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Topic: Free fatty acids

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	Process for the pre-esterification of free fatty acids in fats and oils - Patent 4698186 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Atmosphere transesterification of fats and oils to form the corresponding fatty acid ester mixture may be effected with a 0.5 to 1.0-molar excess of alcohol in the presence of an alkali catalyst and at a temperature of between 25.degree.
		Fats and oils having a relatively high content of free fatty acids may be transesterified in a high pressure transesterification process with a 7- to 8- molar excess of methanl in the presence of alkali or zinc catalysts to form the corresponding fatty acid methyl esters.
		In the process of the present invention, free fatty acids present in the starting triglyceride mixture are esterified with a molar excess (relative to the fatty acids) of a lower monoalcohol, i.e., an alkanol having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, in the presence of a solid acidic esterification catalyst.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4698186.html (3883 words)

	Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) References
		At the end of the trial, fatty acyl desaturation/elongation and beta-oxidation activities were determined in isolated hepatocytes and intestinal enterocytes using [1-(14)C]18:3n-3 as substrate, and samples of liver were collected for analysis of lipid and fatty acid composition.
		Correlations between fatty acid metabolism and dietary palm oil were most clearly observed in desaturation/elongation activities in both hepatocytes and enterocytes at 11 degrees C. The highest beta-oxidation activities were generally observed in fish fed FO alone in both hepatocytes and enterocytes with palm oil having differential effects in the two cell types.
		The increased resistance of erythrocytes to hemolysis, the increased glutathione peroxidase activity, and the increased degree of unsaturation of fatty acids in the erythrocyte membrane are compatible with a reduction of oxidative stress during hemodialysis with vitamin E-modified membranes.
	lansbury.bwh.harvard.edu /polyunsaturated_fatty_acids_references.htm (15159 words)

	Free (unesterified) fatty acids - occurrence, biochemistry, analysis
		Free acids are transported in plasma as a complex with albumin to other organs, where they can diffuse or be actively transported across the cell membranes for incorporation into lipids and use in many cellular processes.
		Apart from their obvious role as a source of energy, fatty acids can act as second messengers required for the translation of external signals, as they can be produced rapidly as a consequence of the binding of specific agonists to plasma membrane receptors.
		Straight-chain saturated and monoenoic fatty acids do not appear to be involved in the process, but poly-methyl-branched fatty acids, such as phytanic and pristanic, may have a function.
	www.lipidlibrary.co.uk /lipids/ffa (674 words)

	Diabetes Cause: Free Fatty Acids?
		Free fatty acids -- substances that circulate in the bloodstream -- may be part of the answer.
		Experts have long known that levels of free fatty acids are higher in people who are obese and those who have diabetes.
		One widely accepted hypothesis that goes back 40 years is that an excess of free fatty acids in the bloodstream blocks the normal absorption of glucose by other cells.
	www.webmd.com /content/article/62/71539.htm (571 words)

	fatty acid analysis
		Fatty acids may be weighed, titrated to determine their neutralization equivalent or converted to methyl esters before fractionation or GLC analysis..
		On a large scale, fatty acid methyl esters, used as a substitute of diesel fuel (Biodiesel), are prepared by transesterification of vegetal oils with sodium methylate, NaOH or KOH in dry medium.
		The most common derivatives of fatty acids are the methyl esters obtained by heating free fatty acids with a large excess of anhydrous methanol in the presence of a catalyst, boron trifluoride (Morrison et al J Lipid Res 1964, 5,600).
	www.cyberlipid.org /fattyt/fatt0001.htm (3537 words)

	Fatty acids definition - Cholesterol: health and medical information about high cholesterol and heart disease
		Fatty acids: Molecules that are long chains of lipid-carboxylic acid found in fats and oils and in cell membranes as a component of phospholipids and glycolipids.
		Essential fatty acid: An essential fatty acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid needed by the body that is synthesized by plants but not by the human body and is therefore a dietary requirement.
		Omega-3 fatty acids: Omega-3 fatty acids are a class of fatty acids found in fish oils, especially in salmon and other cold-water fish, that lowers the levels of cholesterol and LDL (low-density lipoproteins) in the blood.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=15387 (341 words)

	HPLC of fatty acids
		Derivatization: 1-2 µg fatty acids and some ng of internal standard (C17:0) dissolved in a little volume of dichloromethane are pipetted in a small amber-glass tube.
		Fatty acids obtained by saponification of acylated lipids are more conveniently fractionated in the free form and are derivatized as previously described before HPLC.
		The TLC fractions containing dienes and monoenes (delimited from standard spots of elaidic and linoleic acid) are derivatized with BrMMC as previously described and chromatographed on a C18 column with acetonitrile/water (80/20, v/v) as mobile phase at 2 ml/min.
	www.cyberlipid.org /fattyt/fatt0004.htm (2773 words)

	Chemistry - World Oil company listing"
		Fatty Acids: Olive Oil is a complex compound made of fatty acids, vitamins, volatile components, water soluble components and microscopic bits of olive.
		The free fatty acidity is thus a direct measure of the quality of the oil, and reflects the care taken right from blossoming and fruit set to the eventual sale and consumption of the oil.
		The principle is based on dissolving the free fatty acids present in a carefully weighed sample of oil into a mixture of solvents (usually alcohol/peroxide-free ether), and then titrating, with constant stirring, against a standard alkali solution (usually standardised Potassium Hydroxide) in the presence of an acid/base indicator (usually phenolpthalein).
	www.bulkoil.com /chemistry.htm (2832 words)

	Butter : Free Fatty Acids
		The trigylcerides (98% of milkfat) are of diverse composition with respect to their component fatty acids, approximately 40% of which are unsaturated fat firmness varies with chain length, degree of unsaturation, and position of the fatty acids on the glycerol.
		Flavorful fatty acids play an important role in the flavor of butter and are present at varied concentrations.
		The acid is of considerable commercial importance as a raw material in the manufacture of esters of lower alcohols for use as flavouring agents; its anhydride is used to make cellulose acetatebutyrate, a useful plastic.
	webexhibits.org /butter/compounds-fatty.html (794 words)

	ScienceDaily: High Fatty Acid Levels May Mean Sudden Death For Middle-Aged Men
		While this study shows an association between circulating levels of free fatty acids and a high risk of sudden cardiac death, an accompanying editorial says that not all fatty acids are equal in their propensity to cause arrhythmias.
		The editorial suggests that increasing omega-3 fatty acids in the diet, which come from fatty fish or canola oil, and decreasing the intake of omega-6 fatty acids, found in plant seed oils (corn, safflower, sunflower), is a way to reduce the risk of sudden death.
		Fatty acid -- A fatty acid is a carboxylic acid (or organic acid), often with a long aliphatic tail (long chains), either saturated or unsaturated.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2001/08/010815081602.htm (2196 words)

	Unbound free fatty acids measured with ADIFAB
		Unbound free fatty acid levels provide a convenient way to measure autolipolysis in fats and oils and can therefore be used to evaluate the quality of edible oils, for example to distinguish extra virgin from ungraded olive oil.
		In the absence of unbound free fatty acids, the ADIFAB probe fluoresces in the blue at 432 nm.
		In the presence of unbound free fatty acids, the emission shifts to the green with a peak at 505 nm.
	www.ffasciences.com /product2.html (399 words)

	Free Fatty Acids Contribute to Metabolic Changes - The Body
		Free fatty acids are derived from lipolysis, the breakdown of fat stored in fat cells.
		When individuals received acipimox, the free fatty acid levels fell from their high baseline levels and fell further, as in healthy individuals, after the glucose challenge.
		These data, therefore, indicate that the high levels of free fatty acid in persons with metabolic disturbances are contributory to insulin resistance in these patients.
	www.thebody.com /confs/adrl2001/moyle2.html (837 words)

	Essential Fatty Acids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		LNA is furhter converted by the liver to Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and Docosapentaenoic acid (DHA), long-chain Omega-3 fatty acid molecules.
		Studies indicate that a high intake of n-6 fatty acids shifts the physiologic state to one that is prothrombotic and proaggregatory, characterized by increases in blood viscosity, vasospasm, and vasoconstriction and decreases in bleeding time.
		However, alpha-linolenic acid, found in green leafy vegetables, flaxseed, rapeseed, and walnuts, desaturates and elongates in the human body to EPA and DHA and by itself may have beneficial effects in health and in the control of chronic diseases.
	home.gci.net /~designed/essential_fatty_acids.htm (3430 words)

	Free Fatty Acids May Be Linked to Sudden Cardiac Death in Healthy Men
		Very high levels of free fatty acids were associated with "2.5 to three times the risk for sudden cardiac death," says Jouven.
		Alexander Leaf, MD, who wrote an editorial that accompanies the Jouven study, says that free fatty acids should not be lumped together as a single entity.
		By contrast omega-3 fatty acids, which are found in fatty fish and canola oil are actually heart healthy, says Leaf.
	www.webmd.com /content/article/34/1728_86581.htm (655 words)

	Omega-3 fatty acid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Therefore Alpha-linolenic acid is an Essential nutrient which must be obtained from food, and the other omega-3 fatty acids which can be either synthesized from it within the body or obtained from food are sometimes also referred to as essential nutrients.
		The 'essential' fatty acids were given their name when researchers found that they were essential to normal growth in young children and animals.
		Consequently, the past decade of omega-3 fatty acid research has procured some Western interest in omega-3s as being a legitimate 'brain food.' Still, recent claims that one's intelligence quotient, psychological tests measuring certain cognitive skills, including numerical and verbal reasoning skills, are increased on account of omega-3s consumed by pregnant mothers remain unreliable and controversial.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acids (4013 words)

	Caffeine & Free Fatty Acids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		To determine the relationship between the appearance of paraxanthine (caffeine's major dimethylxanthine metabolite) and free fatty acid (FFA) mobilization after intravenous caffeine administration, 10 men were studied at rest after receiving a dose of 4 mg/kg lean body mass.
		Concentrations of FFA and glycerol were corrected for plasma volume changes.
		A high negative correlation was seen between decreases in caffeine and increases in FFA (r=-0.90) and a high positive correlation was seen between the appearance of paraxanthine and FFA (r=0.93).
	www.teatalk.com /health/para.htm (250 words)

	Free Fatty Acids and Cytokines Induce Pancreatic {beta}-Cell Apoptosis by Different Mechanisms: Role of Nuclear ...
		Gent, Belgium); or the FFAs oleate and palmitate.
		FFA and albumin concentrations (15, 18, 51, 52).
		FFAs and IL-1ß are cytotoxic to rat islets.
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/145/11/5087 (6611 words)

	Unbound Free Fatty Acids and Heart-Type Fatty Acid-Binding Protein: Diagnostic Assays and Clinical Applications -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Serum levels of unbound free fatty acids reveal high sensitivity for early detection of acute myocardial infarction in patients samples from the TIMI II trial.
		The responses of fatty acid-binding protein and creatine kinase to acute and chronic exercise in junior rowers.
		Ishii J, Nakamura Y, Naruse H. Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein is a useful marker for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction and risk stratification of cardiac mortality and cardiac events in patients with early hours of acute coronary syndrome.
	www.clinchem.org /cgi/content/full/52/1/19 (5679 words)

	Studies of Caprylic, Capric, Lauric, and Other Free Fatty Acids in Brandies by Gas Chromatography -- Crowell and Guymon ...
		The free acids and other materials were removed from the brandy
		fatty acids and their ethyl esters in an aged brandy was demonstrated.
		fatty acids are reduced when yeast cells are removed from the distilling
	www.ajevonline.org /cgi/content/abstract/20/3/155 (340 words)

	Unsaturated Fatty Acids Inhibit Sterol Regulatory Element-Dependent Gene Expression: A Potential Mechanism Contributing ...
		Horton JD, Shimomura I, Brown MS, Hammer RE, Goldstein JL, Shimano H. Activation of cholesterol synthesis in preference to fatty acid synthesis in liver and adipose tissue of transgenic mice overproducing sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2.
		Polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease expression of promoters with sterol regulatory elements by decreasing levels of mature sterol regulatory element-binding protein.
		Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 expression is suppressed by dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids: A mechanism for the coordinate suppression of lipogenic genes by polyunsaturated fats.
	www.ebmonline.org /cgi/content/full/225/3/184 (1444 words)

	Marked Reutilization of Free Fatty Acids during Activated Lipolysis in Human Skeletal Muscle -- Enoksson et al. 90 (2): ...
		Release of glycerol and free fatty acids (FFA) was investigated
		of glycerol release, whereas FFA release was unaffected.
		fatty acid release, although glycerol release was markedly augmented.
	jcem.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/90/2/1189 (3883 words)

	Free fatty acids and/or amine salts - toxicity, ecologicial toxicity and regulatory information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Chemical Identification and Use for Free fatty acids and/or amine salts
		Sorry, no water quality standards or criteria have been established for this chemical by the U.S. or Canadian governments; however, there may be criteria established for related chemicals.
		Ecotoxicity for Free fatty acids and/or amine salts
	www.pesticideinfo.org /Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC33159 (893 words)

	Clinical Trial: Free Fatty Acids and Vascular Function in Subjects With Diabetes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Free Fatty Acids and Vascular Function in Subjects With Diabetes
		This study will test the hypothesis that reduction in release of free fatty acids from adipocytes will restore insulin-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilation and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism in subject with type 2 diabetes.
		Therefore, we will study the importance of insulin signaling in endothelial biology in humans and the effects of free fatty acids on endothelial function in people with type 2 diabetes.
	www.clinicaltrials.gov /ct/show/NCT00153179 (480 words)

	Clinical Trial: An Efficacy and Safety Study of Omega-3 Free Fatty Acids (Epanova™) for the Maintenance of ...
		Commercially available fish oils are supplied as fatty acid triglycerides or ethyl esters and are often associated with unpleasant side effects such as nausea, flatulence, diarrhea and belching.
		Several studies have demonstrated the superior absorption across intestinal membranes of free fatty acids in comparison with triglycerides and ethyl esters.
		Epanova™ is being developed as a well-tolerated means of delivering a high concentration of marine fish oils as free fatty acids.
	www.clinicaltrials.gov /ct/gui/show/NCT00074542 (968 words)

	- Free Fatty Acids, Plasma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Delays in the processing of the sample leads to an increase in free fatty acid levels due to lipolysis of the triglycerides by the action of lipase.
		If whole blood is used the clotting of the sample is delayed and lipolysis occurs leading to erroneously higher free fatty acid levels.
		Specimens must be collected on ice and the plasma separated from the red cells within 30 minutes of collection and immediately frozen.
	www.cdhb.govt.nz /chlabs/tests/4289.htm (121 words)

	Metabolomics:Probes for unbound free fatty acids using fluorescent fatty acid binding proteins (FABP) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Metabolomics:Probes for unbound free fatty acids using fluorescent fatty acid binding proteins (FABP)
		ADIFAB can be used to determine enzyme activity and monitor fat status.
		FFA Sciences produces ADIFAB assay kits to measure levels of
	www.freefattyacids.com (87 words)

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