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Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

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1215

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	Frederick II, Holy Roman emperor and German king. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Frederick returned in 1229 and signed (1230) the Treaty of San Germano, by which he was temporarily reconciled with the pope.
		Frederick issued a circular against the pope and seized most of the Papal States; in May, 1241, he captured a number of prelates en route from Genoa to a general council in Rome, and he was threatening Rome when Gregory died.
		Frederick II was one of the most arresting figures of the Middle Ages.
	www.bartleby.com /65/fr/Fred2HRE.html (1213 words)

	Courtly Lives - HRE Frederick II
		1247) was the great-grandson of Frederick II, Duke of Swabia.
		Frederick's grandfather was Frederick I (1152-1190), Barbarossa, of the House of Hohenstaufen.
		Frederick II was born on December 26, 1194, in the town of Jesi in the march of Ancona.
	www.angelfire.com /mi4/polcrt/FrederickIIHRE.html (2514 words)

	Frederick William II of Prussia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Frederick William II (September 25, 1744 – November 16, 1797), king of Prussia, was known in German as Friedrich Wilhelm II.
		Frederick William was the son of Augustus William (the second son of King Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia) and of Louise Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg, sister of the wife of Frederick the Great.
		Frederick William's accession to the throne (17 August 1786) was, indeed, followed by a series of measures for lightening the burdens of the people, reforming the oppressive French system of tax-collecting introduced by Frederick, and encouraging trade by the diminution of customs dues and the making of roads and canals.
	www.hartselle.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Frederick_William_II (1341 words)

	Frederick II (of Prussia) - MSN Encarta
		Frederick II (of Prussia), called The Great (1712-1786), king of Prussia (1740-1786); during his reign, he was considered among the most notable of enlightened despots in 18th century Europe.
		Frederick was born in Berlin on January 24, 1712, son of King Frederick William I and grandson of Frederick I.
		Frederick made an alliance with Catherine II of Russia, in 1764, and by the first partition of Poland in 1772 he received Polish Prussia, exclusive of Gdańsk (Danzig) and Toruń (Thorn), thus uniting the regions of Brandenburg and Pomerania.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761567792/Frederick_II_(of_Prussia).html (964 words)

	Frederick II of Prussia - LoveToKnow 1911
		Frederick William's hatred of his son, openly avowed, displayed itself in violent outbursts and public insults, and so harsh was his treatment that Frederick frequently thought of running away and taking refuge at the English court.
		Frederick was placed under arrest, deprived of his rank as crown prince, tried by court-martial, and imprisoned in the fortress of Ciistrin.
		Frederick, riding forward, saw a caricature of himself: "King in very melancholy guise," says Preuss (as translated by Carlyle), "seated on a stool, a coffee-mill between his knees, diligently grinding with the one hand, and with the other picking up any bean that might have fallen.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Frederick_II_of_Prussia (5227 words)

	Frederick II
		Frederick's sole desire was for peace in Germany, even if to secure this he had to make the greatest sacrifices; and for this reason, he granted to the ecclesiastical and temporal lords a series of privileges, which subsequently developed into the independent sovereignty of these princes.
		Frederick had also been obliged to acknowledge the pope as his overlord in Sicily, thus abandoning his father's cherished hopes of uniting Sicily with the imperial crown of Germany, though the attempts of the pope to entirely nullify this "personal union" were far from successful.
		Frederick sought to weaken the hostile bishops by favouring the secular princes and granting privileges to the cities.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/f/frederick_ii.html (2222 words)

	FREDERICK II,
		Frederick was born in Berlin on Jan. 24, 1712.
		Frederick acquired East Friesland (now a region of Germany) in 1744, on the death of the last ruler without heirs of that principality, and in 1745 he fought and won a second war with Austria, terminated by the Peace of Dresden, which assured Prussia the possession of Silesia.
		Frederick made an alliance with Catherine II of Russia, in 1764, and by the first partition of Poland in 1772 he received Polish Prussia, exclusive of Gdansk (Danzig) and Torun (Thorn), thus uniting the regions of Brandenburg and Pomerania.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=209758 (1406 words)

	Frederick William II of Prussia Information - TextSheet.com
		Frederick William II (September 25, 1744 - November 16, 1797), king of Prussia, was known in German as Friedrich Wilhelm II.
		This gave the new king much popularity with the mass of the people; while the educated classes were pleased by his removal of Frederick's ban on the German language by the admission of German writers to the Prussian Academy, and by the active encouragement given to schools and universities.
		In 1781 Frederick William, then prince of Prussia, inclined, like many sensual natures, to mysticism, had joined the Rosicrucians, and had fallen under the influence of Johann Christof Wöllner (1732 - 1800), and by him the royal policy was inspired.
	www.medbuster.com /encyclopedia/f/fr/frederick_william_ii_of_prussia.html (1333 words)

	Frederick II, king of Prussia. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Frederick’s coarse and tyrannical father despised the prince, who showed a taste for French art and literature and no interest in government and war.
		Frederick is widely recognized as the 18th century’s greatest general and military strategist.
		Frederick’s personal appearance in his later years—small, sharp-featured, untidy, and snuff-stained—has become part of the legend of “Old Fritz.” He was succeeded by his nephew, Frederick William II.
	www.bartleby.com /65/fr/Fred2Pru.html (805 words)

	Frederick II the Great - Olga's Gallery
		Frederick II, the Great (1712-86), king of Prussia (1740-1786), remains one of the most famous German rulers of all time for his military successes and his domestic reforms that made Prussia one of the leading European nations.
		Frederick was essentially a just, and somewhat austere man. He was an absolute ruler, but he did not rule by his own personal whims, always keeping Prussia's welfare in mind, and he expected his people to possess the same devotion.
		Frederick built Prussia into one of the strongest nations in Europe and left a legacy of absolute devotion to the fatherland that continued to shape German history into the 20th century.
	www.abcgallery.com /list/2001nov16.html (658 words)

	Frederick II
		Frederick was raised in the cosmopolitan city of Palermo, the largest city in Europe and magnificently endowed by the Normans.
		Frederick created a secular government, a feat without parallel in the middle ages, with a written constitution that guaranteed the rights of his subjects, be they Christian, Arab, or Jew, and the religious freedom that went along with it correspond to the Norman tradition of law of administration.
		Although Frederick inherited this tradition, his court was itinerant; partly because the imperial lands of Germany and northern Italy were traditionally ruled by an itinerant emperor and partly because the demands of war kept him on the move.
	www.tamut.edu /staff/jjackson/Fred.htm (1419 words)

	Ancestors and Family of Frederick William II Hohenzollern
		Frederick William was the son of Augustus William (the second son of King Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia) and of Louise Amalie of Brunswick-Lüneburg, sister of the wife of Frederick the Great.
		Frederick William's accession to the throne (17 August 1786) was, indeed, followed by a series of measures for lightening the burdens of the people, reforming the oppressive French system of tax-collecting introduced by Frederick, and encouraging trade by the diminution of customs dues and the making of roads and canals.
		Frederick married Frederika Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt, daughter of Ludwig IX of Hesse-Darmstadt and Caroline of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld, on 14 Jul 1769 in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Prussia.
	nygaard.howards.net /files/3/3653.htm (1331 words)

	Frederick II of Denmark - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Frederick II (July 1, 1534 - April 4, 1588), King of Denmark and Norway from 1559 until his death.
		Frederick was also a major patron of the famous astronomer Tycho Brahe.
		On his passing in 1588, King Frederick II was interred in Roskilde Cathedral.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Frederick_II_of_Denmark_and_Norway (468 words)

	Gothic Paris \| Frederick II, 1194-1250
		Frederick II was born the day after Christmas, 1194, child of Constance, Empress and heiress of Sicily, and Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, crowned King of Sicily the day before Frederick's birth (Kantorowicz 3-4).
		Frederick's success in the midst of fatal perils was seen by the medieval west as an act of God, and his popularity increased steadily (59).
		Frederick's policy in Sicily was radically different from his German policy in that it sought to calm the chaotic forces that Frederick had unleashed in Germany.
	www.nku.edu /~rosemi/paris/ver1/bios/frederick_ii.html (2478 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Frederick II
		Frederick II German King and Roman Emperor, son of Henry VI and Constance of Sicily; born 26 Dec., 1194; died at Fiorentina, in Apulia, 13 Dec., 1250.
		Frederick's sole desire was for peace in Germany, even if to secure this he had to make the greatest sacrifices; and for this reason, he granted to the ecclesiastical and temporal lords a series of
		Frederick's energetic action after his return forced the pope to recognize the emperor's success in the East and to release him from excommunication.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06255a.htm (2119 words)

	Emperor Frederick II - Best of Sicily Magazine
		Frederick's long reign took him into the heart of Germany to tame his rebellious vassals, and to the Holy Land on crusade.
		The details of the international intrigue and conflicts that engulfed Western Europe and Frederick II in the early decades of the thirteenth century may be left to biographers and scholars.
		Frederick enlisted some of the greatest juridical minds of the era to encode and collect the previous Norman, Arab and Byzantine laws in order to establish a firm and orderly procedure for legal conflicts.
	www.bestofsicily.com /mag/art57.htm (1413 words)

	Frederick II of Prussia Summary
		The eldest son of Frederick William I of Prussia and of Princess Sophie Dorothea of Hanover, Frederick II was born in Berlin on Jan. 24, 1712.
		Frederick was born in Berlin, the son of Sophia Dorothea of Hanover and King Frederick William I.
		Frederick's goal was to modernize and unite his vulnerably disconnected lands; toward this end, he fought wars mainly against Austria, whose Habsburg dynasts reigned as Holy Roman Emperors almost continuously from the 15th century until 1806.
	www.bookrags.com /Frederick_II_of_Prussia (7349 words)

	Frederick II - Project SYW
		Frederick was the eldest son of Frederick William I, King of Prussia.
		Frederick was placed under arrest, deprived of his rank as crown prince, tried by court-martial, and imprisoned in the fortress of Küstrin.
		In 1733, Frederick married the princess Elizabeth Christina, daughter of the duke of Brunswick-Bevern.
	www.kronoskaf.com /syw/index.php?title=Frederick_II (1927 words)

	The Catholicism
		"Frederick's meeting with the Assassins is probably to be considered from the point of view that he was searching the acquaintance of those personalities in the Oriental world who had a position similar to the one he had in his area, sick with the eternal hostilities of the pope.
		Frederick II gave to the Sultan one of his beloved falcons and received in exchange an elephant.
		Frederick II used the eternally recurring figure Eight in its horizontal shape as an emblem of eternity.
	www.geocities.com /CapitolHill/6824/gibelin.htm (853 words)

	Frederick II (The Great): 1740-1786
		Frederick the Great remains one of the most famous German rulers of all time for his military successes and his domestic reforms that made Prussia one of the leading European nations.
		Frederick II (the Great) was king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, and he stands as one of the greatest of the Enlightened Despots.
		Frederick built Prussia into one of the strongest nations in Europe and left a legacy of absolute devotion to the fatherland that continued to shape German history into the 20th century.
	www.thenagain.info /WebChron/WestEurope/FredGreat.CP.html (389 words)

	FREDERICK THE GREAT (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Frederick II the Great, third king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, ranks among the two or three dominant figures in the history of modern Germany.
		Frederick's upbringing and education were strictly controlled by his father, who was a martinet as well as a paranoiac.
		Frederick William I deeply despised the artistic and intellectual tastes of his son and was infuriated by Frederick's lack of sympathy with his own rigidly puritanical and militaristic outlook.
	www.realm-of-shade.com /zarathustra/frederick.html (2334 words)

	Frederick II, Stupor Mundi
		Even within his own lifetime Frederick II was widely regarded as one of the most brilliant rulers in the history of European monarchy, combining in a unique mixture the cultural heritage of his German father and Sicilian mother.
		Frederick II himself was fluent in six languages and a student of mathematics, philosophy, natural history, medicine and architecture.
		Later, with Frederick II's son Manfred on the throne of Sicily, Pope Clement IV found the key for a major victory.
	www.boglewood.com /sicily/frederick2.html (437 words)

	New Catholic Dictionary: Frederick II
		New Catholic Dictionary: Frederick II Frederick II German king and Roman emperor, born Jesi, Ancona, Papal States, 26 December 1194; died Fiorentina, Apulia, Sicily, 13 December 1250.
		Frederick, however, now proceeded to the Holy Land, crowned himself King of Jerusalem, and on his return forced the pope to absolve him.
		After the election of Innocent IV, Frederick was again excommunicated by the Council of Lyons; several pretenders appeared in Germany, but at the time of his death several years had elapsed without a decisive conflict.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/ncd03390.htm (290 words)

	Reader's Companion to Military History - - Frederick II (the Great) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Frederick II of Prussia ranks simultaneously as one of history's greatest and most misunderstood captains.
		Frederick II seemed ill-equipped to cope with the challenges facing him when he assumed the throne in 1740.
		Frederick might have been a misanthrope, but his repeated condemnations of his army's rank and file were balanced again and again by public recognition such as restoring the swords of a previously disgraced regiment after its performance at Leignitz (1760).
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/mil/html/mh_018600_frederickii.htm (1265 words)

	wais:GERMANY: Frederick II of Sicily december 2004
		Frederick was an excellent administrator and an able soldier, and his broad cultural outlook and intellectual gifts made him something of Renaissance man ahead of his time.
		Frederick also created a new constitution the Kingdom of Sicily that was the first codification of a European state's administrative law since the reign of Justinian in the 6th century.
		Frederick was an enlightened ruler, and oversaw Sicily at the height of its Golden Age.
	www.stanford.edu /group/wais/ztopics/week1208-31-04/germany_041231_frederick11sicily.htm (948 words)

	Frederick II: Kaiser of Prussia
		Frederick the second, more often called Frederick the Great, brought Prussia from a state of general weakness to that of great power and wealth.
		Kaiser Frederick II was born in Berlin on January the 24th, 1712.
		Frederick the Great, along with his sisters, loved music and to the chagrin of his father was not interested in the arts of war.
	www.hyperhistory.net /apwh/bios/b2frederick2.htm (574 words)

	Frederick II (1215 - 1250) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The problem with Frederick was that he was heir to Two Sicilies and was a leading candidate of the powerful Hohenstaufen family to inherit his father's imperial dignity.
		By 1230, Frederick had defeated Gregory and his allies and the struggle between Frederick and the papacy settled down to a war of words, each advanced complex legal arguments in support of their rights in the dispute.
		Frederick himself preferred to observe nature and, it has been claimed, was the first of the stream of naturalists who contributed so much to the development of science.
	www.ku.edu /kansas/medieval/108/lectures/frederick_ii.html (2282 words)

	Frederick II of Prussia information - Search.com
		Frederick II of Prussia (January 24, 1712 – August 17, 1786) was a king of Prussia from the Hohenzollern dynasty, reigning from 1740 to 1786.
		At the time of Frederick's birth, the Houses of Brandenburg and Hanover were enjoying great prosperity; the birth of Frederick was welcomed by his grandfather with more than usual pleasure, as two of his grandsons had already died at an early age.
		Frederick was forced to watch the execution by decapitation of his friend Katte on November 6, 1730, and was strictly supervised in the following years.
	www.search.com /reference/Frederick_II_of_Prussia (2025 words)

	ITALIA
		Absolute monarch of his empire, Frederick dispossessed the feudal lords of their fortified dwellings, which, having become crown property, were enlarged and altered by his engineers and transformed into impregnable fortresses for the exercise of local power.
		Frederick II Frederick II of Swabia, 1194–1250, Holy Roman emperor (1220–50) and German king (1212–20), king of Sicily (1197–1250, and king of Jerusalem (1229–50), son of Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI and of Constance, heiress of Sicily.
		Frederick II was educated in Palermo and his magnificently hegemonic multi-shaped and eminent personality in the 13th century stood out, in the culture and troubled political life of the time.
	www.italiantourism.com /discov4.html (463 words)

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