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Topic: Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony

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	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Saxony
		The Elector Frederick the Wise established a university at Wittenberg in 1502, at which the Augustinian monk Martin Luther was made professor of philosophy in 1508; at the same time he became one of the preachers at the castle church of Wittenberg.
		John Frederick was defeated and captured by Charles V at the Battle of Mühlberg on the Elbe, 24 April, 1547.
		Elector Frederick Augustus III (1763-1827) received the title of King of Saxony as Frederick Augustus I. The new kingdom was an ally of France in all the Napoleonic wars of the years 1807-13.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13497b.htm (7923 words)

	JOHN GEORGE III. OF SAXONY - LoveToKnow Article on JOHN GEORGE III. OF SAXONY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		JOHN GEORGE I. (1585-1656), elector of Saxony, second son of the elector Christian I., was born on the 5th of March 1585, succeeding to the electorate in June 1611 on the death of his elder brother, Christian II.
		(1668-1694), elector of Saxony, was born on the i8th of October 1668.
		JOHN1 MAURICE OF NASSAU (1604-1679), surnamed the Brazilian, was the son of John the Younger, count of Nassau-Siegen-Dillenburg, and the grandson of John, the elder brother of William the Silent and the chief author of the Union of Utrecht.
	37.1911encyclopedia.org /J/JO/JOHN_GEORGE_III_OF_SAXONY.htm (2625 words)

	Anthony Clement of Saxony - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Anthony Clement of Saxony, HM Anton Clemens Theodor Maria Joseph Johann Evangelista Johann Nepomuk Franz Xaver Aloys Januar King of Saxony, (December 27, 1755 - June 6, 1836) was the son of Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony and Maria Antonia of Bavaria, and succeed his brother Frederick Augustus I as King of Saxony in 1827.
		In 1781, he married Maria Carolina Princess of Savoy and Sardinia (1764-1782) and, after widowing, he remarried in 1787 to Archduchess Maria Theresia of Austria (1767-1827), daughter of Leopold II.
		He was succeeded by his nephew, Frederick Augustus II of Saxony.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Anthony_Clement_of_Saxony (156 words)

	Augustus III
		Augustus III, King of Poland, and, as Frederick Augustus II, Elector of Saxony, the only legitimate son of Augustus II ("the Strong"), was born at Dresden on the 17th of October 1696.
		Saxony was in that year attacked by the Prussians, and with so much success that not only was the Saxon army forced to capitulate at Pirna in October, but the elector, who fled to Warsaw, made no attempt to recover Saxony, which remained under the dominion of Frederick.
		He left five sons, the eldest of whom was his successor in Saxony, Frederick Christian; and five daughters, one of whom was the wife of Louis, the dauphin of France, and mother of Louis XVI.
	www.nndb.com /people/609/000097318 (444 words)

	AUGUSTUS I. - LoveToKnow Article on AUGUSTUS I. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		AUGUSTUS I. - LoveToKnow Article on AUGUSTUS I. (1526i 586), elector of Saxony, was the younger a of Henry, duke of Saxony, and consequently belonged to the bertine branch of the Wettin family.
		The elector, however, was continually haunted by I],e fear that the Ernestines would attempt to deprive him of pi e coveted dignity, and his policy both in Saxony and in Ger- ai any was colored by this fear.
		John Frederick kr rrendered, and passed his time in prison until his death in Gi 95; Grumbach was taken and executed; and the position of an e elector was made quite secure.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /A/AU/AUGUSTUS_I_.htm (2402 words)

	Kingdoms of Germany - Saxony
		Saxony emerges as one of the more powerful stem duchies in East Francia (kings of Germany), once the formal split is made between East and West Franks.
		Saxony is divided between Saxe-Lauenberg (in the west) and Saxe-Wittenberg (in the east).
		The title of the duchy of Saxony had passed to the Margraves of Meissen, a march county between the original Saxon lands and Poland.
	www.kessler-web.co.uk /History/KingListsEurope/GermanySaxons.htm (515 words)

	WOLFF, CHRISTIAN - LoveToKnow Article on WOLFF, CHRISTIAN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		WOLFF (less correctly WOLF), CHRISTIAN (1679-1754), German philosopher and mathematician, the son of a tanner, was born at Breslau on the 24th of January 1679.
		His enemies, however, gained the ear of the king Frederick William I. and represented to him that, if Wolff's determinism were recognized, no soldier who deserted could be punished, since he would only have acted as it was necessarily predetermined that he should.
		In 1740 Frederick William, who had already made overtures to Wolff to return, died suddenly, and one of the first acts of his successor, Frederick the Great, was to recall him to Halle.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /W/WO/WOLFF_CHRISTIAN.htm (1166 words)

	saxony
		Son of Frederick II the Gentle, Elector of Saxony; on death of father (1464) succeeded to rule jointly with elder brother Ernest; on division of duchy (1485) received eastern and western portions; governor of Netherlands for Holy Roman emperors (1488-93); governor of Friesland (1498-1500).
		FREDERICK AUGUSTUS II (1797-1854), king of Saxony (1836-54), nephew of King Frederick Augustus I and King Anthony (1755-1836), born in Dresden.
		Saxe was an illegitimate son of Frederick Augustus I, elector of Saxony (1694-1733) and, as Augustus II, king of Poland (1697-1733).
	website.lineone.net /~johnbidmead/saxony.htm (1914 words)

	HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH* (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Frederick’s journey to Italy and his sojourn in Rome offered to the pen of Aeneas a rare opportunity for graphic description, of which he was a consummate master.
		Frederick was received by Nicolas on the steps of St. Peter’s, seated in an ivory chair, and surrounded by his cardinals, standing.
		Much as the Christian student may regret the loss of this last bulwark of Christianity in the East, he will be inclined to find in the disaster the judgment realized with which the seven churches of the Apocalypse were threatened which were not worthy.
	www.ccel.org /s/schaff/history/6_ch06.htm (18659 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Saxony, 1740-1789
		Saxony's lack of weight in international diplomacy was expressed by the fact that Prussia's Frederick the Great, by refusing to negotiate with Saxon prime minister von Brühl, in effect influenced the representation and policy of Saxony.
		Although Saxony had not lost any territory, the Seven Years War had been the worst disaster the country had suffered since the Thirty Years' War; during the 7 Years War, the Prussians had pressed 48,000,000 Talers in contributions (designated as such) out of the Saxons; the complete figure is higher.
		As Frederick Christian's son, Frederick Augustus III., was still a minor, Frederick Christian's brother XAVER was appointed regent (1763-1768).
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/germany/saxony17401789.html (1120 words)

	Saxony Rulers, Dresden, Germany - Travel Photos by Galen R Frysinger, Sheboygan, Wisconsin
		The electorate's territory is divided between Ernest and Albert.
		The electorate is elevated to a kingdom by Napoleon Bonaparte on 11th December.
		Frederick Augustus I Christian Leopold Kingdom halved by Prussia in 1814.
	www.galenfrysinger.com /dresden_saxony_rulers.htm (604 words)

	The Thirty Years War: The Palatinate and Westphalia
		On 21 January 1621 that prince, one of the seven Electors, possessor of one of the most ancient titles of the Empire, was made an outlaw.
		Christian had raised an army of 10,000 in Lower Saxony, near the Bishopric of Halberstadt, of which he was secular administrator.
		His forces lost, Frederick disbanded his armies and awaited such victories as could be gained through the wiles of the diplomats of his father-in-law, James I of England.
	www.pipeline.com /~cwa/Palatine_Phase.htm (1853 words)

	Saxony and Its History
		After Henry the Lion, the powerful Duke of Saxony and Bavaria was defeated in 1176 by Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, the boundaries of the duchy were reduced and redrawn to centre it on the middle Elbe with its capital at Wittenberg.
		At its centre a sarcophagus was erected in 1563 for Moritz, the Elector of Saxony.
		Elector Augustus of Saxony who was the brother and successor of the great Moritz ruled from 1553 to 1586.
	www.apex.net.au /~jgk/saxony/history.html (11891 words)

	HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH*
		Frederick was a devout Catholic, a believer in relics and indulgences, but at the same time a lover of fair dealing, an admirer of Luther, and much concerned for his university.
		The Elector, the Counts of Mansfeld, and the King of Denmark added small sums to her income; but the unfortunate issue of the Smalkaldian war (1547) disturbed her peace, and drove her from Wittenberg.
		The hymn in the strict sense of the term, as a popular religious lyric, or a lyric poem in praise of God or Christ to be sung by the congregation in public worship, was born in Germany and brought to maturity with the Reformation and with the idea of the general priesthood of believers.
	www.biblestudyguide.org /history/schaff/7_ch05.htm (14856 words)

	Courtly Lives - The Wettin Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Frederick II (Wettin) "the Gentle" was the Duke of Saxony.
		Christian I (Wettin) of Saxony was born October 29, 1560 and died September 25, 1591.
		Frederick was born October 17, 1696 and died October 5, 1763.
	www.angelfire.com /mi4/polcrt/WettinTree.html (221 words)

	Page 19 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Both were duchies, but the Albertine became known as the Electorate of Saxony, while the "Duchy of Saxony" was the Ernestine.
		The electorates were, by the Golden Bull, not to be broken up, so Electoral Saxony was the important one.
		That one of the seven Electors was a Calvinist was of major significance.
	www.idbsu.edu /courses/reformation/germany/states.shtml (1216 words)

	Frederick III, elector of Saxony
		Frederick III or Frederick the Wise,1463–1525, elector of Saxony (1486–1525).
		At a crucial period for the early Reformation, Frederick protected Luther from the pope and the emperor, and took him into custody at the Wartburg castle after the Diet of Worms (1521), which put Luther under the imperial ban.
		Frederick, however, had little personal contact with Luther and remained a Catholic, although he gradually inclined toward the doctrines of the Reformation.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/people/A0819553.html (181 words)

	Titles of European hereditary rulers
		< Frederick I (+1428), Landgrave of Thuringia and Margrave of Misnia; Elector and Duke of Saxony-Wittenberg 1423 >
		< Christian I (+1591), Elector and Duke of Saxony 1586 >
		Frederic-Augustus I "the Strong" (+1733), Elector and Duke of Saxony, was elected King of Poland in 1697.
	www.geocities.com /eurprin/saxony.html (3387 words)

	Rulers of Saxony (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		'''List of Dukes, Electors, and Kings of Saxony, 880-1918''' The original Duchy of Saxony comprised lands in the north-westen part of present-day Germany, roughly corresponding to the modern German state of Lower Saxony and to Westphalia.
		The elder, Ernest, became elector and inherited Northern Meissen, Southern Thuringia, and Wittenberg, along With the Electoral title.
		Saxony became a republic With the demise of the Second Reich in 1918.
	rulers-of-saxony.iqnaut.net (435 words)

	Frederick V -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Frederick V, detail of a portrait by an unknown artist, c.
		elector Palatine of the Rhine, king of Bohemia (as Frederick I, 1619–20), and head of the Protestant union against Catholic Austria at the beginning of the Thirty Years' War.
		elector of Saxony who worked for constitutional reform of the Holy Roman Empire and protected Martin Luther after Luther was placed under the imperial ban in 1521.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9035246 (781 words)

	Maximilian, Prince of Saxony - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Maximilian, Prince of Saxony (13 April 1759 - 3 January 1838) was the fifth son of Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony and Mary Antonia, Princess of Bavaria.
		His full name was HRH Maximilian Maria Joseph Anton Johann Baptist Johann Evangelista Ignaz Augustin Xaver Aloys Johann Nepomuk Januar Hermenegild Agnellis Paschalis Prince of Saxony.
		On 9 May 1792, he married Princess Caroline of Bourbon-Parma (1770-1804), daughter of Duke Ferdinand of Parma.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Maximilian,_Prince_of_Saxony (183 words)

	HISTORY of the CHRISTIAN CHURCH
		Luther was protected by FREDERICK III, elector of Saxony, and other German princes--partly out of intellectual and religious conviction, partly out of the desire to seize church property, and partly to assert independence of imperial control--gave their support to the reformers.
		Modern Christianity which most Western cultures seem to have some knowledge of actually all springs from Pauline Christianity (which was originally adopted by Rome) but at the time there where numerous different versions of Christianity all of which where fighting for superiority.
		It was however Pauline Christianity which was eventually adopted by Rome and has since become acknowledged as the only true form of Christianity (this was bought about mainly by force of arms in the attempt by Rome and later the Roman Church to gain widespread acceptance for their beliefs.)
	www.thechristianwebsite.com /gpage4.html (2193 words)

	FAMOUS CHRISTIAN PERSONALITIES
		The validity of the Naming Celebration as a Christian sacrament was challenged by the Uniting Church, but Ted presented a paper to the synod and won yet another victory.
		His university and the elector interfered, and a legate was sent to Germany to hear and determine the case.
		On his return from Worms, he was seized at the instigation of his friend, the Elector of Saxony, and safely lodged in the old castle of the Wartburg.
	www.thechristianwebsite.com /gpage19.html (5272 words)

	Evangelical Lutheran Church in Saxony
		The region, of course, was at the forefront of the Reformation movement when Elector Frederick III (1463-1525), who had founded the University of Wittenberg, became Martin Luther's protector.
		The regional differences within the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Saxony are reflected in the organization of the church into districts which are largely self-governing and have their own agencies.
		The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Saxony is part of the United Evangelical Lutheran Church of Germany (VELKD), which celebrated its 50th anniversary in 1998.
	www.elca.org /countrypackets/germany/saxony.html (558 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Heresy
		There are,therefore,two ways of deviating from Christianity: the one by refusing to believe in Christ Himself, which is the way of infidelity, common to Pagans and Jews; the other by restricting belief to certain points of Christ's doctrine selected and fashioned at pleasure, which is the way of heretics.
		From the time of Constantine to Theodosius and Valentinian III (313-424) various penal laws were enacted by the Christian emperors against heretics as being guilty of crime against the State.
		Everyone was bound to denounce heretics, the names of the witnesses were kept secret; after 1243, when Innocent IV sanctioned the laws of Emperor Frederick II and of Louis IX against heretics, torture was applied in trials; the guilty persons were delivered up to the civil authorities and actually burnt at the stake.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07256b.htm (6573 words)

	GIAMBATTISTA TIEPOLO - Caesar Contemplating the Head of Pompey
		The sixteen year old Electoral Prince Frederick Christian of Saxony had been introduced to the connoisseur, collector and amateur dealer Count Francesco Algarotti in Venice when returning from Naples early in 1739.
		The meeting between Algarotti and the Electoral Prince led to an introduction to the Elector himself.
		Friedrich Christian had died just two months after succeeding his father as Elector, to be succeeded in turn by his thirteen year old son; neither of them were able to obtain election as Polish King.
	www.europeanpaintings.com /exhibits/xviiicent/tiepcaes.htm (2227 words)

	Judge Roy Moore: A modern-day ‘Braveheart’
		Judge Moore also is simply operating in the great Church and Reformation tradition of the “interposition of the lesser magistrate.” (See John Calvin’s “Institutes,” chapter XX.) Martin Luther was called before Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms.
		Frederick the Wise, elector of Saxony, exercised the right of “interposition of the lesser magistrate” and had Luther put under protective custody.
		Frederick disobeyed the “rule of law” of Emperor Charles V. If not for the courage of Frederick the Wise, we would have been without Luther’s great leadership in the Reformation.
	www.worldnewspaperpublishing.com /news/FullStory.asp?loc=TCOLW&ID=974 (793 words)

	History of the Christian Church, Schaff, 1910 edition with power search.
		The burning of Servetus and the decretum horribile are sufficient in the judgment of a large part of the Christian world to condemn him and his theology, but cannot destroy the rocky foundation of his rare virtues and lasting merits.
		Bishop Bossuet was able to affirm that all Christians were happily agreed in maintaining the rightfulness of the death penalty for obstinate heretics, as murderers of souls.
		The woman in the twelfth chapter of Revelation he understood to be the true Church; her child, whom God saves, is the Christian faith; the great red dragon with seven heads and horns is the pope of Rome, the Antichrist predicted by Daniel, Paul, and John.
	www.bible.ca /history/philip-schaff/8_ch16.htm (15149 words)

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