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Topic: Frederick I of Austria (Habsburg)

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	Wikinfo \| Frederick (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Frederick is Friedrich in German and Frederik in Danish.
		Frederick I of Austria (Babenberg), Duke of Austria from 1195-1198
		Frederick I of Austria (Habsburg), the Handsome, (1286-1330), Duke of Austria and King of the Romans as Frederick (III).
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Frederick (298 words)

	Austria - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In Upper and Lower Austria and in Burgenland, tillage agriculture predominates: the chief crops are potatoes, sugar beets, fruit, barley, rye, and oats.
		Austria is located at the crossroads of Europe; Vienna is at the gate of the Danubian plain, and the Brenner Pass in W Austria links Germany and Italy.
		Austria captured world attention in 1986 when former UN secretary-general Kurt Waldheim was elected president despite allegations that he had been involved in atrocities as a German army staff officer in the Balkans during World War II.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-austria.html (3518 words)

	Frederick II (of Prussia) - MSN Encarta
		Frederick was born in Berlin on January 24, 1712, son of King Frederick William I and grandson of Frederick I.
		Frederick and his forces, aided only by financial assistance from Britain, which was at war with France, opposed the armies of Austria, Russia, Sweden, Saxony (Sachsen), and France.
		Frederick made an alliance with Catherine II of Russia, in 1764, and by the first partition of Poland in 1772 he received Polish Prussia, exclusive of Gdańsk (Danzig) and Toruń (Thorn), thus uniting the regions of Brandenburg and Pomerania.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761567792/Frederick_II_(of_Prussia).html (946 words)

	War and 18th Century Europe
		Frederick believed that Silesia should be his reward for the support he planned to give Maria Theresa and for his vote, as an elector, in selecting her husband as the new Holy Roman Emperor.
		Frederick was happy to have France as an ally against Habsburg hostility, and in signing a defensive treaty with the French he promised to cast his vote for their friend, Charles Albert of Bavaria, rather than for Francis Stephen, for emperor.
		Frederick had learned from the last war that it was dangerous to leave a hostile Saxony on his border while fighting others, and he did not want to commit that mistake twice.
	www.fsmitha.com /h3/h31-gr.htm (9522 words)

	[No title]
		Frederick II (of Prussia), called The Great (1712-86), king of Prussia (1740-86); during his reign, he was considered among the most notable of enlightened despots in 18th century Europe.
		Frederick was born in Berlin on January 24, 1712, son of King Frederick William I and grandson of Frederick I. As crown prince he was trained, under his father's supervision, to become a soldier and a thrifty administrator.
		Frederick acquired East Friesland (now a region of Germany) in 1744, on the death of the last ruler without heirs of that principality, and in 1745 he fought and won a second war with Austria, terminated by the Peace of Dresden, which assured Prussia the possession of Silesia.
	biphome.spray.se /jan.johanss/frederick2.htm (908 words)

	Austria - RISE OF THE HABSBURG EMPIRE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Although the Duchy of Austria was just one of the duchies and lands that the Habsburgs eventually acquired in the eastern Alpine-Danubian region, the Habsburgs became known as the House of Austria after the Swiss peasantry ousted them from their original family seat in Habichtsburg in the Swiss canton of Aargau in 1386.
		The Habsburg Empire was a supernational collection of territories united only through the accident of common rule by the Habsburgs, and many of the territories were not part of the Holy Roman Empire.
		Habsburg power was significantly enhanced in 1453, when Emperor Frederick III confirmed a set of rights and privileges, dubiously claimed by the Habsburgs, that paralleled those of the elector-princes, in whose ranks the family did not yet sit.
	countrystudies.us /austria/7.htm (497 words)

	Russia: A Country Study
		The territories that constitute modern Austria were, for most of their history, constituent parts of the German nation and were linked to one another only insofar as they were all feudal possessions of one of the leading dynasties in Europe, the Habsburgs.
		Nonetheless, in their own lands, the Habsburgs enjoyed greater political and religious control than before the war: they had gained loyal new followers from among the nobles by redistributing estates confiscated from rebels, and they were free to enforce religious conformity, which they did based on the model applied earlier in Bohemia.
		Austria's decision to organize itself as a unitary state also set the terms for dealing with the German nationalists and liberals sitting in Frankfurt: Austria would enter a unified Germany with all of its territories, not merely the German and Bohemian portions.
	www.cla.wayne.edu /polisci/kdk/easteurope/sources/habsburg1.htm (9391 words)

	History of AUSTRIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In 1251 the nobles elect a new duke of Austria - Otakar, heir to the crown of Bohemia.
		Austria changes, in a trice, from being a fragile coalition of feudal territories (the duchies of Austria, Styria and Carinthia, together with the county of Tirol).
		The far-flung dynastic realm of the Habsburg family (medieval in concept, although compiled by Maximilian I as recently as the 15th century) is thus split into two empires - of Spain and Austria - held by separate Habsburg dynasties.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ac43 (1914 words)

	Austria. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		After the death (1246) of the last Babenberg, King Ottocar II of Bohemia acquired (1251–69) Austria, Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola.
		During the long reign of Frederick III (1440–93), the protracted Hapsburg wars with France began.
		The Congress of Vienna (1814–15; see Vienna, Congress of) did not restore to Austria its former possessions in the Netherlands and in Baden but awarded it Lombardy, Venetia, Istria, and Dalmatia.
	www.bartleby.com /65/au/Austria.html (3380 words)

	Frederick I of Austria (Habsburg) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Frederick was the son of Emperor Albert I and Elisabeth of Carinthia.
		After the death of Henry VII, Frederick became a candidate for the Crown of the Holy Roman Empire, but Louis was elected in October 1314 upon the instigation of the Archbishop of Mainz with four of the seven votes.
		Louis held Frederick captive on Trausnitz Castle in the Upper Palatinate for three years, but the persistent resistance by Frederick's brother Leopold, the retreat of the King of Bohemia from his alliance and the Pope's ban induced Louis to release him in the Treaty of Trausnitz of March 13, 1325.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Frederick_I_of_Austria_(Habsburg) (553 words)

	Kingdoms of Germany - Austria
		However, reignal numbering for the Habsburgs in Austria itself was often different to that of the imperial title, due to the differing origins of the two bodies.
		Western Franks secede from the Germanic Empire, and Austria is controlled by the various Frankish rulers of the fledgling Holy Roman Empire.
		The heir to the throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, is assassinated by Serb nationalists.
	www.kessler-web.co.uk /History/KingListsEurope/GermanyAustria.htm (548 words)

	History of Austria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		An important characteristic of the Habsburgs' approach to their possessions was the concept of collective inheritence, as opposed to the principle of primogeniture, wherein the eldest son inherits the total holdings upon the death of the predecessor.
		In retrospect, the Habsburgs proved to be the most tenacious guardians of the traditions of the original European aristocracy, and its legal thinking in terms of family and clan (in contrast to the ancient and modern principles of public law) (Wandruszka 30-32).
		Charles was the son of Philip I, king of Castile, and Joanna the Mad; maternal grandson of Ferdinand V of Castile and Isabella I; paternal grandson of the Habsburg Holy Roman emperor Maximilian I; and great-grandson of Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy.
	www.geocities.com /historyofaustria/history.html (20221 words)

	History of THE WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The great issue dominating Austria in the years after the War of the Spanish Succession is again a problem of succession - this time relating to the remaining Habsburg territories, ruled from Vienna.
		Frederick's first victory over the Austrians (at Mollwitz in April 1741) is so convincing that it persuades the French and Bavarians to join in against Maria Theresa.
		Frederick the Great says of France and Britain: 'they see themselves as the leaders of two rival factions to which all kings and princes must attach themselves'.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ac75 (1696 words)

	Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria
		Maria Theresa (1717-1780), archduchess of Austria, Holy Roman Empress, and queen of Hungary and Bohemia, began her rule in 1740.
		She was also one of the most successful Habsburg rulers, male or female, while bearing sixteen children between 1738 and 1756.
		King Frederick II of Prussia was her first challenger, when he took the occasion of Charles VI's death to occupy Silesia, beginning the War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748).
	departments.kings.edu /womens_history/mariatheres.html (1572 words)

	Index to royal Genealogical Data - ordered by lastname - part 37
		Habsburg, Ernest the Iron of Austria, Duke of Austria
		Habsburg, Leopold I of Austria, Duke of Austria
		Habsburg, Leopold III of Austria, Duke of Austria
	www.hull.ac.uk /php/cssbct/genealogy/royal/gedx37.html (596 words)

	Camelot Village: Britain's Heritage and History
		Frederick II of Prussia (1712-86) became king in 1740.
		After various campaigns - in the course of which Maria Theresa's husband, Francis, acceded to the Austrian and imperial throne - the war was ended with the restoration of all conquered lands except Silesia, which was retained by Prussia.
		Frederick gained land for Prussia, invading neutral Saxony in the northeast.
	www.camelotintl.com /world/02frederick_the_great.html (336 words)

	Frederick IV, Duke of Austria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Frederick IV, Duke of Further of Austria, also known as Frederick of the Empty Pockets (1382 - June 24, 1439) was the Habsburg duke of Further Austria from 1402, and Count of Tyrol from 1406, until his death.
		Frederick's rulership over Tyrol and the scattered Habsburg territories in southwestern Germany and in the Alsace referred to collectively as Vorderösterreich (i.e., Further Austria) was formalized in 1402 through a partition of his father's inheritance.
		On 11 June 1411 Frederick married again to Anna of Brunswick Gottingen, daughter of Frederick, Duke of Brunswick; they had one son, Sigismund.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Frederick_IV_of_Austria (350 words)

	Columbia Encyclopedia- Austria - AOL Research & Learn
		The treaties of Campo Formio (1797) and Lunéville (1801) preluded the dissolution (1806) of the Holy Roman Empire, and in 1804, Francis II took the title Francis I, emperor of Austria.
		His rout at Austerlitz (1805) led to the severe Treaty of Pressburg (see Pressburg, Treaty of).
		The electoral results complicated the formation of a stable new government, which was only achieved in Feb., 2000, when Wolfgang Schüssel of the People's party became chancellor of a People's party–Freedom party coalition.
	reference.aol.com /columbia/_a/austria/20051205185609990006 (3386 words)

	Austria's links to the Habsburg Dynasty
		In 1273, Count Rudolf of the Habsburg family, a Swiss nobleman, was elected King of Germany.
		The Habsburg style of empire building was a remarkable early application of the philosophy "Make love, not war!" Expansion was accomplished by shrewd marriages, not by the sword.
		When the philosophies and concepts of the Renaissance reached Austria, the Habsburgs were already in command of an empire spanning half of the globe.
	www.luxurytraveler.com /habsburgs.html (1147 words)

	Central Europe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Western civilization owes an enormous debt to Janos Hunyadi; when Sultan Mohammed II sought to capitalize on his conquest of Constantinople by a campaign through the Balkans and into central Europe, Hunyadi stopped him cold at the seige of Belgrade (1456), with a mixed force of professional troops and untrained levies.
		They long served Austria and the Empire and were raised to the status of Princes of the Holy Roman Empire in 1608.
		To Switzerland thereafter (Bellinzona district to 1798, Canton of Lugano 1798-1803, Canton of Ticino from 1803.)
	www.hostkingdom.net /centeuro.html (1696 words)

	Worldroots.com
		Habsburg, Ferdinand I of Austria, King of Hungary/Emperor
		Habsburg, Frederick V of Austria, Holy Roman Emperor
		Habsburg, Maximilian I of Austria, Holy Roman Emperor
	worldroots.com /brigitte/habsburg.htm (286 words)

	Amazon.com: The Fall of the House of Habsburg: Books: Edward Crankshaw (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Habsburg Monarchy, 1809-1918 : A History of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary by A. Taylor
		The Fall of the House of Habsburg by Edward Crankshaw
		The Habsburg Monarchy, 1809-1918 : A History of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary by A.
	www.amazon.com /Fall-House-Habsburg-Edward-Crankshaw/dp/0140064591 (802 words)

	AllRefer.com - Austria - Rise Of The Habsburg Empire - The Habsburg Dynasty in the Late Medieval Era \| Austrian ...
		AllRefer.com - Austria - Rise Of The Habsburg Empire - The Habsburg Dynasty in the Late Medieval Era
		You are here -allRefer - Reference - Country Study & Country Guide - Austria
		The Holy Roman Empire and the Duchy of Austria
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/austria/austria16.html (765 words)

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