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Topic: Frederick IV of Austria

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	Austria-Hungary - LoveToKnow 1911
		In 1314 Albert's son, Frederick, was chosen German king in opposition to Louis IV., duke of Upper Bavaria, afterwards the emperor Louis IV., and Austria was weakened by the efforts of the Habsburgs to sustain Frederick in his contest with Louis, and also by the struggle carried on between another brother, Leopold, and the Swiss.
		Austria and Spain were thus divided, and, in spite of the efforts of the archduke Charles in the Spanish Succession War, were never again united, for at the battle of Mohacs, on the 28th of August 1526, Suleiman the Mohacs Magnificent defeated and killed Louis, king of Bohemia and its g g results.
		But Frederick was unwilling to break with Russia, with whom he was negotiating the partition of Poland; Austria in these circumstances dared not take the offensive; and Maria Theresa was compelled to purchase the modification of the extreme claims of Russia in Turkey by agreeing to, and sharing in, the spoliation of Poland.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Austria-Hungary (16494 words)

	Frederick II (of Prussia) - MSN Encarta
		Frederick was born in Berlin on January 24, 1712, son of King Frederick William I and grandson of Frederick I.
		Frederick and his forces, aided only by financial assistance from Britain, which was at war with France, opposed the armies of Austria, Russia, Sweden, Saxony (Sachsen), and France.
		Frederick made an alliance with Catherine II of Russia, in 1764, and by the first partition of Poland in 1772 he received Polish Prussia, exclusive of Gdańsk (Danzig) and Toruń (Thorn), thus uniting the regions of Brandenburg and Pomerania.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761567792/Frederick_II_(of_Prussia).html (948 words)

	The Austrian Flag
		The flag was adopted by Friedrich II., der Streitbare, the last Babenberg as Duke of Austria in the 13th century.
		According to legend, Duke Leopold V. of Austria (1157-1194) was involved in a fierce battle during the Crusades.
		Austria became one of the marches (the Ostmark) of the Holy Roman Empire after the Battle of Lechfeld in 955, and was given a margrave around 960.
	www.sinz.org /Michael.Sinz/Austria (278 words)

	Pope Innocent IV
		When Celestine IV died after a short reign of sixteen days, the excommunicated emperor, Frederick II, was in possession of the States of the Church around Rome and attempted to intimidate the cardinals into electing a pope to his own liking.
		In 1249 the pope ordered a crusade to be preached against Frederick II, and after the emperor's death (13 December, 1250), he continued the struggle against Conrad IV and Manfred with unrelenting severity.
		In Austria, he confirmed Ottocar, the son of King Wenzel, as duke, in 1252, and mediated between him and King Béla of Hungary in 1254.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/i/innocent_iv,pope.html (1338 words)

	Columbia Encyclopedia- Frederick I - AOL Research & Learn
		Frederick's coronation as emperor in Rome was delayed by unrest in Germany and by the revolutionary commune of Rome (1143–55), headed by Arnold of Brescia, which controlled the city.
		Frederick withdrew temporarily, but returned in 1166, captured Rome, and was preparing to attack the pope's Sicilian allies when his army was decimated by an epidemic.
		Among the positive and lasting achievements of Frederick's reign are the foundations of new towns, the increase of trade, and the colonization and Christianization of Slavic lands in E Germany.
	reference.aol.com /columbia/_a/frederick-i/20051206020109990009 (744 words)

	Frederick William, IV Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		Frederick William IV (1795-1861) was king of Prussia from 1840 to 1861.
		On Oct. 15, 1795, Frederick William IV was born in Berlin, the oldest son of Frederick William III.
		Frederick William's ascension to the throne on June 7, 1840, was thus greeted with the expectation that he might help to realize the liberal-national aspirations of his distinguished friends.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/frederick-william-iv (412 words)

	The Avalon Project : The Establishment of the Duchy of Austria; September 17, 1156.
		Frederick, by favour of the divine mercy, august emperor of the Romans.
		The duke of Austria, moreover, shall not owe any other service to the empire from his duchy, except that, when he is summoned, he shall come to the courts which the emperor shall announce in Bavaria.
		Frederick Barbarossa in 1156, intent on the Italian expedition which was to gain him the imperial crown, hastened to heal the discord between his two powerful subjects.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/medieval/austria.htm (567 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
		The gradual advance of Christianity in Austria towards the east is shown in the shifting of the abode of the early rulers of the Babenberg (Bamberg) line from Melk, on the Kahlenberg, to Vienna.
		Pope Pius IV conceded the cup to the laity in the Archdioceses of Gran and Prague, a concession, however, withdrawn by St.
		The Elector Palatine Frederick V, the head of the Protestant League and of the German Calvinists, was elected King of Bohemia.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/02121b.htm (16949 words)

	Kingdoms of Germany - Austria
		Western Franks secede from the Germanic Empire, and Austria is controlled by the various Frankish rulers of the fledgling Holy Roman Empire.
		HRE Leopold I. Austria permanently absorbs the County of Tyrol.
		The heir to the throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, is assassinated by Serb nationalists.
	www.kessler-web.co.uk /History/KingListsEurope/GermanyAustria.htm (548 words)

	Frederick I Barbarossa (c. 1123-1190)
		Frederick was the son of Frederick II, duke of Swabia, and Judith, daughter of Henry IX, duke of Bavaria, of the rival dynasty of the Welfs.
		Frederick's contemporaries believed that, because he united in himself the blood of the Welfs and the Hohenstaufen, he would solve the internal problems of the kingdom.
		The successor of Eugenius III, Pope Adrian IV, honoured the Treaty of Constance and crowned Frederick emperor on June 18, 1155, in Rome.
	www.thelatinlibrary.com /imperialism/notes/frederickbarbarossa.html (2583 words)

	Frederick IV, Duke of Austria - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Frederick IV, Duke of Further of Austria, also known as Frederick of the Empty Pockets (1382 - June 24, 1439) was the Habsburg duke of Further Austria from 1402, and Count of Tyrol from 1406, until his death.
		Frederick's rulership over Tyrol and the scattered Habsburg territories in southwestern Germany and in the Alsace referred to collectively as Vorderösterreich (i.e., Further Austria) was formalized in 1402 through a partition of his father's inheritance.
		Later, in 1406, his elder brother Leopold IV ceded Tyrol to his sole rule when their eldest brother William died; and Frederick became sole ruler in Further Austria only upon Leopold's death in 1411.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Frederick_IV_of_Austria (350 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> 1380s (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Olaf IV of Norway/ Olaf III of Denmark dies.
		Frederick IV of Austria - Regent of Tyrol and Further Austria (died 1439)
		Olaf IV of Norway/Olaf III of Denmark (born 1370)
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/1380s (978 words)

	Frederick I of Austria (Habsburg) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Frederick was the son of Emperor Albert I and Elisabeth of Carinthia.
		After the death of Henry VII, Frederick became a candidate for the Crown of the Holy Roman Empire, but Louis was elected in October 1314 upon the instigation of the Archbishop of Mainz with four of the seven votes.
		Louis held Frederick captive on Trausnitz Castle in the Upper Palatinate for three years, but the persistent resistance by Frederick's brother Leopold, the retreat of the King of Bohemia from his alliance and the Pope's ban induced Louis to release him in the Treaty of Trausnitz of March 13, 1325.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Frederick_I_of_Austria_(Habsburg) (553 words)

	Wikinfo \| Frederick (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Frederick is Friedrich in German and Frederik in Danish.
		Frederick I of Austria (Babenberg), Duke of Austria from 1195-1198
		Frederick I of Austria (Habsburg), the Handsome, (1286-1330), Duke of Austria and King of the Romans as Frederick (III).
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Frederick (298 words)

	Innocent IV Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		Frederick seized two cardinals who were on their way to Rome to attend the council and held them captive on an island off the coast of Tuscany.
		Frederick was slow to honor his promises, and he still refused to release the cardinals.
		Innocent IV, severely ill with pleurisy, died in Naples on December 7, 1254, and was buried in a tomb at the Basilica of Santa Restituta in Naples.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/innocent-iv (1450 words)

	Frederick IV of Austria - History Wiki - A Wikia wiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Frederick IV of the Empty Pocket (1382 - 1446) was the Count of the Tyrol from 1406 until 1446.
		Frederick was the third son of the Habsburg Duke Leopold III.
		In 1420 Frederick moved the court and capital of Tyrol from Meran-Merano in the south to Innsbruck.
	history.wikia.com /wiki/Frederick_IV_of_Austria (287 words)

	boys clothing: European royalty Austria
		Austria was left with control of the German Confederation but suffered upheaval during the 1848 revolutions and eventual defeat in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War.
		Prussia's defat of Austria led to the formation of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary in 1867 under Emperor Franz Josef and exclusion from the new German Empire unified by Bismarck.
		Austria's embrace of fascism meant that German troops met little opposition to the Anchluss in 1938 and incorporated Austria into the Third Reich.
	histclo.com /royal/ost/royal-aus.htm (3556 words)

	Otto of Freising
		By her first husband, Frederick I of Hohenstaufen, duke of Swabia, Agnes was the mother of the German king Conrad III, and grandmother of the emperor Frederick I; and Otto was thus related to the most powerful families in Germany.
		He enjoyed the favor of Conrad's successor, Frederick I; was probably instrumental in settling the dispute over the duchy of Bavaria in 1156; was present at the famous diet at Besançon in 1157, and, still retaining the dress of a Cistercian monk, died at Morimond on the 22nd of September 1158.
		It is not confined to German affairs, as the author digresses to tell of the preaching of Bernard of Clairvaux, of his zeal against the heretics, and of the condemnation of Peter Abelard; and discourses on philosophy and theology.
	www.nndb.com /people/311/000103999 (637 words)

	Vlar's Timeline of the World (Page 9) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Double election of Frederick of Austria and Louis of Bavaria.
		Frederick of Austria defeated and taken prisoner by Louis of Bavaria.
		The Hapsburgs recognize Louis IV of Bavaria as Emperor.
	www.angelfire.com /vt/VlarDracul/timeline9.html (1319 words)

	Friedrich I, 'Barbarossa' Holy_Roman_Empir (1122 - 10 Jun 1190)
		He was born in Waiblingen, the son of Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, duke of Swabia (1090-1147), and the nephew of Conrad III, king of Germany.
		By attacking the Leonine City in Rome in 1167-68, Frederick was able to install one of the antipopes, Paschal III (died 1168), on the papal throne.
		Frederick was forced in 1177 to acknowledge Alexander III as pope and in 1183 to sign the Peace of Constance, acceding to the demands of the Lombards for autonomy but retaining imperial suzerainty over the towns.
	www.smokykin.com /ged/f002/f56/a0025623.htm (888 words)

	Worldroots.com
		Habsburg, Frederick IV of Austria, Duke of Austria
		Habsburg, Leopold I of Austria, Duke of Austria
		Habsburg, Leopold III of Austria, Duke of Austria
	worldroots.com /brigitte/habsburg.htm (286 words)

	FREDERICK WILLIAM IV - Online Information article about FREDERICK WILLIAM IV
		Austria had been excluded from the new empire, he replied to the See also:
		For Frederick William the position of leader of Germany now meant the employment of the military force of Prussia to crush the scattered elements of revolution that survived the collapse of the national See also:
		In religious matters Frederick William was also largely swayed by his love for the ancient and picturesque.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /FRA_GAE/FREDERICK_WILLIAM_IV.html (2325 words)

	Austrian History \| History of Austria :: Soccerphile
		One piece of evidence for this assertion was the discovery in 1908 of one of the oldest piece of art known to man – the 5cm tall statue 'Venus of Willendorf'.
		She insisted that Jews be kept behind a screen when in her presence, but is seen as one of Austria's greatest rulers.
		1995AD Austria joins the EU Austria attracts diplomatic sanctions from EU member states for allowing far right xenophobe politician Joerg Haider into government by means of a free, fair and democratic election.
	www.soccerphile.com /soccerphile/euro2008/culture/austrian-history.html (1219 words)

	History of Austria
		The dukedom in the House of Agilolfing was primarily heriditary.
		From the late 13th century, the rise of Austria is closely associated with the rise of the House of Habsburg.
		The gradual decline of the imperial power was hastened by the death of Conrad IV and the phantom sovereignties of William of Holland and Richard, earl of Cornwall.
	www.geocities.com /historyofaustria/history.html (20221 words)

	SparkNotes: Europe (1815-1848): Germany and Prussia in 1848
		Frederick William IV, who was generally as weak and unskilled as his father, similarly feared giving the people a constitution.
		However, the success of Prussia in the last few decades had been almost entirely due to the skilled group of bureaucrats and administrators serving the government, and all of these administrators were pushing hard for a constitutional monarchy.
		Frederick William IV quickly mobilized the disciplined Prussian army to suppress the revolution.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/european/1848/section10.rhtml (858 words)

	Frederick III, Holy Roman emperor and German king — Infoplease.com
		Although Frederick was generally a weak ruler, he made considerable progress toward reuniting the Hapsburg family lands under his own branch.
		In Austria, his succession to Ladislaus as duke was challenged by his brother, but Albert's death (1463) left Frederick with an undisputed claim.
		Frederick's greatest success was his acquisition of Burgundy, including the Netherlands and Belgium, for the house of Hapsburg.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/people/A0819536.html (547 words)

	Vienna travel guide - Wikitravel
		Vienna [1] (German: Wien) is the capital and largest city of Austria, and the Historic City Centre was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Listin 2001.
		After the 1848 revolutions, during which the library was placed immediately in the line of fire (some faithful librarians remained behind and managed to save the books as the imperial palace caught fire), Emperor Franz Josef I agreed to open the library to the public and even keep the library open into the evening hours.
		Austria in general, but especially the area around Vienna, produces quite a large amount of wine each year.
	wikitravel.org /en/Vienna (11612 words)

	Central Europe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Very early in his reign Hungary was invaded by the central wing of the Mongol Horde under Batu Khan; half the nation was put to the torch, while Béla was reduced to fighting running skirmishes and counting himself lucky to scamper away each time in the other half of the Kingdom.
		They long served Austria and the Empire and were raised to the status of Princes of the Holy Roman Empire in 1608.
		To Switzerland thereafter (Bellinzona district to 1798, Canton of Lugano 1798-1803, Canton of Ticino from 1803.)
	www.hostkingdom.net /centeuro.html (1696 words)

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