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Topic: Fred Reines

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Neutrino

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		Fred, Clyde and their team built the sophisticated "Herr Auge" detector (on display in the main lobby of the Administration Building), which was 300 liters of liquid scintillator with 92 photomultiplier tubes surrounded by hundreds of tons of lead shielding.
		The Cowan, Reines, Harrison, Kruse and McGuire paper "Detection of the Free Neutrino: a Confirmation" in the July 1956 issue of Science proved to be the seminal paper that opened up a new field of research.
		During the symposium, Reines, a recipient of the 1995 Nobel Prize for physics, and the late Clyde Cowan were lauded for their contributions to neutrino research.
	www.lanl.gov /orgs/pa/Director/083096.html (1164 words)

	Clyde Cowan -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Clyde Lorrain Cowan Jr (1919–1974) was a (The naval officer in command of a military ship) captain in the (additional info and facts about United States Army Air Force) United States Army Air Force.
		In 1956, along with (additional info and facts about Fred Reines) Fred Reines, he detected the existence of the (An elementary particle with zero charge and zero mass) neutrino in the (additional info and facts about neutrino experiment) neutrino experiment.
		Frederick Reines received the (additional info and facts about Nobel Prize in Physics) Nobel Prize in Physics in 1995 in both their names.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/cl/clyde_cowan.htm (118 words)

	Reines Celebration of Life (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Fred spent seven years as Professor and Chairman of the Physics Department at the Case Institute of Technology (now Case Western Reserve University) before moving to UCI in 1966 as the founding dean of the School of Physical Sciences.
		Fred was born in Paterson, New Jersey in 1918, of Russian immigrant parents.
		Fred retained a lifelong interest in the arts and is remembered fondly at UCI for whistling in the halls and stairwells, belting out Gilbert and Sullivan tunes, and reciting poems, puns, and riddles.
	alpha.ddm.uci.edu /zotmail/archive/1998/19981117003.html (460 words)

	Nobel Laureate Frederick Reines
		Reines then devoted the major part of his outstandingly productive career to the understanding of the neutrino's properties and interactions.
		Reines' studies produced a host of fundamental findings and a number of "firsts." These include the detection of neutrinos produced in the atmosphere, the observation of the scattering of electron antineutrinos with electrons, and the detection of both neutral and charged current interactions of electron antineutrinos with deuterons.
		The IMB experiment (of which Reines was co-spokesman) used an 8,000-ton water Cerenkov detector in a salt mine near Cleveland, Ohio, to set the best limits on the lifetime of the proton, thus significantly constraining particle theories.
	www.physics.uci.edu /NEW/reines_memorial.shtml (598 words)

	Fred Reines
		The association of Fred Reines and the neutrino began in the early 1950's, when Reines and Cowan set out to perform the first detection.
		Indeed, several years after the completion of the seminal work of Reines and Cowan, neutrinos were beginning to be used regularly to investigate the weak interactions, the structure of protons and neutrons and the properties of their constituent quarks.
		The IMB experiment (of which Reines was initially co-spokesman and later the sole spokesman) used an 8,000 ton water Cerenkov detector in a salt mine near Cleveland, Ohio, to set the best limits on the lifetime of the proton, thus significantly constraining allowed particle theories.
	www.ps.uci.edu /~superk/fred.html (684 words)

	The Internet Foundation - Neutrino - Fred Reines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Last Friday we celebrated the remarkable discovery of the neutrino by Fred Reines and Clyde Cowan 40 years ago while working for the Laboratory.
		During the symposium, Reines, a recipient of the 1995 Nobel Prize for physics, and the late Clyde Cowan were lauded for their contributions to neutrino research.
		We regret to report that Fred Reines passed away on August 26, 1998, at the age of 80.
	www.theinternetfoundation.org /Science/Neutrino/FredReines.htm (293 words)

	Today@UCI: Press Releases:
		Reines was known for his ground-breaking research and brilliance in the world of physics.
		Reines went on to Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, N.J., where he received an undergraduate degree in engineering in 1939 and a master's degree in mathematical physics in 1941.
		Reines became professor and head of the physics department at the Case Institute of Technology in Cleveland, Ohio (now Case Western Reserve University) in 1959.
	today.uci.edu /news/release_detail.asp?key=518 (1274 words)

	Memories of a Nobel laureate - CERN Courier
		While I was at Savannah River doing these experiments, Fred Reines, Clyde Cowan and their associates were performing a beautiful experiment, the first detection of a free antineutrino (Reines and Cowan 1956).
		I might add that Fred Reines was also stimulated by the new findings and immediately embarked on a programme of solar neutrino research (Reines 1967).
		Fred Reines organized an in-depth conference on all aspects of solar neutrino research at the University of California's Irvine campus in 1972.
	cerncourier.com /main/article/42/10/13 (2225 words)

	Office of Science - Feature Articles - Neutrino Research by the DOE Office of Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Fred Reines and Clyde Cowan at the Control Center of the Hanford Experiment (1953), one of the neutrino experiments leading to their 1956 discovery at the Savannah River nuclear reactor.
		In 1956, Fred Reines and Clyde Cowan found a way to detect antineutrinos coming from a nuclear reactor, using a mixture of water and cadmium chloride.
		In 1946, it was suggested that neutrinos might come in two flavors, one that is always associated with with an electron and another that is associated with a muon (a "heavy electron" that had been discovered in 1937).
	www.er.doe.gov /Science_News/feature_articles_2002/December/Neutrino/PF-Neutrinos-Office-of-Science.htm (1610 words)

	Fred Ericksen , Un magicien illusionniste pour votre soirée évènementielle, 06 15 25 82 51
		Fred Ericksen, Un magicien illusionniste pour votre soirée évènementielle, 06 15 25 82 51
		Fred Ericksen : une autre vision du rêve !
		Fred Ericksen vous propose des spectacles de magie adapté à votre communication d'évènement, mariage, anniversaire, séminaire...
	www.fred-ericksen.com (238 words)

	CERN Courier - Obituaries - IOP Publishing - article
		Frederick Reines, who shared the Nobel Physics Prize in 1995 for his historic 1956 experiment with Clyde Cowan which discovered the neutrino, died in August.
		In 1959 Reines moved to the Case Institute of Technology, Cleveland, where he continued to promote neutrino experiments at reactors and pioneer studies deep underground to search for atmospheric and cosmic particles.
		As well as being a distinguished physicist, Fred Reines also had a fine singing voice, with which he would occasionally entertain close friends with Gilbert and Sullivan lyrics.
	www.cerncourier.com /main/article/38/8/21 (784 words)

	Frederick Reines and the Neutrino
		Frederick Reines and the Detection of the Neutrino
		‘[Frederick] Reines – known among scientists as the "father of neutrino physics" – won the Nobel Prize for physics in 1995 ["for the detection of the neutrino"], nearly 40 years after his neutrino experiments changed the world of physics and set in motion a new way of looking at the universe.
		Additional information about Frederick Reines and his research is available in full-text and on the Web.
	www.osti.gov /accomplishments/reines.html (465 words)

	Historical Background; ``Neutrinos Then''
		In the early 1950's, Reines and Cowan set out to detect the neutrino.
		The top two photos here show Fred Reines adjusting something on the detector (or maybe just posing for the photo) and Reines and Cowan at the electronics for it.
		Fred Reines was pretty tall, but not that tall.
	superk.physics.sunysb.edu /~jimhill/Winter2001Talk/node1.html (367 words)

	Minnesota Technolog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Reines' and Cowan's research began in 1951, and was initially titled Project Poltergeist, owing to the neutrino's elusive nature.
		In 1956, with their research relocated near the Savannah River Nuclear Reactor, Reines and Cowan finally obtained conclusive evidence of neutrinos.
		After Reines and Cowan's research, the scale of neutrino experiments grew with gigantic strides.
	technolog.it.umn.edu /technolog/mayjun99/neutrino.html (2270 words)

	Sun is ok, says latest neutrino experiment
		This experiment, Svoboda said, was virtually the same as the experiment performed by Fred Reines in 1956 which was the first to detect neutrinos and which won Reines a Nobel Prize.
		Svoboda was Reines' postdoctoral student at the time and worked with him on a number of neutrino experiments.
		Buried a half-mile underground to reduce interference from other sources of radiation, the detector is a two-story high plastic balloon filled with mineral oil, as Reines' was, suspended inside a steel tank also filled with mineral oil and lined with photomultipliers.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-12/lsu-sio120602.php (1393 words)

	Processing of Frederick Reines Papers Celebrated with Exhibit
		Processing of Frederick Reines Papers Celebrated with Exhibit
		Fred at the flboard: University of California at Irvine’s poster for the exhibit “Never Stop Asking ‘Why?’”
		Fred Reines inspecting the neutrino detection equipment at the East Rand Mine in South Africa, ca.
	www.aip.org /history/newsletter/spring2000/reinesphotos.htm (74 words)

	The First Detection of The Neutrino by Frederick Reines and Clyde Cowan
		In 1930 Wolfgang Pauli proposed a solution to the missing energy in nuclear beta decays, namely that it was carried by a neutral particle This was in a letter to the Tubingen congress.
		This discovery was recognized by honoring Frederick Reines with the Nobel Prize in 1995.
		Reines, F.B. Harrison, H.W. Kruse and A.D. McGuire, Science 124, 103 (1956).
	www.ps.uci.edu /physics/news/nuexpt.html (750 words)

	ESPACE - printing a module (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Discovery of the neutrino from a reactor by Reines and Cowan.
		Fred Reines got the Nobel Price in 1995 for this important discovery.
		The neutrinos emitted by the reactor produced inonising radiation that could be detected (see figure).
	cdfinfo.in2p3.fr /~bellefon/CD-Espace/Alain/1.html (730 words)

	A Neutrino Timeline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		1956 Fred Reines and Clyde Cowan discover (electron anti-) neutrinos using a nuclear reactor.
		1965 The first natural neutrinos are observed by Reines and colleagues in a gold mine in South Africa, and by Goku Menon and colleagues in Kolar gold fields in India, setting first astrophysical limits.
		1995 Frederick Reines and Martin Perl share the Physics Nobel Prize for discovery of electron neutrinos (and observation of supernove neutrinos) and the tau lepton, respectively.
	hep.stanford.edu /neutrino/KamLAND/Timeline (722 words)

	THE DISCOVERY OF NEUTRINO OSCILLATIONS
		Clearly the data reported here is the single most important finding about neutrinos since their discovery in 1956 by Fred Reines and Clyde Cowan, the discovery of muon neutrinos at Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1961, and the discovery of the tau particle at SLAC (Stanford California) in 1974.
		Fred Reines and Clyde Cowan discovered the electron neutrino in 1955.
		Reines, now retired from UCI and in ill health, was also the leader of the IMB experiment and remains nominally part of the SuperKamiokande experiment.
	www.phys.hawaii.edu /~jgl/nuosc_story.html (7077 words)

	Science and Technology @ LANL \| Program Office \| Frontiers in Science > Neutrinos Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Though they are the most prevalent particles in the universe and have played a central role in the origin and evolution of the universe, we know very little about them.
		Neutrinos were discovered 45 years ago by LANL scientists Fred Reines and Clyde Cowan (for which Reines received a Nobel Prize in 1995) and have since been observed from many sources, including the sun and exploding stars called supernovae (for which Ray Davis and Masatoshi Koshiba received Nobel Prizes in 2002).
		As well as playing a very important role in cosmology and in supernovae bursts, neutrinos may also explain why we exist: why there is far more matter than antimatter in the universe.
	stb.lanl.gov /program/frontiers_louis_abstract.shtml (193 words)

	GSU Phys4410 Project by Yang, Kyung-Chol
		Fred Reines and C. Cowan searched a way to measure inverse β-decay:
		Result: Reines and Cowan sent a telegram in June 1956 informing Pauli of their discovery.
		Martin Perl and Frederick Reines won the Nobel Prize in 1995 for the discovery of the tau lepton and the detection of the neutrino, respectively.
	www.angelfire.com /ga4/neutrino/history.html (822 words)

	"Mysterious and invisible"
		Despite the staggering numbers, it took until the 1950s to make a neutrino detection--a feat that was done at Los Alamos with an apparatus similar to the one used now.
		Last month the discoverers, Fred Reines, now at the University of California, Irvine, and the late Clyde Cowan won the 1995 Nobel Prize.
		Learn more about Frederick Reines and the Neutrino.
	sln.fi.edu /inquirer/neutrino.html (1461 words)

	An Account of the Development of the Solar neutrino Problem
		Fred Reines and his associates were engaged in building a large scintillation counter system for observing cosmic-ray produced neutrinos.
		A valuable conference on the solar neutrino problem was organized by Fred Reines at the Irvine campus of the University of California in February, 1972 (Reines and Trimble 1972; Trimble and Reines 1973).
		Reines, F., and Trimble, V. Proceedings of the Solar Neutrino Conference, University of California, Irvine.
	www.sns.ias.edu /~jnb/Papers/Popular/JohnRayhistory/johnrayhistory.html (14222 words)

	Long-Baseline news August 1998
		Reines died last week in Orange California after a long illness.
		Working with Dr. Clyde Cowan, he used the Savannah River nuclear reactor to produce neutrinos and a tank of water as the detector in the 1950's.
		Reines' most recent paper was as one of 121 authors of "Evidence for oscillation of atmospheric neutrinos", hep-ex/9807003.
	www.hep.anl.gov /ndk/longbnews/9808.html (805 words)

	Albuquerque Tribune Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Neutrinos aren't just at Los Alamos; they're everywhere: Every inch of space in the visible world is saturated with trillions of them - but they have a special place at Los Alamos, where they were first discovered 45 years ago by scientists Fred Reines and Clyde Cowan.
		Los Alamos proved the existence of neutrinos in the 1950s by creating a bunch of them - they're made when atoms change states or are merged together in the sun, solar wind, nuclear reactors and particle accelerators - and crashing them into a detector that makes a flash of light when they hit it.
		The lab has proven the existence of several types of neutrinos from the sun, nuclear reactors and distant supernovas, but the ones created in the big bang have yet to be detected, because they move very slowly, Louis said.
	abqtrib.com /archives/news03/020403_news_bright.shtml (1039 words)

	Glossary Item - Neutrino
		Believing that the two conservation laws were valid, Pauli stated than an undetected particle must be produced during beta decay, one that would carry away the missing energy and momentum.
		Neutrinos were detected experimentally by Clyde Cowan and Fred Reines at the Savannah River reactor in South Carolina in 1956.
		The other two types of neutrinos, the muon-neutrino and the tau-neutrino, are associated with particles known as muons and taus.
	education.jlab.org /glossary/neutrino.html (277 words)

	PhysicsWeb - Physics World Magazine
		The findings, reported at the Neutrino 98 meeting in Takayama, Japan and submitted to Physical Review Letters, have important implications for both cosmology and particle physics.
		Neutrinos were first detected in 1956 by Fred Reines of the University of California at Irvine and the late George Cowan.
		They showed that a nucleus undergoing beta decay emits a neutrino with the electron, a discovery that was recognized with the 1995 Nobel Prize for Physics.
	server-mac.pas.rochester.edu /yigal/news/numass.html (1326 words)

	Ice Fishing for Neutrinos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Their existence was postulated by Pauli as a book-keeping device to conserve energy and momentum in the radioactive decays of nuclei.
		He liked to say: "I have done a terrible thing, I have postulated a particle that cannot be detected." Clyde Cowan and Fred Reines proved him wrong 23 years later.
		The handicap of a minuscule probability for the absorption of neutrinos in the instrumented volume of a particle detector can, of course, be overcome by exposing it to an abundant source.
	amanda.berkeley.edu /www/ice-fishing.html (3003 words)

	Elusive Particles Continue to Puzzle Theorists of the Sun
		1956 Fred Reines and Clyde Cowan discover neutrinos coming from a nuclear reactor.
		(Reines later wins a Nobel Prize for this and other work.)
		1965 The first natural neutrinos are observed by Dr. Reines and colleagues in a gold mine in South Africa.
	www.physics.ohio-state.edu /~wilkins/writing/Assign/topics/solar-neutrinos.html (2360 words)

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