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Topic: Frazil ice

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Sea ice

Ice

Black ice

Snowstorm

	Sea ice - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Sea ice may be contrasted with icebergs, which are chunks of ice shelves or glaciers that calve into the ocean.
		Pancake ice is sea ice that has been compressed by the action of waves on frazil ice.
		On first year ice, which has a smooth upper surface at the end of winter (except where ridged), the pools are initially very shallow, forming in minor depressions in the ice surface, or simply being retained within surviving snow pack as a layer of slush.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Pack_ice (2086 words)

	Frazil ice - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Frazil ice is a collection of loose, randomly oriented needle-shaped ice crystals in water.
		Frazil ice is the first stage in the formation of sea ice.
		Ice generally floats, but due to frazil ice’s ineffective buoyancy, it can be carried to the bottom very easily.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Frazil_ice (914 words)

	coldtech 92-6
		Frazil ice problems occurred on the February 5 at an air temperature of -7.0 °C. Little precipitation occurred during that day and the average wind speed was 5 m/s from the northeast.
		The frazil ice blockage and the thickness of the accumulated ice was estimated.
		Ice on the trash racks is composed mainly of frazil ice particles, carried by the water and deposited on the bars.
	www.luth.se /depts/lib/coldtech/ct92-6.html (5529 words)

	IERD - River Ice Guide and Glossary
		Accumulation of broken ice pieces that restricts the flow of water; may contain frazil ice or remnants of freezeup jam.
		Circular flat accumulations composed of frazil and slush ice with a raised rim; the shape and rim are due to repeated collisions.
		A smooth, continuous ice cover formed by freezing in the case of lake ice, or by the arrest and juxtaposition of ice floes in a single layer in the case of river ice.
	www.crrel.usace.army.mil /ierd/ice_guide/iceguide.htm (187 words)

	Legislative Electronic Publications -- Frazil Ice Jams (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Frazil ice is causing high river levels on the Saskatchewan River at The Pas and on the Fairford River near Lake St. Martin.
		Frazil ice formation occurred in November and December 2000 on the Red River.
		Ice jamming caused problems with the road from Lake St. Martin to Dauphin River Reserve late in 1996 when flows were of a similar magnitude as this year.
	www.gov.mb.ca /chc/press/top/2005/11/2005-11-24-02.html (346 words)

	How does Arctic sea ice form and decay - Wadhams
		In quiet conditions the first sea ice to form on the surface is a skim of separate crystals which initially are in the form of tiny discs, floating flat on the surface and of diameter less than 2-3 mm.
		This becomes known as pancake ice because collisions between the cakes pump frazil ice suspension onto the edges of the cakes, then the water drains away to leave a raised rim of ice which gives each cake the appearance of a pancake.
		At greater distances inside the ice edge, where the wave field is calmed, the pancakes may begin to freeze together in groups and eventually coalesce to form first large floes, then finally a continuous sheet of first-year ice known as consolidated pancake ice.
	www.arctic.noaa.gov /essay_wadhams.html (2911 words)

	Frazil ice at water intakes
		Initial accretion of frazil ice around a single bar and the motion of particles in the vicinity of an obstacle was simulated through numerical modelling and studied using plastic particles in a laboratory flume.
		Ice particles have almost the same density as the water and simulated results showed that this term, caused by the pressure gradient, is the dominant force that counter the momentum of the particles when they move in the region close to the obstacle.
		Knowledge of the way frazil ice accumulates on water intakes and the initial ice accretion on individual trash racks should be valuable in future work for finding methods to reduce the ice blockage and in the verification of more detailed model studies.
	epubl.luth.se /1402-1544/1997/04/index.html (432 words)

	types
		Frazil ice crystals nucleate on impurities in the water or on snow grains that have fallen onto the ocean surface.
		Ice strength is greater than in the case of frazil or slush, but the cakes are still fairly unconsolidated.
		Ice growth occurs in three time dependent phases that can be identified by ice microstructural properties, although these characteristics are not accounted for in the currently used nomenclature system.
	www.gi.alaska.edu /~eicken/he_teach/GEOS615icenom/form/types.html (1306 words)

	Antarctic Sea Ice
		Fast ice may be formed in situ from sea water or by freezing of pack ice of any age to the shore, and it may extend a few metres or several hundred kilometres from the coast.
		The ablation season of Antarctic sea ice is rarely associated with the presence of melt water on the surface of the ice.
		It may be formed on a slight swell from grease ice, shuga or slush or as the result of the breaking of ice rind, nilas or, under severe conditions of swell or waves, of grey ice.
	www.dbcp.noaa.gov /seashelp/HtmlIceGlossary.htm (2348 words)

	Freshwater Website: Floods (Causes of flooding - Ice Jams)
		Ice crystals may also develop within the river as frazil ice, in open turbulent water under supercooled conditions, that is, the temperature of the water is slightly below 0°C. It is very common in rapids.
		The ice crystals tend to coalesce and accumulate, and may become attached to the underside of the ice cover or to the river bed as anchor ice.
		The stable ice is frozen to the banks or is restricted from moving by the channel configuration.
	www.ec.gc.ca /water/en/manage/floodgen/e_icejam.htm (757 words)

	River Ice
		Ice Floats - Life on earth would be very different if ice sank - for example, the oceans, lakes, and even rivers would be frozen solid except for a thin surface layer of warmer water that melted during the summer.
		Under the ice the river continues to flow and where the flow is turbulent slightly warmer water may be thrust up against the underside of the surface ice.
		This ice is referred to as "rotten ice" and even though it may still be many inches thick is not solid enough to walk on safely.
	www.denniskalma.com /ice.html (936 words)

	Frazil Ice Jam at Northfield, Minnesota, Winter 1991-1992
		Very little shore ice or ice from upstream areas could be seen.
		The surface of the ice completely covered the width of the river and looked not unlike a farmer's field after plowing, with the furrows normal to the flow of the river.
		At the crossing, as near the sewage disposal facility, the shore ice was intact, but the center of the river consisted of broken, shoved pieces.
	www.mvp-wc.usace.army.mil /riverice/archives/nfd1991/index.html (1374 words)

	Segment Details - The Open Video Project
		According to free drift simulations, the ice with its sediment load is displaced from the shallow shelf to the area covered by the colored ellipse within one year.
		Finally, at the point of maximum supercooling, ice is beginning to build up on mineral specimens on the left while flocks roll along the bed sluggishly and occasionally come to rest in the shelter of a ripple where they are buried by the advancing sand.
		This indicates turbid ice is produced by frazil scavenging of sedimentary particles from the water.
	www.open-video.org /studies/study3/views1/transcript.php?seg_id=856 (845 words)

	strength
		Frazil generation is the formation of ice crystals in supercooled waters.
		Congelation ice grows as heat is conducted away from the ice-water interface, through the ice cover.
		Snow ice forms as a result of seawater infiltration into the snow / ice interface and grows as heat is conducted away from the interface through the snow cover.
	www.gi.alaska.edu /~eicken/he_teach/GEOS615icenom/struc/properties.htm (468 words)

	MARINE AND LACUSTRINE SEDIMENTARY PROCESSES INVOLVING NON-GLACIAL ICE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Where ice develops primarily along the shoreline as in the Great Lakes the wave and current energy is displaced from acting at the shoreline sediments to the sediment bed along the outer boundary of the ice.
		Ice growth at the bed (as adhered frazil or anchor ice) is the most significant (and least understood) sedimentologic interaction by ice.
		Frazil and anchor ice growth in fluvial and coastal settings incorporates sediment at the bed until ice growth has generated sufficient buoyancy to break free and roll along the bottom or become a surface ice feature.
	water.usgs.gov /osw/techniques/workshop/barnes.html (1130 words)

	Dr. Ed Kempema Internet Nexus
		The first ice to appear is frazil (small disks or spicules of ice suspended in the water column).
		When turbulence transports frazil to the river bed, the frazil may stick to the bed, forming anchor ice (ice attached or anchored to the bed).
		In common language, one says that frazil an anchor ice are likely to form on a cold, clear night when the wind is strong, the humidity of the air is low, and the river is at minimum flow, especially if such a night follows a cold, windy, cloudy day.
	faculty.gg.uwyo.edu /kempema (501 words)

	Frazil Ice Jam Flooding on the Kenai River
		Frazil ice jams on the Kenai River have flooded low lying roads, destroyed docks, and caused minor damage to structures.
		The frazil ice crystals accumulate and move downstream forming ice pans or adhering to solid in place ice creating hanging dams.
		An equation representing the threshold conditions for the formation of frazil ice jams was determined.
	aprfc.arh.noaa.gov /pubs/newsltr/pub4/frazil.html (517 words)

	All About Sea Ice: Characteristics: Ice Formation
		Frazil ice cannot form in the relatively still waters under sea ice, so only congelation ice developing under the ice sheet can contribute to the continued growth of a congelation ice sheet.
		A signature feature of pancake ice is raised edges or ridges on the perimeter, caused by the pancakes bumping into each other from the ocean waves.
		If the ice is thick enough, ridging occurs, where the sea ice bends or fractures and piles on top of itself, forming lines of ridges on the surface.
	nsidc.org /seaice/characteristics/formation.html (453 words)

	Frazil ice - the large food & drink encyclopedia
		Frazil ice - the large food & drink encyclopedia
		Frazil ice is a collection of loose, randomly oriented ice crystals formed in sea water below ?1.8 °C. Frazil ice gives the water a slightly oily appearance.
		It is the first stage in the formation of sea ice.
	www.netmoon.com /recipes/encyclopedia/f/frazil_ice.html (66 words)

	Crystals may protect Antarctic ice shelves - www.theage.com.au
		The scientists are studying the formation, transport, and deposition of ice crystals known as "frazil ice" in the fresh water of Lake Vostok and under the 550km-long, 200km-wide Amery Ice Shelf in East Antarctica.
		Frazil ice -- small, thin, disk-shaped crystals as small as 1mm in diameter --is believed to play an important role in the movement of ice under ice shelves.
		Monitoring of retreating ice shelves have shown they tend to collapse rapidly at the end of their lives, which may be due to a failure of the frazil ice "protection".
	www.theage.com.au /articles/2003/11/06/1068013322297.html?from=storyrhs (570 words)

	Ocean studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		In calm conditions, congelation ice, which grows at the base of an ice floe as heat is conducted upward to the surface, develops a columnar texture of elongated crystals.
		Congelation ice, frazil ice, and snow ice are the most common types observed in antarctic sea-ice floes.
		Assuming that the ice types observed in the cores are also representative of the entire floe, the contribution of each ice type to the development of the floe is determined from the combined composition of the four cores.
	www.nsf.gov /pubs/1999/nsf98106/98106htm/nsf98106e2.html (1012 words)

	types (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		The processes of ice formation and decay may be influenced by the proximity of land masses.
		Ice that is attached to the coastline or seafloor.
		As the frazil ice continues to thicken (up to about one-half meter), the chunks bump into each other by wave action, causing the edges to upturn slightly by compression and creating a rounded shape to the ice...this imparts upon them their pancake shape
	seis.natsci.csulb.edu /rmorris/seaice/types.htm (898 words)

	World Bank - Hydro Power: Mitigation of Ice Formation
		Most problems associated with ice formation are due to anchor or frazil ice and therefore mitigation commonly focuses on maximising the formation of surface ice so that anchor or frazil ice cannot form.
		Ice Chutes - If, despite design precautions, frazil ice still clogs the forebay, the ice can be diverted from the forebay toward the tailrace with ice chutes.
		Because it obstructs only frazil ice floating on or near the surface, it promotes the formation of beneficial sheet ice by decreasing the velocity of the surface water.
	www.worldbank.org /html/fpd/em/hydro/cif.stm (362 words)

	STUDYING ICE FALLS
		The pillars and curtains of ice that make up an icefall have a washboard surface which appears to be characteristic of these naturally formed vertical sculptures.
		The ice that constitutes an icefall is finely polycrystalline and usually shows layering when a thin sample of the ice is viewed under polarized light.
		The layering is seen as a variation of crystal size across the section and this is related to episodes of additional ice accretion due to rainfall and meltwater.
	www.blueiceonline.com /howsite/icefall_about.html (381 words)

	Frazil ice formation in an ice shelf water plume
		We present a model for the growth of frazil ice crystals and their accumulation as marine ice at the base of Antarctic ice shelves.
		The model describes the flow of buoyant water upward along the ice shelf base and includes the differential growth of a range of crystal sizes.
		Typically, crystals up to 1.0 mm in radius are kept in suspension, and concentrations reach a maximum of 0.4 g/L. The frazil ice in suspension decreases the plume density and thus increases the plume speed.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2004/2003JC001851.shtml (347 words)

	Frazil/marine-ice formation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Marine-ice is thought to form as a result of rising ISW which becomes supercooled in situ forming ice crystals.
		Observations suggest that the ice forms as frazil-ice crystals, which are initially suspended in the water column.
		As the ice crystals grow they rise faster because of a decrease in density, being deposited as a slushy layer at the base of the ice-shelf.
	staff.acecrc.org.au /~bkgalton/proposal/node12.html (202 words)

	Frazil Ice / Frazzle Ice
		Frazil ice are small, needle-like structures or thin, flat, circular plates of ice suspended in water.
		Turbulence also causes the multiplication of ice crystals, which float slowly upward, accumulate, and become the surface slush layer needed for pancake ice.
		UCI has an agreement with a manufacturer of trash racks and screens which are specifically designed to eliminate the frazil ice problem while providing several other benefits.
	www.underwaterconsultants.com /pageDisplay.jsp?pageid=12632 (383 words)

	The Weather Notebook: Frazil Ice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Ice is categorized according to the process by which it becomes ice.
		In water, which is relatively motionless, such as a puddle, a lake or even an ice cube tray, that process is rather simple.
		Anchor ice disappears quickly too, as I'm sure it has done by this time of year in all but the highest and coldest mountain streams across North America.
	www.weathernotebook.org /transcripts/1997/02/19.html (312 words)

	Sea ice - Enpsychlopedia
		The September ice extent trend for 1979-2004 is declining by 7.7 % per decade (Stroeve et al.
		Image:North pole september ice-pack 1978-2002.png Image:North pole february ice-pack 1978-2002.png In the Arctic, the overlying snow layer typically begins to melt from late May to early June.
		Animation of the movement of sea ice, September 2003 through May of 2004.
	enpsychlopedia.com /psypsych/Sea_ice (2158 words)

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