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	Encyclopedia: Frederick Barbarossa
		Frederick's campaign was stopped by the sudden outbreak of the plague which threatened to destroy the Imperial army and drove the emperor as a fugitive to Germany, where he remained for the ensuing six years.
		frederick i (holy roman empire), called frederick barbarossa (1123?-90), holy roman emperor and king of germany (1152-90), king of italy (1155-90), and as frederick iii, duke of swabia (1147-52, 1167-68).
		frederick was forced in 1177 to acknowledge alexander iii as pope and in 1183 to sign the peace of constance, acceding to the demands of the lombards for autonomy but retaining imperial suzerainty over the towns.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Frederick-Barbarossa (750 words)

	Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		As son of Duke Frederick II of Swabia and Judith of Bavaria, from the rival House of Guelph, Frederick descended from Germany's two principal families, making him an acceptable choice for the Empire's princely electors as heir to the Imperial crown.
		In June 1158, Frederick set out upon his second Italian expedition, which resulted in the establishment of imperial officers in the cities of northern Italy, the revolt and capture of Milan, and the beginning of the long struggle with Pope Alexander III, which resulted in the excommunication of the emperor in 1160.
		Frederick suffered a heavy defeat at the battle of Legnano near Milan, on May 29 1176, where he was wounded and for sometime believed to be dead.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (1316 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Frederick I
		During these stormy controversies, forerunners of the approaching tempest, Frederick was strengthened in his views regarding the superiority of the royal over the papal power, chiefly through intercourse with the leading jurists of the University of Bologna.
		Frederick failed to see that in these cities a new political factor was developing, and underrated the powers of resistance of these free municipal republics.
		His suzerainty in Burgundy was, in the main, re-established, after Frederick, with the consent of the Curia, had separated from Adela von Bohburg, and married Beatrice, the heiress of Burgundy.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06252b.htm (2336 words)

	The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition: Frederick I @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		FREDERICK I [Frederick I] or Frederick Barbarossa [Ital.,=red beard], c.1125-90, Holy Roman emperor (1155-90) and German king (1152-90), son of Frederick of Hohenstaufen, duke of Swabia, nephew and successor of Holy Roman Emperor Conrad III.
		Frederick's coronation as emperor in Rome was delayed by unrest in Germany and by the revolutionary commune of Rome (1143-55), headed by Arnold of Brescia, which controlled the city.
		Among the positive and lasting achievements of Frederick's reign are the foundations of new towns, the increase of trade, and the colonization and Christianization of Slavic lands in E Germany.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1E1:Fred1HRE&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (802 words)

	Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Frederick IV of Hohenstaufen (1145 – 1167) was duke of Swabia, succeeding his cousin, Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor, in 1152.
		He was the son of Conrad III, king of Germany (not crowned emperor) and Gertrude of Sulzbach and thus the direct heir of the crown, had there been true heredity.
		Frederick participated in Barbarossa's campaigns in Italy, becoming one of the many casualties of the Imperial army that succumbed to disease after occupying Rome in 1167.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Frederick_IV,_Duke_of_Swabia (166 words)

	30th Generation (cont.) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Frederick von Hohenstaufen I, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire [scrapbook] "Barbarossa" was born circa 1123 in
		BIOGRAPHY: Frederick Barbarossa (Barbarossa is the Italian translation of Redbeard) was the duke of Swabia (as Frederick III) from 1147 to 1190.
		Barbarossa elevated the princes of Pomerania to dukes, and the counts of Andechs became the dukes of Merania (in the neighborhood of Trieste).
	www.boazfamilytree.com /gneville/aqwg28.htm (3993 words)

	Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor - InfoSearchPoint.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Frederick I (1122/25-1190), also known as Frederick Barbarossa ("Frederick Redbeard") was elected king of Germany on March 4, 1152 in succession to his uncle Conrad III, and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1155.
		As the son of Frederick of Hohenstaufen, duke of Swabia, and Judith of Bavaria, of the rival Guelph dynasty, Frederick was descended from Germany's two principal families, making him an acceptable choice for the Empire's princely electors as heir to the Imperial crown.
		Frederick was succeeded as king and emperor by his son Henry.
	www.infosearchpoint.com /display/Barbarossa (359 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search View - Frederick I (Holy Roman Empire)
		Conrad III, favoring Frederick over his own son, on his deathbed recommended to the German princes that Frederick be chosen for the German kingship and the imperial throne.
		Meanwhile Frederick had set up a series of antipopes in opposition to the reigning pope, Alexander III, who espoused the cause of the Milanese and their allies and who, in 1165, excommunicated Frederick.
		Frederick initiated the Third Crusade in 1189, and in the next year, having resigned the government of the empire to his son Henry, later Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI, set out for Asia Minor.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761561996__1/Frederick_I_(Holy_Roman_Empire).html (749 words)

	Germany during the Crusades (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		With Germany relatively secure, Frederick decided to assert himself in the Kingdom of Italy, which is to say in northern Italy; specifically, in the city of Milan, which opposed any attempt to assert royal authority.
		Frederick was the first German ruler to use the term "holy empire" ("Holy Roman Empire"—the term you will find in many history books—was not used until much later).
		Frederick lived to a ripe old age, though, and his son was not only fully grown but was well established as heir when Frederick died while on the Third Crusade in 1190.
	crusades.boisestate.edu /Europe/germany/05.shtml (678 words)

	Christian History Handbook: Medieval: Lecture Twenty-one (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The marriage in 1186 of Frederick Barbarossa's son and heir, Henry VI, to Constance, the Norman heiress of the kingdom of southern Italy and Sicily, was a dynastic victory over the papacy.
		The child Frederick II inherited the rule of south Italy and Sicily from his parents, but was dominated and controlled by the papacy of Innocent III (1198-1216) for fourteen years while Germany was in civil war between Welf and Waiblinger factions.
		Frederick II was crowned king in Sicily when his father died in 1197, king of Rome in 1212, king of the Germans in 1215, and Roman Emperor in 1220 by Pope Honorius III.
	www.sbuniv.edu /~hgallatin/ht34632e21.html (2167 words)

	Frederick Hohenstaufen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Frederick of Hohenstaufen was born December 26, 1194.
		Frederick was raised in the court at Palermo until he took over the government at the age of fourteen.
		Frederick's relations with the Church began peacefully enough, with his former guardian Innocent III gaining him the throne of the Germans and Innocent's successor Honorius crowning him Holy Roman Emperor in 1220.
	www.pitt.edu /~eflst4/Hohenstaufen.html (611 words)

	The Light & the Dark: VADEMECUM - THE STAUFER ERA I
		Frederick I Barbarossa, who inherited the Welf problem, tried to solve it by allotting Bavaria to Henry the Lion in 1156, thus creating a mighty feudal power block of Saxony and Bavaria combined.
		Barbarossa, with above him the equistrian statue of the emperor William I. Frederick I Barbarossa (he had indeed a barba rossa) (1152-1190) was a son of Conrad III.
		Frederick was first married to Adela of Vohburg; the union was far from happy and remained childless.
	home.wanadoo.nl /piet.fontaine/volumes/staufer.htm (2701 words)

	eWorld: verbal intercourse: Frederick Barbarossa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Rahewin's description of Frederick's physical characteristics in the end of The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa is significant because it describes many things about his ability as a leader, and serves to connect Frederick to great rulers of the past.
		Frederick was one with his people, engaging in sport with them, and laying "aside for a while his regal dignity" (332).
		In the beginning of his physical description of Frederick, Rohewin says that "divine, august Frederick is (as a certain writer says of Theoderic) in character and appearance such a man that he deserves to be studied even by those not in close touch with him" (311).
	ericrichardson.com /verbal/barbarossa (1505 words)

	LEFTFIELD-PSI Spear of Destiny Article
		Frederick moved his seat of power to Italy in 1157 to keep a closer eye on the rebellious subjects who defied the unification of the church and state under his reign.
		By 1176, Frederick was engaged in open fighting in Italy and was defeated at the Battle of Legnano in that same year, forcing him to return his throne to Germany.
		According to most accounts, Barbarossa became impatient with his troops, demanding that they cross immediately so that he could join with his son, who was leading the advanced guard of the army on the other side of the river.
	www.leftfield-psi.net /religion/spear_of_destiny5.html (1933 words)

	Famous Men of the Middle Ages - Frederick Barbarossa (By John H. Haaren (John Henry))
		Frederick is said to have knelt and implored Henry to do his duty, but in vain.
		Frederick finally succeeded in keeping the nobles in the different provinces of Germany at peace with one another, and persuaded them to work together for the good of the whole empire.
		Barbarossa was so much loved by his people that it was said, “Germany and Frederick Barbarossa are one in the hearts of the Germans.” His death caused the greatest grief among the German Crusaders.
	www.authorama.com /famous-men-of-the-middle-ages-22.html (757 words)

	Ancestors and Family of Frederick I Barbarossa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Frederick was the son of Frederick II, duke of Swabia, and Judith, daughter of Henry IX, duke of Bavaria, of the rival dynasty of the Welfs.
		Frederick married Adelheid von Vohburg, daughter of Diepold III von Vohburg and Unknown, in 1147.
		Frederick next married Beatrix of Burgundy, daughter of Rainald III of Burgundy and Agathe de Lorraine, on 10 Jun 1156 in Wurzburg.
	nygaard.howards.net /files/3/2615.htm (730 words)

	Frederick II
		Frederick II Frederick II Frederick II is a very convenient example of the sort of doubter and rebel the 13th century could produce.
		Frederick was the son of the German Emperor Henry VI; and grandson of Frederick Barbarossa.
		Frederick founded the University of Naples and was one of the first Italians to write Italian verse.
	www.latter-rain.com /eccle/fred2.htm (259 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Historia de Expeditione Frederici Imperator
		Contact was made with the German Emperor, Frederick Barbarossa, with the King of France, Philip Augustus, and with the King of England, Henry TI.
		Barbarossa was elderly and bad spent the greater part of his career at odds with the Papacy.
		Barbarossa's men were victorious and his army passed from Konya through the Taurus Mountains and on to the plains of Seleucea.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/1190barbarossa.html (1173 words)

	The Invisible Basilica: Frederick of Hohenstaufen
		Frederick II, although a Hohenstaufen like his grandfather, was born in Sicily and brought up under the influence of Norman, Byzantine and Muslim cultures.
		He attacked Frederick's positions in Italy, and Frederick was forced to leave Jerusalem to defend his Italian territories from the papal forces.
		It is sometimes said that Frederick the Great was the first to "shake the power of the Papacy," but this honor clearly belongs to Frederick II of Hohenstaufen.
	www.hermetic.com /sabazius/frederick.htm (563 words)

	Third Crusade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		But the first army actually to depart was led by the Emperor of the Romans, Frederick I, whom the Italians had nicknamed "Barbarossa" (Redbeard).
		Frederick took the cross publicly in March 1188.
		Frederick wintered at Edirne and in the spring of 1189 succeeded in obtaining a crossing into Asia Minor.
	crusades.boisestate.edu /3rd/03.shtml (324 words)

	Heinrich the Lion (1129/30-1195) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		He broke with Frederick in 1176 and in consequence was deprived of most of his lands and was exiled twice (1181–85; 1189–90).
		When Emperor Frederick I. Barbarossa (1194-1250) of Hohenstaufen, his cousin, was elected king of Germany in 1152, the Hohenstaufen made peace with the rival dynasty of the Welfs, of which Henry was a member.
		In early 1168 he married Matilda, the daughter of Henry II (1133-1189) of England, and soon afterward was sent to France and England as ambassador of Frederick I on a mission to arrange an armistice between both nations.
	www.hfac.uh.edu /gbrown/philosophers/leibniz/BritannicaPages/HeinrichLion/HeinrichLion.html (1152 words)

	The Third Crusade - Frederick Barbarossa
		This also was a grand affair, planned jointly by the Emperor Frederick I (known better as Frederick Barbarossa), the king of France, and the King of England.
		The Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick Barbarossa, led a German force through Byzantium, and aroused the usual fears with the usual foundation.
		He defeated the sultan at Iconium But Frederick was drowned in attempting to ford the river Calycadnus in Asia Minor (1190) before reaching the Holy Land.
	www.latter-rain.com /ltrain/cruthr.htm (659 words)

	Raul N. Longoria's Genealogy Database (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Frederick I (Barbarossa) (HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR) was born in 1122.
		Also known as Frederick Barbarossa, he was a Duke of Swabia and King of Germany prior to becoming Holy Roman Emperor.
		Parents: Frederick II HOHENSTAUFEN and Judith of Bavaria.
	www.raullongoria.net /Genealogy/FamilyTree/d3.html (3240 words)

	Frederick (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, was born of the Hohenstaufen family.
		After succeeding his father as duke of Swabia, Frederick I was elected German king and crowned emperor by the pope in 1155.
		Frederick Barbarossa became one of the greatest monarchs of medieval Germany, but his reign was a continuous struggle against unruly vassals at home, the city republics of Lombardy, and the papacy.
	www.hyperhistory.com /online_n2/people_n2/ppersons5_n2/frederick1.html (98 words)

	Friedrich I, 'Barbarossa' Holy_Roman_Empir (1122 - 10 Jun 1190)
		Friedrich I, 'Barbarossa' Emperor Of The Holy Roman Empire called Barbarossa or Red Beard, succeeded his uncle Conrad III as king of Germany in 1152.
		He was born in Waiblingen, the son of Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, duke of Swabia (1090-1147), and the nephew of Conrad III, king of Germany.
		By attacking the Leonine City in Rome in 1167-68, Frederick was able to install one of the antipopes, Paschal III (died 1168), on the papal throne.
	www.smokykin.com /ged/f002/f56/a0025623.htm (888 words)

	Search Results for Barbarossa - Encyclopædia Britannica
		Conrad was succeeded by his nephew, the duke of Swabia, Frederick I (1152–90), whose reign marks a major reassertion of imperial rule in Italy.
		Frederick saw himself not as the heir to a compromise...
		Barbarossa had restored the dependence of the Polish dukes during two expeditions to...
	www.britannica.com /search?query=Barbarossa&submit=Find&source=MWTEXT (316 words)

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