individual and the collectivity, between the State and the idea or the reality of the voluntary social system.
	tmh.floonet.net /articles/jjmintr.shtml (1623 words)

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