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	Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Abroad, Frederick intervened in the Danish civil war between Svend III and Valdemar I of Denmark, and negotiations were begun with the East Roman emperor, Manuel I Comnenus.
		Barbarossa's son, Frederick VI of Swabia carried on with the remnants of the army, with the aim of burying the Emperor in Jerusalem, but efforts to conserve his body in vinegar failed.
		Frederick's untimely death left the Crusader army under the command of the rivals Philip II of France and Richard I of England ("Lionheart"), who had traveled to Palestine separately by sea, and ultimately led to its dissolution.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (2186 words)

	Frederick I Barbarossa - LoveToKnow 1911
		In June 1158 Frederick set out upon his second Italian expedition, which was signalized by the establishment of imperial officers called podestas in the cities of northern Italy, the revolt and capture of Milan, and the beginning of the long struggle with pope Alexander III., who excommunicated the emperor on the 2nd of March 1160.
		Frederick I. is said to have taken Charlemagne as his model; but the contest in which he engaged was entirely different both in character and results from that in which his great predecessor achieved such a wonderful temporary success.
		Though Frederick failed to subdue the republics, the failure can scarcely be said to reflect either on his prudence as a statesman or his skill as a general, for his ascendancy was finally overthrown rather by the ravages of pestilence than by the might of human arms.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Frederick_I_Barbarossa (2490 words)

	Frederick I (Holy Roman Empire) - MSN Encarta
		Frederick I (Holy Roman Empire) (1123?-1190), Holy Roman emperor and king of Germany (1152-1190), king of Italy (1155-1190), and as Frederick III, duke of Swabia (1147-1152, 1167-1168), known as Frederick Barbarossa (“red beard”).
		He was born in Waiblingen, the son of Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, duke of Swabia, and the nephew of Conrad III, king of Germany.
		Frederick was forced in 1177 to acknowledge Alexander III as pope and in 1183 to sign the Peace of Constance, agreeing to the demands of the Lombards for autonomy but retaining imperial authority over the towns.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761561996/Frederick_I_(Holy_Roman_Empire).html (733 words)

	Frederick I (Barbarossa)
		During these stormy controversies, forerunners of the approaching tempest, Frederick was strengthened in his views regarding the superiority of the royal over the papal power, chiefly through intercourse with the leading jurists of the University of Bologna.
		Frederick failed to see that in these cities a new political factor was developing, and underrated the powers of resistance of these free municipal republics.
		Frederick was again left to his own resources and, after a short sojourn in Germany, undertook a new expedition to Italy (1163).
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/f/frederick_i.html (2319 words)

	frederick barbarossa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Abroad, Frederick Barbarossa intervened in the Danish civil war between Svend III and Valdemar I of Denmark, and negotiations were begun with the East Roman emperor, Manuel I Comnenus.
		Frederick Barbarossa undertook six expeditions into Italy, in the first of which he was crowned emperor in Rome by Pope Adrian IV in the aftermath of the overthrow by Imperial forces of the republican city commune led by Arnold of Brescia.
		Frederick Barbarossa's untimely death left the Crusader army under the command of the rivals Philip of France and Richard of England, who had traveled to Palestine separately by sea, and ultimately led to its dissolution.
	www.crusades-history.com /Frederick-Barbarossa.aspx (1445 words)

	Papacy - LoveToKnow 1911
		This was a victory for Rome, and it was repeated in the case of the first Hohenstaufen, Conrad III., who owed his elevation (1138) mainly to the princes of the Church and the legate of Innocent II., by whom he was crowned.
		The treatises of Gerhoh of Reichersberg (1093-1169) abound in trenchant attacks upon the greed and venality of the Curia, the arrogance and extortion of the legates, the abuse of exemptions and appeals, and the German policy of Adrian IV.
		Frederick II., the new emperor created by Innocent, began by handing over his country to Rome and sacrificing the rights of the Empire to the union of the two great authorities of the Christian world.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Papacy (16678 words)

	Germany during the Crusades (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The quarrel between Frederick and Henry of Saxony was the foundation of a feud between Hohenstaufen and Welf that would last for two centuries.
		Frederick was the first German ruler to use the term "holy empire" ("Holy Roman Empire"—the term you will find in many history books—was not used until much later).
		Frederick lived to a ripe old age, though, and his son was not only fully grown but was well established as heir when Frederick died while on the Third Crusade in 1190.
	crusades.boisestate.edu /Europe/germany/05.shtml (678 words)

	Friedrich I, 'Barbarossa' Holy_Roman_Empir (1122 - 10 Jun 1190)
		Frederick I (Holy Roman Empire), called Frederick Barbarossa (1123?-90), Holy Roman emperor and king of Germany (1152-90), king of Italy (1155-90), and as Frederick III, duke of Swabia (1147-52, 1167-68).
		He was born in Waiblingen, the son of Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, duke of Swabia (1090-1147), and the nephew of Conrad III, king of Germany.
		Frederick was forced in 1177 to acknowledge Alexander III as pope and in 1183 to sign the Peace of Constance, acceding to the demands of the Lombards for autonomy but retaining imperial suzerainty over the towns.
	www.smokykin.com /ged/f002/f56/a0025623.htm (888 words)

	Frederick I Barbarossa (c. 1123-1190)
		Frederick was the son of Frederick II, duke of Swabia, and Judith, daughter of Henry IX, duke of Bavaria, of the rival dynasty of the Welfs.
		Frederick's contemporaries believed that, because he united in himself the blood of the Welfs and the Hohenstaufen, he would solve the internal problems of the kingdom.
		Barbarossa elevated the princes of Pomerania to dukes, and the counts of Andechs became the dukes of Merania (in the neighbourhood of Trieste).
	www.thelatinlibrary.com /imperialism/notes/frederickbarbarossa.html (2583 words)

	Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Frederick VI of Hohenstaufen (1167 – January 20, 1191) was duke of Swabia from 1170 to his death at the siege of Acre.
		He was the third son of Frederick III Barbarossa and Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy and brother of Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor.
		Frederick married a princess of Hungary but had no known descendants.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Frederick_VI,_Duke_of_Swabia (99 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Frederick II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Frederick II FREDERICK II [Frederick II] 1194-1250, Holy Roman emperor (1220-50) and German king (1212-20), king of Sicily (1197-1250), and king of Jerusalem (1229-50), son of Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI and of Constance, heiress of Sicily.
		Frederick William III FREDERICK WILLIAM III [Frederick William III] 1770-1840, king of Prussia (1797-1840), son and successor of Frederick William II.
		Frederick the Winter King FREDERICK THE WINTER KING [Frederick the Winter King] 1596-1632, king of Bohemia (1619-20), elector palatine (1610-20) as Frederick V. The Protestant diet of Bohemia deposed the Roman Catholic King Ferdinand (Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II) and chose Frederick as king.
	www.encyclopedia.com /articles/04721.html (611 words)

	History
		Frederick I, nephew of Emperor Conrad III of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was one of the greatest monarchs of medieval Germany - brave, intelligent and chivalrous.
		In later years, Frederick returned his focus to the situation in Germany, and defeated the Welf party, which at this time was led by his cousin, Henry the Bold.
		The name of Frederick I in Decameron X.9 helps to set the chronological scene for the narration, although the main character of the novella is the famed Saladin of the same period.
	www.brown.edu /Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/history/characters/frederick_i.shtml (294 words)

	Frederick Hohenstaufen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Frederick of Hohenstaufen was born December 26, 1194.
		Frederick was raised in the court at Palermo until he took over the government at the age of fourteen.
		Frederick's relations with the Church began peacefully enough, with his former guardian Innocent III gaining him the throne of the Germans and Innocent's successor Honorius crowning him Holy Roman Emperor in 1220.
	www.pitt.edu /~eflst4/Hohenstaufen.html (611 words)

	barbarossa
		Frederick was elected king of Germany on March 4, 1152 and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 1155.
		Frederick finally succeeded in keeping the nobles in the different provinces of Germany at peace with one another, and persuaded them to work together for the good of the whole empire.
		Emperor Frederik Barbarossa and Henry the Lion in Chiavenna 1176
	plaza.ufl.edu /ashk75/barbarossa.html (706 words)

	BookRags: Frederick, I Biography
		Frederick I (1123-1190), or Frederick Barbarossa, was Holy Roman Emperor from 1152 to 1190.
		The son of Duke Frederick II of Swabia, Frederick I was the nephew of Emperor Conrad III of the Hohenstaufen family.
		Frederick's mother, Judith, however, was a Welf, the sister of Henry the Proud, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/frederick-i (1362 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Crusades
		Frederick Barbarossa entered into negotiations with Isaac Angelus, Emperor of Constantinople, with the Sultan of Iconium, and even with Saladin himself.
		Frederick Barbarossa, who was first ready for the enterprise, and to whom chroniclers attribute an army of 100,000 men, left Ratisbon, 11 May, 1189.
		Meanwhile Emperor Frederick II, who was to be the leader of the crusade, had remained in Europe and continued to importune the pope for new postponements of his departure.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04543c.htm (14112 words)

	Frederick II
		Frederick II Frederick II Frederick II is a very convenient example of the sort of doubter and rebel the 13th century could produce.
		Frederick was the son of the German Emperor Henry VI; and grandson of Frederick Barbarossa.
		Frederick founded the University of Naples and was one of the first Italians to write Italian verse.
	www.latter-rain.com /eccle/fred2.htm (259 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Barbarossa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Barbarossa BARBAROSSA [Barbarossa] [Italred-beard], surname of the Turkish corsair Khayr ad-Din (c.1483-1546).
		Barbarossa and his brother Aruj, having seized (1518) Algiers from the Spanish, placed Algeria under Turkish suzerainty.
		Frederick I FREDERICK I [Frederick I] or Frederick Barbarossa [Italred beard], c.1125-90, Holy Roman emperor (1155-90) and German king (1152-90), son of Frederick of Hohenstaufen, duke of Swabia, nephew and successor of Holy Roman Emperor Conrad III.
	www.encyclopedia.com /articles/01108.html (470 words)

	Germany, the Stem Duchies & Marches
		The first marriage of Henry III of Lower Lorraine and Brabant was to Marie of Hohenstauften, daughter of Philip of Swabia and Irene Angelina, daughter of the Emperor Isaac II Angelus.
		The defeat of Henry the Lion by Frederick I (when Bavaria was conferred upon the Wittelsbachs, who retained it thereafter) and then of Otto IV by Philip of Swabia and the supporters of his nephew, Frederick II, doomed further Welf prospects.
		Frederick became the archetype of the "enlightened despot," whose characteristic principle is supposed to have been, "You can say whatever you like, but you will do what I tell you." This did not stop him, however, from initiating the partition of Poland.
	www.friesian.com /germany.htm (10308 words)

	Frederick III - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Frederick III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Frederick was an incapable ruler, and towards the end of his reign handed over the government of his lands to his son, Maximilian I.
		The marriage of Maximilian with Mary, daughter and heiress of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, made the Habsburg family one of the greatest dynasties in Europe.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Frederick+III (278 words)

	New Catholic Dictionary: Frederick I; Frederick Barbarossa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In 1155 for assisting the Holy See against its enemies, he was crowned emperor; during the next few years his foreign policy was successful.
		The disputed papal election in 1159 gave Frederick the opportunity he sought to demonstrate his imperial supremacy over the papacy.
		A synod was called at Pavia by him, and a decision given in favor of antipope Victor IV against Pope Alexander III.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saintS/ncd03389.htm (173 words)

	Roman Emperors DIR Manuel I Comnenus
		The Germans' march was not without incident, there being confrontation between the Greeks and Conrad's nephew Frederick (the future Frederick I Barbarossa) and the swelling of the river Melas by a torrential downpour which caused a flood which swept some of the Germans and many of their belongings away.
		Frederick Barbarossa, who was to become a constant menace to Manuel's designs, had succeeded his uncle Conrad III in 1152, but unlike him proved in the end unprepared to make any territorial concessions in Italy.
		About this time there was a scare at Constantinople that Frederick Barbarossa would march on Byzantium, perhaps reflecting a desire on Frederick's part to crusade (which he eventually did, in the reign of Isaac II Angelus).
	www.roman-emperors.org /mannycom.htm (8944 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Alexander III
		The contention made later, that the imperialist cardinals numbered nine, may be explained by the surmise that in the earlier ballotings six of the faithful cardinals voted for a less prominent and obnoxious candidate.
		When we are told that "the Romans" pursued his remains with curses and stones, the remembrance of a similar scene at the burial of Pius IX teaches us what value to attach to such a demonstration.
		In the estimation of Rome, Italy, and Christendom, Alexander III's epitaph expresses the truth, when it calls him "the Light of the Clergy, the Ornament of the Church, the Father of his City and of the World." He was friendly to the new academical movement that led to the establishment of the great medieval universities.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01287a.htm (847 words)

	HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH*
		Eugenius III., in his exhortations to the Second Crusade, placed the Crusaders in the same category with clerics before the courts in the case of most offences.
		Mindful of his experiences with Konrad III., whom he accompanied on the Second Crusade, he avoided the mixed character of Konrad’s army by admitting to the ranks only those who were physically strong and had at least three marks.
		Its leader, Frederick II., had little of the crusading spirit, and certainly the experiences of his ancestors Konrad and Barbarossa were not adapted to encourage him.
	www.ccel.org /s/schaff/history/5_ch07.htm (17139 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Empire and Papacy
		The Struggle Between Frederick Barbarossa and Alexander III, 1160-1177, in the original documents [A: Epistola Minor of the Council of Pavia, Feb. 5-11, 1160 A.D. (Encyclic.), B: Letter of John of Salisbury concerning the Council of Pavia, June 1160, C: The Peace of Venice, 1177].
		Innocent III (r.1198-1216): Sermon on the Resurrection of the Lord.
		Frederick II (r.1214-1250): Lictere Generales, establishing the University of Naples, trans.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/sbook1l.html (1353 words)

	Amazon.ca: The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa: Books: Otto,Charles Christopher Mierow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa is the "official biography" of German king and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I. This historical firsthand account was begun by his maternal uncle, Bishop Otto of Freising, the leading medieval church figure and notable historian, and continued by a less well known cleric, Rahewin.
		This chronicle is the single most important source for the early reign of Frederick Barbarossa and the most valuable biographical study to come out of the twelfth century.
		I bought the Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa for my High Middle Ages class, and the text offers an interesting slice of history of the reign of Frederick Barbarossa.
	www.amazon.ca /Deeds-Frederick-Barbarossa-Otto/dp/0231134193 (414 words)

	FRANCIA
		The now Emperor Charles III was nowhere near up to the task of holding off the Vikings and Arabs who were currently ravaging even the inner parts of the realm.
		Meanwhile, Pope Innocent III had declared a "Crusade" against the heretical Cathari (or Albigensians) in the south of France (or Languedoc).
		After the deaths of René the Good (1480), whose male heirs had predeceased him, and of Charles III, René's nephew, Louis XI secured the return of the Duchy of Anjou, the County of Provence, and, according to some sources, the French part of the Duchy of Bar.
	www.friesian.com /francia.htm (14221 words)

	Pope Alexander III
		Alexander III, given name Orlando Bandinelli, Roman Catholic Pope from 1159 to 1181, was a Siennese, and as a teacher of canon law in Bologna composed the Stroma or Summa Magistri Rolandi, one of the earliest commentaries on the Decretum Gratiani.
		In 1153 he became papal chancellor, and was the leader of the cardinals opposed to Frederick Barbarossa.
		Besides checkmating Barbarossa, he had humbled King Henry II of England in the affair of Thomas Becket, he had confirmed the right of Alphonso I of Portugal to the crown, and even as a fugitive had enjoyed the favor and protection of Louis VII of France.
	www.nndb.com /people/261/000094976 (353 words)

	Chapter 28. Notable Families Having Multiple Connections (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		1234; m(1) Fernando III "the Saint" [King of Castile y Leon], d.
		Manfred of Sicily [see Next] by an unknown partner, he had more illegitimate issue, iii.
		1261, Pedro III [King of Aragon & Sicily], d.
	members.aol.com /rfield/staufen.html (211 words)

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