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	Fredric Wertham
		Wertham's letters even began appearing in fanzine letter columns, often politely justifying his views on violence and the media to unsympathetic fan editors, often just participating in the conversation and commenting amiably about unrelated matters brought up in a previous issue.
		The unknowing reader is left with the impression that Wertham is simply a public figure known for his "writings or talks on such subjects as mass media, youth problems, or violence," and fanzine editors sent him their publications just to communicate pleasantly with the nice gentleman in response.
		Wertham gives no hint of his personal position in the world of fanzines as a near-legendary bogeyman, regarded by many of their editors and contributors as incarnate evil walking the earth.
	art-bin.com /art/awertham.html (3953 words)

	frederic wertham (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Frederic Wertham (March 20, 1895-November 29, 1981) was a German-American psychiatrist and crusading author who protested the purportedly harmful effects of mass media (comic books in particular) on the development of children.
		Fredric Wertham was born in Munich, Germany in 1895.
		Wertham's books, although influential, were not very strong on providing proof for their assertions, but gave lots of gruesome examples.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /Frederic_Wertham.html (954 words)

	Encyclopedia: Frederic Wertham (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Fredric Wertham (March 20, 1895–November 29, 1981) was a German-American psychiatrist and crusading author who protested the purportedly harmful effects of mass media—comic books in particular—on the development of children.
		Wertham was born in Munich, Germany, studied in Munich, Erlangen, and London, and graduated from the University of Wurzburg in 1921.
		Wertham always denied that he favored censorship or had anything against comic books in principle, and in the 1970s he focused his interest on the benign aspects of the comic fandom subculture; in his last book, The World of Fanzines (1974), he concluded that fanzines were "a constructive and healthy exercise of creative drives".
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Frederic-Wertham (941 words)

	Frederic Wertham (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Wertham's main concern always was the psychological well-being of children.Dealing with a lot of juvenile criminals though, who almost all were avid readers of the most horrific titles the comic industryof that time had to offer, gave him a view of comics and crime which proved disastrous for the comic industry in the 1950s.
		In 1948, Dr. Wertham published an article stating that the crime and violence depictedin comics were an important factor in leading kids on the criminal path.
		Wertham's books, although influential, were not very strong on providing proof for their assertions, but gave lots ofgruesome examples.
	www.therfcc.org /frederic-wertham-43153.html (900 words)

	Comic Art & Graffix Gallery Artist Biographies - Frederic Wertham
		Frederic Wertham was born March 20 1895 in Nuremburg, Germany.
		Released in 1954, "Seduction of the Innocent" was Wertham's epic tome on the effects of comics on children.
		Wertham wrote another book in 1958 called "Circle of Guilt" whose main claim was that Americans were starting to feel that they were less responsible for themselves and their actions, resulting in higher crime rates across the country.
	www.comic-art.com /biographies/wertham1.htm (1285 words)

	Wertham - new and used books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Wertham's conclusion that the effects were pernicious ruined the childhood of a whole generation.
		Wertham presents an entirely new concept of murder and violence, revealing them as diseases of society which can and must be cured.
		Wertham presents an entirely new concept of murder and sviolence, revealing them as diseases of society which can and must be cured.
	www.isbn.pl /A-wertham (1053 words)

	Dr. Freud's Hamlet
		At the center of Frederic Wertham's argument with Sigmund Freud's interpretation of Hamlet is an attack on the universal appropriateness of the Oedipal complex.
		Wertham suggests that Hamlet might just provide the exception to the rule that could force a reconsideration of the rule itself.
		Wertham then goes on to recount the case history of a patient whose circumstances were similar to Hamlet's in that after his father's death, his mother had an affair with his uncle.
	arts.ucsc.edu /faculty/bierman/elsinore/Freud/freudOrestes.html (460 words)

	Sequential Tart: Redirected Male - A. David Lewis (vol VI/iss 1/January 2003)
		Wertham talks of his patients in the same language as we talk of Columbine, only 35 years earlier.
		No, if Wertham blamed anyone, he blamed the parents — ignorant of what their children were reading and altogether disengaged in their son or daughter's tumultuous life.
		That is, Wertham does fear that Batman and Robin's relationship — as well as Wonder Woman and Wonder Girl's pairing — depict irregular households, less so because of any homoerotic subtext but because of what he felt was a lack of real family.
	www.sequentialtart.com /archive/jan03/rdm_0103.shtml (1473 words)

	Wertham, Fredric: Seduction of the Innocent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		After seven years of research on children and adolescents diagnosed as "juvenile delinquents," psychiatrist Wertham concluded that crime comic books (mysteries, thrillers, horror, and police stories) are a harmful influence on young minds.
		Wertham's critique attracted the attention of Time and Harper's magazines and he appeared to enjoy the industry's efforts to refute his vocal criticisms by demonizing him as a deranged doctor in the very products that he deplored.
		Wertham is clearly troubled by the stark portrayal of violence and of prominent breasts and bulging genitalia and is at pains to indicate how disgusting and "tedious" he finds the study of comics: "you have to wade through all the mushiness, the false sentiment, the social hypocrisy, the titillation, the cheapness" (p.
	endeavor.med.nyu.edu /lit-med/lit-med-db/webdocs/webdescrips/wertham1526-des-.html (441 words)

	Seduction of the Innocent and the Attack on Comic Books
		In this book Dr. Wertham stated that in his studies with children, he found comic books to be a major cause of juvenile delinquency.
		Wertham also stated that Wonder Woman was giving little girls the "wrong ideas" about a woman's place in society.
		Wertham was called to testify at the hearings, as were other juvenile delinquent experts, representatives of the major comic companies, some of their advertisers and distributors, and the representatives from National Cartoonist Society.
	www.psu.edu /dept/inart10_110/inart10/cmbk4cca.html (2319 words)

	Amazon.com: Seduction of the innocent: Books: Frederic Wertham (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Wertham has a good deal to say on the effect of graphical violence on children, some of it borne out by later studies (although these studies were focused on cartoons, not still images, we can assume the same principles apply).
		However, Wertham was definitely not a conservative and he certainly did not pursue a right wing agenda.
		Wertham was afraid that comic books might "define deviancy down" and that is exactly what happened with modern day comic books and certainly contemporary video games.
	www.amazon.com /Seduction-innocent-Frederic-Wertham/dp/B0007J5ICY (2002 words)

	Frederic Wertham Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In 1932 he moved to New York City, where he became the senior psychiatrist for the city's Department of Hospitals.
		Shortly after beginning his work in New York, Wertham entered the public eye as an expert witness in the trial of notorious serial killer Albert Fish.
		Wertham's first book, The Brain as an Organ (1934), was a general study of mental illness based on the theories of Kraepalin.
	www.jobsinart.com /encyclopedia/Frederic_Wertham (1197 words)

	Scryptic Studios :: An Unnecessarily Long History of the Comics Code Authority (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Wertham often read too far into the comics he researched, claiming that Batman and Robin were lovers and the Amazonian princess Wonder Woman was a lesbian because she fought male villains.
		The biggest flaw in Wertham’s studies, as well as all criticism launched at the comic industry, is that there is no way to prove that comics are actually responsible for any detrimental actions or behaviors.
		Wertham served as a crucial witness and was allowed to pontificate, at great length, about many of his opinions regarding the volatile nature of comic books.
	www.scrypticstudios.com /index.php/news/91?theme=print (3173 words)

	Rotten Tomatoes Forums (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Wertham believed that parents and governments who let their children read comic books were probably neglecting those children in other ways.
		Wertham was a brain physiologist; a writer of medical textbooks (his The Brain as an Organ set the standard for its day); a medical anthropologist; a forensic psychiatrist; a social reformer; and an outspoken critic of all media.
		Wertham’s four pages on Batman is his longest single diatribe on any superhero, and anchors the chapter listed as "I want to be a sex maniac!" Batfans may have heard the charges: that Batman turned Robin gay and would turn readers gay.
	www.rottentomatoes.com /vine/archive/index.php/t-398947 (18347 words)

	The Writings and Art of Mike Pizzolato :: When comics fell/by Mike Pizzolato (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Back in the 1950s comics publishing was nearly crushed by congress because anti-comics crusader and psychiatrist Dr. Frederic Wertham reported to a congressional committee that comics were destructive to young people and caused all kinds of social problems such as juvenile delinquency.
		Wertham's book, entitled, "Seduction of the Innocent," was mocked years later much in the same way Ken Starr's work in the Monica Lewinsky case with President Clinton in the 1990s has been and likely will be mocked for generations to come because of its' overt and obsessive focus on sexuality.
		Wertham claimed, in an era of greater homophobia than today, that Batman and Robin had an abnormal relationship with homosexual qualities and that Wonder Woman, created by child psychologist Dr. William Moulton Marston, was a lesbian.
	mikepizzolato.myblogsite.com /blog/_archives/2005/6/22/964083.html (990 words)

	The Wonder Woman Pages: Golden Age
		In the late 1940's and the early 1950's, Dr. Frederic Wertham was touring the country blaming comic books for the 'moral decline' of that eras youth.
		Wertham was a Freudian who probably saw a penis in every phallic object other than his own pants.
		In 1954, Dr. Wertham wrote his now infamous book: Seduction of the Innocent, which expounded on his anti-comic book views, and is seen by many comic book historians as the death of the Golden Age, and the beginning of the Comics Code Authority.
	www.wonderwoman-online.com /goldenage_ww.html (1147 words)

	seduction of the innocent- frederic wertham (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Released in 1954, "Seduction of the Innocent" was Wertham's epic tome on the effects of...
		In 1948, Dr. Wertham published an article stating that the crime and violence depicted in comics were an...
		We show you the best selection of seduction of the innocent- frederic wertham websites in which is updated everyday.
	linksfactory.com /links/seduction_of_the_innocent-_frederic_wertham (334 words)

	Dr. Freud's Hamlet
		Frederic Wertham, a psychoanalyst himself, led the attack on Freud's interpretation.
		But there is no evidence of this hostility against the real father in the text, and certainly no evidence either in the text or in the whole psychological setting of the story, that this assumed hostility is so strong and far-reaching that it can serve as the main explanation.
		The response from the psychoanalytic community centered on the universality of the Oedipal complex, as did the attack itself.
	arts.ucsc.edu /faculty/bierman/Elsinore/Freud/freudOpinions.html (473 words)

	iqexpand.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Fredric Wertham comiclopedia page by Lambiek Fredric Wertham (20/3/1895 - 29/11/1981, Germany) Dr. Fredric Wertham was born in Munich, Germany in 1895.
		Unjacketed cloth binding, $50.00 Paper binding, $20.00 Fredric Wertham and the Critique of Mass Culture Bart Beaty A re-examination of the critic whose Congressional...
		Fredric Wertham, M.D. Dr. Fredric Wertham, M.D. Wednesday, October 19, 2005 Extreme and abnormal 'avidity' The reasons given why contact is often sought for children with physicians or psychiatrists or...
	fredric_wertham.iqexpand.com (381 words)

	Damn Interesting » The Man Who Changed Comic Books Forever
		Wertham had been helpful in the 1920's of proving the then novel idea that a patient's environment should be taken in consideration before diagnosing treatment.
		Wertham worked with troubled teenagers and noticed that many of them were avid readers of comic books.
		Wertham was a media darling, writing for popular magazines and speaking around the country.
	www.damninteresting.com /?p=466 (2707 words)

	Review \| Comic Book Nation by Bradford Wright
		The cognoscenti will likely forgive these lapses, as Wright's best work in the book focuses on Frederic Wertham, whose efforts at protecting youth from the evils of comics take up some 50 of the book's 285 pages.
		Wright painstakingly lays out Wertham's background and previous lobbying efforts, painting an interesting picture of the man. A casual reading of comics history would suggest that Wertham was a McCarthyite, a right-wing censor of all that wasn't wholesome and "American" in values.
		The reader is free to draw his own conclusions as to Wertham's ethics and motivations, particularly with the multitude of references cited for further study.
	www.januarymagazine.com /artcult/comicbooknation.html (1444 words)

	Dr Schyzoid - the doctor who psycho analyzed The Spirit!
		was the writer of this tale and that he knew of Dr Wertham's pieces on comics in magazines like the Ladies Home Journal which were being published at the time.
		Wertham was born in Germany and studied medicine and psychiatry at universities in London, Munich, Vienna and Paris before settling in America.
		After the outrage that Wertham's book produced in 1954, the Comics Code Authority was established by a group of comic book publishers.
	wildwoodcemetery.com /schyzoid.shtml (361 words)

	[No title]
		Drawing upon Wertham's published works as well as his unpublished private papers, correspondence, and notes, Beaty reveals a man whose opinions, life, and career offer more subtlety of thought than previously assumed.
		In particular, the book examines Wertham's change of heart in the 1970s, when he began to claim that comics could be a positive influence in American society.
		The Wertham that emerges is a critic who was significantly more progressive and multifaceted than his reputation would suggest.
	www.upress.state.ms.us /catalog/fall2005/fredric_wertham.html (239 words)

	seduction of the innocent- frederic wertham Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
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	seduction.search-now803.com /seduction_of_the_innocent-_frederic_wertham.html (309 words)

	Comics Code Authority History Summary
		Although some psychologists argued against Wertham's claims, the book was generally well received, becoming a best-seller and creating a furor over the supposed insidiousness of the comic book industry.
		Called to testify, Wertham continued his attack on comic books, concluding "I think Hitler was a beginner compared to the comic book industry." William Gaines, publisher of the much-maligned EC line of comics, argued that these comics were not intended for young children and should not be subjected to protective censorship.
		Notably, Wertham had been in favor of restrictions that would keep certain comics out of the hands of children, but he was troubled by what he saw in Code-approved books, which he often found no less harmful than the pre-Code comics.
	www.bookrags.com /history/popculture/comics-code-authority-sjpc-01 (1002 words)

	Reason Magazine - Contributors > Franklin Harris
		By 1953, other companies were imitating EC, and horror comics accounted for nearly a quarter of all comics published. When psychiatrist Frederic Wertham began his crusade against comic books, EC was one of his targets.
		Wertham was a leftist influenced heavily by Frankfurt School Marxism and by Theodor Adorno in particular.
		The only representative of the comics industry to testify was Gaines. Gaines was a successful businessman but a poor politician, and his decision to appear before the subcommittee was a blunder.
	www.reason.com /contrib/show/274.xml (773 words)

	Polite Dissent: comics, medicine, and medical comics
		By the time this comic was on the shelves, Dr. Wertham’s infamous book Seduction of the Innocent had already been released (and excerpts published in the Ladies Home Journal) and the House Subcommittee on Juvenile Deliquency had already turned its eyes toward comics.
		Within just a few months, the Comics Code Authority would begin, and within a year EC was no longer publsihing comics.
		Frederic Wertham, writer of the infamous (and flawed) book Seduction of the Innocent, was a psychiatrist who was convinced that comic books were directly responsible for juvenile delinquency.
	www.politedissent.com /index.php?s=wertham&submit=search (1639 words)

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