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	Robbins, Frederick Chapman - MSN Encarta
		Robbins and his fellow researchers, American microbiologist John Franklin Enders and American virologist Thomas Huckle Weller, were the first to succeed in growing the polio virus on tissue in the laboratory, making it possible for the virus to be studied in detail by many researchers.
		From 1980 to 1985 Robbins was president of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences.
		However, Robbins and his colleagues developed cell cultures based on tissues from mice—and from humans—that improved considerably on the efforts of earlier researchers.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761582625/Robbins_Frederick_Chapman.html (640 words)

	Frederick Chapman Robbins Summary
		Frederick Chapman Robbins was born in 1916, in Auburn, Alabama.
		Robbins and Weller, in their polio experiments, were taking advantage of the new antibiotics.
		Robbins also served as dean of the Case Western Reserve School of Medicine and as president of the Institute of Medicine.
	www.bookrags.com /Frederick_Chapman_Robbins (693 words)

	Obituary: Frederick Robbins \| Special Reports \| EducationGuardian.co.uk
		Frederick took a bachelor of science degree at the University of Missouri and qualified in medicine in 1940 at Harvard University medical school, where he studied with John Enders and roomed with Thomas Weller.
		Robbins also returned there to complete his training and to join his old college colleagues in a resumption of work into the potential value of tissue culture for the propagation of viruses.
		In May 1952, Robbins became professor of paediatrics at Western Reserve University School of Medicine and director of the department of paediatrics and contagious diseases, at the Metropolitan General Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio.
	education.guardian.co.uk /obituary/story/0,12212,1013864,00.html (844 words)

	Blog of Death: Frederick Robbins
		Frederick Chapman Robbins, a Nobel Prize-winning pediatrician, died on Aug. 4 from congestive heart failure.
		Robbins earned his undergraduate degree at the University of Missouri and his medical degree from Harvard.
		Robbins mentored many doctors as a professor at Harvard and the Western Reserve University School of Medicine in Cleveland, and as the chief of pediatrics and contagious diseases at Cleveland City Hospital.
	www.blogofdeath.com /archives/000226.html (246 words)

	Robbins, Frederick Chapman
		A graduate of Harvard University Medical School (1940), Robbins served in the United States, Italy, and North Africa during World War II (1942-46) as chief of the U.S. Army's 15th medical general laboratory virus and rickettsia section, where he investigated epidemics of infectious hepatitis, typhus, and Q fever.
		By 1952 Robbins and his colleagues had succeeded in cultivating the virus in mixtures of human embryonic skin and muscle tissue suspended in cell cultures, dramatically demonstrating that the polio virus subsists in extraneural tissue, only later attacking the lower part of the brain and sections of the spinal cord.
		Robbins served as director of the department of pediatrics and contagious diseases at the Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospital (1952-66) and as professor of pediatrics (1952-80) and dean (1966-80) at the Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.
	www.britannica.com /nobel/micro/506_22.html (267 words)

	F.C. Robbins, Virus Researcher, Dies at 86 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Frederick C. Robbins, a pediatrician who shared a Nobel Prize in 1954 for discovering a way to grow the polio virus in a test tube and paving the way for the vaccines that have eliminated the crippling disease from much of the world, died yesterday in Cleveland.
		Robbins had many careers, as a chief of pediatrics, laboratory researcher, clinician specializing in infectious diseases, medical educator, dean of Case Western Reserve's medical school, president of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences and a leader in health policy.
		Frederick Chapman Robbins was born on Aug. 25, 1916, in Auburn, Ala., and grew up in Columbia, Mo., where he played polo and won ribbons as a horseman.
	www.nytimes.com /2003/08/05/college/collscnd05ROBB.html?ex=1137988800&en=84702699cb2da2bc&ei=5034 (777 words)

	Robbins Frederick Chapman - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Robbins, Frederick Chapman (1916-2003), American bacteriologist and Nobel laureate.
		Robbins, Frederick Chapman - Columbia Encyclopedia article about...
		Frederick Chapman Robbins (August 25, 1916 – August 4, 2003) was an American pediatrician and virologist.
	encarta.msn.com /Robbins_Frederick_Chapman.html (163 words)

	Frederick C. Robbins - Biography
		Frederick Chapman Robbins was born in Auburn, Alabama, on August 25, 1916.
		While he was working with Enders, Robbins chiefly studied the cultivation of poliomyelitis virus in tissue culture and the application of this technique.
		Frederick C. Robbins is now University Professor and Dean Emeritus at the Case Western Reserve University.
	nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1954/robbins-bio.html (761 words)

	Robbins Tom - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Robbins Tom - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Robbins, Tom, born in 1936, American writer, best known for comical novels with outlandish characters and plots.
		Robbins, Frederick Chapman (1916-2003), American bacteriologist and Nobel laureate.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Robbins_Tom.html (86 words)

	Frederick Chapman Robbins - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Frederick Chapman Robbins (1916-2003) was a Nobel laureate in Medicine and Physiology in 1956 along with Enders and Weller.
		Returning to civilian life, Robbins resumed his training at The Children's Hospital Medical Center
		This page was last modified 20:06, 26 October 2005.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins (91 words)

	Robbins, Frederick Chapman -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Robbins was first known for his skillful use of contemporary American themes in ballets and Broadway and Hollywood musicals.
		Robbins, Frederick C. pediatrician and virologist born in Auburn, Ala.; in U.S. Army during World War II, doing medical research in epidemiology; at Children's Hospital, Boston, 1946–52; professor of pediatrics at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine 1952–80; received 1954 Nobel prize; work in cultivating poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures made possible...
		Jerome Robbins was best known for his musical comedies and his innovations in classical ballet.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9397161?tocId=9397161 (699 words)

	Frederick Chapman Robbins - Encyclopedia.com
		He served on the staff of Children's Hospital, Boston, and at Harvard, and from 1952 to 1966 was director of pediatrics at Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospital.
		Obituary: Professor Frederick C. Robbins; Joint winner of the Nobel Prize for his work on the poliovirus.(Obituaries)
		Samuel (90) (305)858-9550 Robbins Tunkey Ross, et al...
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-RobbinsF.html (790 words)

	chapman - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Chapman, chapman : UltraLingua English Dictionary [home, info]
		Chapman, chapman : LookWAYup Translating Dictionary/Thesaurus [home, info]
		Phrases that include chapman: john chapman, chapman john, jake chapman, chapman kolmogorov equation, frank michler chapman, more...
	www.onelook.com /?w=chapman (232 words)

	Dr. Frederick Robbins
		Fred, Uncle Fred and FCR (nobody dares call him Freddie), was born in Alabama and grew up in Columbia, Missouri, where his father was professor of botany at the University.
		Use of these vaccines has eradicated poliomyelitis from the Western Hemisphere and it is anticipated that worldwide eradication will be achieved.
		The methods developed by Enders, Robbins and Weller were adapted to other infectious viruses in similar ways, and opened up avenues to their control.
	www.metrohealthresearch.org /robbins.html (1436 words)

	Botany online: MIRROR SITE: Chronology - Historical Developments - Biological Sciences
		John Franklin Enders and Frederick Chapman Robbins and Thomas Huckle Weller found that animal viruses could be grown in cell culture instead of live animals.
		Frederick Sanger developed the 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzine method and Edman developed the phenylisothiocyanate procedure for identification of the N-terminal residues of peptides.
		Frederick Sanger, E. Thompson and Hans Tuppy completed the determination of the amino acid sequence of the A and B chains of insulin.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/e01/geschichte.htm (15153 words)

	Ava Helen and Linus Pauling Papers - 09. Photographs and Images, 1951i - 1954i
		Frederick Robbins, and Dagmar Hessel (Riksmarskalken's daughter) at the 1954 Nobel Prize gathering.
		Frederick Robbins, Birger Ekeberg, Hans Von Euler, and Max Born at the 1954 Nobel Prize gathering.
		Frederick Robbins, Linus Pauling, Thomas Weller and others attending a conference on polio.
	library.oregonstate.edu /specialcollections/coll/pauling/catalogue/pauling09_1951i-1954i.html (3295 words)

	Frederick Robbins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Frederick Robbins shared the 1954 Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine for his work on growing polio virus in culture, which led to the development of both the Sabin and Salk vaccines against poliomyelitis.
		Fred, Uncle Fred and FCR (nobody dared call him Freddie), was born in Auburn, Alabama, on August 25, 1916.
		He was the son of William J. Robbins, a plant physiologist, who became Director of the New York Botanical Gardens, and Mother, Christine, née Chapman.
	www.fredsociety.com /robbins.html (515 words)

	Frederick Robbins ( - ) Artwork Images, Exhibitions, Reviews
		Frederick Robbins, Bolinas Bay, 19th - 20th century
		Frederick Robbins, Sunset on Mount Shasta, 19th - 20th century
		Frederick Stuart Church, The Wanderers Return, frontispiece in the book, Representative Etchings by Artists of To-day in America (New York: Frederick* A. Stokes, 1887), 1887
	www.wwar.com /masters/r/robbins-frederick.html (798 words)

	ScienceNOW: Pediatrician and Polio Pioneer@ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Today is the 83rd birthday of Frederick Chapman Robbins, an American pediatrician and virologist who played an important role in the development of the polio vaccine.
		After investigating viral epidemics for the U.S. Army during World War II, Robbins joined a research team at the Children's Hospital in Boston.
		In 1948, he found a way to grow viruses in the laboratory, using cultured cells in a nutrient solution--a discovery that made isolation and study of viruses much easier.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1P1:29332219&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (157 words)

	Frederick Robbins ( - ) Artwork Images, Exhibitions, Reviews
		Frederick Robbins, On the Campus (Berkeley), 19th - 20th century
		Frederick Stuart Church, The Wanderers Return, frontispiece in the book, Representative Etchings by Artists of To-day in America (New York: Frederick* A. Stokes, 1887), 1887
		Frederick Chapman Robbins Winner of the 1954 Nobel Prize in Medicine
	wwar.com /masters/r/robbins-frederick.html (745 words)

	Thomas Huckle Weller - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Thomas Huckle Weller (born June 15, 1915) was an American virologist.
		He, John Franklin Enders and Frederick Chapman Robbins were awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1954 for showing how to cultivate poliomyelitis viruses in the test tube.
		Thomas Huckle Weller was born at Ann Arbor, Michigan, on June 15th, 1915
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller (132 words)

	Robbins, Jerome - ENCYCLOPEDIA - The History Channel UK
		Robbins began his career dancing in musical comedy (1937).
		Robbins gained distinction as the exuberantly innovative choreographer of such Broadway musicals as High Button Shoes (1947) and The King and I (1951).
		From 1983 to 1990 Robbins was the City Ballet's co-ballet master in chief with Peter Martins
	www.thehistorychannel.co.uk /staging/search/search.php?searchtext=1778&enc=40649 (394 words)

	The Cultivation of the Poliomyelitis Viruses in Tissue Culture. The Nobel Lecture December 1954. (Les Prix Nobel En ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		ENDERS, JOHN FRANKLIN, FREDERICK CHAPMAN ROBBINS AND THOMAS HUCKLE WELLER (SIGNED).
		Thomas H. Weller (1915-) shared the Nobel Prize with Frederick Robbins and John Enders for "Their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissues".
		This was the critical step that, once achieved, led rapidly to the development of vaccine against poliomyelitis by Dr. Salk and then Dr. Sabin.
	www.antiqbook.com /boox/btb/20592.shtml (193 words)

	Frederick C. Robbins
		American pediatrician and virologist Frederick C. Robbins was awarded the 1954 Nobel Prize for the successful cultivation of the polio virus in tissue cultures, an achievement that made it possible to study polio in the laboratory, and led to the development of vaccines against this disease.
		He shared the Nobel honors with his research colleagues, John F. Enders and Thomas H. Weller.
		Robbins' father-in-law, John H. Northrop, won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1946.
	www.nndb.com /people/668/000129281 (107 words)

	Polio Professionals
		Bodian's team demonstrated that the polio virus that was transmitted through the mouth and digestive tract was in fact three distinct types of virus, and they showed that antibodies to the virus were carried through the bloodstream, demonstrating that for a vaccine to be effective it must include antibodies recognizing all three types of virus."
		Frederick Chapman Robbins: "American pediatrician and virologist who received (with John Enders and Thomas Weller) the 1954 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for successfully cultivating poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures.
		Thomas H. Weller: "American physician and virologist who was the co-recipient (with John Enders and Frederick Robbins) of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1954 for the successful cultivation of poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures.
	www.geocities.com /arojann.geo/poliopro.html (443 words)

	1992 citations
		You direct a major project involving the United States and Uganda to examine the transmission and prevention of AIDS, and the relationship of AIDS to other diseases and to human behavior.
		Frederick Robbins, teacher, physician, researcher, advocate for children's health, academic leader, and activist at the local, national, and international levels.
		On the recommendation of the University Faculty and the vote of the Board of Trustees, it is a privilege to admit you to the degree of Doctor of Science, honoris causa, with all the rights and privileges pertaining thereto.
	www.cwru.edu /pubaff/univcomm/awards/1992.htm (2075 words)

	AllRefer.com - Frederick Chapman Robbins (Medicine, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		AllRefer.com - Frederick Chapman Robbins (Medicine, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		He served on the staff of Children's Hospital, Boston, and at Harvard, and from 1952 to 1966 was director of pediatrics at Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospital.
		More articles from AllRefer Reference on Frederick Chapman Robbins
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/R/RobbinsF.html (205 words)

	Robbins, Harold -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		Robbins was born on May 21, 1916, in New York City.
		More results on "Robbins, Harold" when you join.
		U.S. flier Harold Charles Gatty was born in Campbelltown, Tasmania, Australia.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9313245 (737 words)

	Frederick Chapman Robbins Winner of the 1954 Nobel Prize in Medicine
		Frederick Chapman Robbins Winner of the 1954 Nobel Prize in Medicine
		Information About Frederick C. Robbins (submitted by Thomas)
		Frederick C. Robbins Biography from Encyclopedia Britannica (submitted by www.britannica.com)
	www.nobelprizes.com /nobel/medicine/1954c.html (89 words)

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