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	Neurocytology
		Nerve endings are always in contact with a transducer cell that converts a mechanical, thermal or chemical stimulus to an electrical potential in the nerve ending.
		Free nerve endings are the branched terminations of the axons.
		Free nerve endings are also common in somatic tissues including bones, joints and muscle.
	staff.um.edu.mt /acus1/Nervendings.htm (2162 words)

	Merkel nerve ending - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Merkel nerve endings are mechanoreceptors found in the skin and mucosa of vertebrates that provide touch information to the brain.
		Merkel nerve endings are found in the basal layer of glabrous and hairy skin, in hair follicles, and in oral and anal mucosa.
		In mammals, electrical recordings from single afferent nerve fibres have shown that the responses Merkel nerve endings are characterized by a vigorous response to the onset of a mechanical ramp stimulus (dynamic), and then continued firing during the plateau phase (static).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Merkel_nerve_ending (636 words)

	THE SOMATOSENSES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		That is, the different skin sensations result from the brain comparing the pattern of activity across several types of nerve endings – just as different colors are due to the brain comparing the pattern of activity across the three types of cone cell.
		Annulospiral endings and Golgi tendon organs contribute to proprioception, but are mainly important for their role in certain spinal reflexes.
		Annulospiral endings and Golgi tendon organs signal the intensity of muscle contraction required to hold the weight, while the joint-position cells signal the angle of the arm bones as the weight is being held.
	www.hss.bond.edu.au /psyc12-210/lectures/week10notes.htm (4598 words)

	ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I
		The receptor may be a free nerve ending, an encapsulated nerve ending, an accessory cell, or a modified neuron.
		Nociceptors are free nerve endings sensitive to temperature, mechanical trauma, and chemicals in the extracellular fluids.
		Nerves monitoring the left half of the visual field pass to the lateral geniculate of the left side, and those monitoring the right half are directed to the right side.
	members.tripod.com /~rmoskowitz/sensory.html (2442 words)

	Free nerve ending - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Free nerve endings are unencapsulated and have no complex sensory structures, unlike those found in Meissner's or Pacinian corpuscles.
		These nerve endings are responsible for detecting temperature, mechanical stimuli (such as pressure), pain (nociception), and information about touch.
		"Free nerve ending terminal morphology is fiber type specific for A delta and C fibers innervating rabbit corneal epithelium.".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Free_nerve_ending (239 words)

	Otto Loewi - Nobel Lecture
		In this way it was proved that the nerves do not act directly upon the heart, but rather that the direct result of nerve stimulation is the release of chemical substances and that it is these which bring directly about characteristic changes of function in the heart.
		The nerve substances, considered as vago- or sympathico-mimetic substances, would have to act like these, that is to say, they would have to stimulate the myoneural junction and release substances, etc. on their own.
		Quite apart from this, the supposition that the nerve substances stimulate the nerve somewhere is quite superfluous by the proof shown above, that the alkaloids atropine and ergotamine which inhibit the activity of the vago- and sympathico-mimetic substances, do not, as was supposed, paralyse the nerves, but are simply antagonistic to the substances.
	nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1936/loewi-lecture.html (4850 words)

	Chapter 17 - Sensory Function
		Some free nerve endings in the skin are not specific, but may be stimulated by a variety of stimuli (such as chemical stimuli, mechanical trauma, temperature change, and pressure).
		They may be a free nerve ending (naked dendrite, like a pain receptor) or a dendrite wrapped in some connective or epithelial tissue (like a corpuscle of touch).
		Nerve impulses generated by cutaneous receptors pass along somatic afferent neurons in spinal and cranial nerves, through the thalamus (sensory relay), and to the somatosensory area of the parietal lobe of the cortex (postcentral gyrus).
	inside.msj.edu /academics/faculty/murraye/chapter17-martini.htm (5072 words)

	[No title]
		The sensation of pain in this pathology presumably is caused by stimulation of free nerve endings by noxious substances released by degenerating muscle tissue and inflammatory cells.
		Other stimuli that may be sensed by the free nerve ending nociceptors are elevated tissue pressure and mechanical distortion from local edema and increased temperature from the inflammatory events.
		Free nerve endings of Group IV afferent neurons appear to be particularly associated with the sensation of pain in delayed-onset muscular soreness.
	www.sportsci.org /encyc/drafts/Muscle_micro_injury.doc (2269 words)

	Sensory impulse
		Sensory neuron: nerve cord carrying sensory stimuli to the brain.
		Cell body: part of the nerve cell between the axon and the dendrite.
		Motor end plate: muscular organ that becomes active in response to stimuli.
	www.infovisual.info /03/040_en.html (62 words)

	Answers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The facial nerve carries parasympathetic secretory fibers to the salivary and lacrimal glands and to the nucous membranes of the oral and nasal cavities 3.
		The facial nerve conveys various types of sensation, including exteroceptive sensation from the region of the ear drum, taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and general visceral sensation from the salivary glands and mucosa of the nose and pharynx.
		Of cranial nerves lie in the sensory neclei of the cranial nerve 3.
	www.rashaduniversity.com /answers1.html (15544 words)

	Dental Physiology 115 – Sensory Neurophysiology
		Temperature receptors are free nerve endings that respond to warmth or cold (Kandel et al.
		Nerve endings do not explain dentin pain because the nerve only penetrate partly into the dentin, and the part of the dentin without nerves is equally or more sensitive.
		The accepted theory is that dentin pain is mediated by the spread of stimulation (on the dentinal surface) through fluid pressure to the nerve endings.
	instruct.uwo.ca /dentistry/115/Dents115-Leung.html (3439 words)

	INTRONS 2002: EXAM #2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
		The lamellae surround a free nerve ending, an unmyeliated receptor region that is continuous with a large myelinated primary afferent axon.
		The free nerve ending has mechanosensitive ion channels that open and close in response to stretching of the membrane.
		The free nerve ending underlying the Pacinian corpuscle became a slowly adapting receptor when the lamellae were removed, suggesting that its rapidly adapting property is due to the lamellae, and not the free nerve ending itself.
	www.cns.nyu.edu /~sam/introns/introns02/exam2key (1397 words)

	Receptors
		Other neurons end in body wall tissues without having a special capsule of accessory cells; often they are the ones that detect noxious or painful stimuli.
		The peripheral ending of a sensory neuron is in the center of a multi-layered arrangement of capsule cells.
		The ending of the sensory neuron intermingles among the collagen fascicles within the tendon organ.
	www.sci.uidaho.edu /med532/receptors_module1.htm (538 words)

	The Neuroanatomical Basis for the Protopathic Sensibility of the Human Glans Penis
		FNEs are characterized by an incomplete Schwann cell investment, and contain irregularly scattered neurofilaments and neurotubules, clusters of mitochrondria, vesicles of variable size and various inclusions.
		The ratio of FNEs to corpuscular receptors is approximately 10:1 and a similar ratio of small to large axons is seen in dermal nerves.
		The anatomical basis for this dissociation is the abundance of FNEs and absence of Merkel terminals and typical Meissner corpuscles in the covering of the glans, and the converse in glabrous skin of the digit.
	www.cirp.org /library/anatomy/halata (402 words)

	Pain.com - A world of information on pain
		The observation that sympathetic innervtion increases in the ganglion after nerve injury and that afferent activity can be driven by sympthetic stimulation provides some linkage between these efferent and afferent systems and suggests that an overall increase in sympathetic activity per se is not necessary to evoke the activity.
		This sensitized nerve endings would then be sensitive to the distention of the meningeal blood vessels (much as a tooth pulp afferent becomes sensitized and correlates with a pounding sensation in conjunction with the heart beat) and leads to activation of trigemenial projections
		Given the widespread consumption of caffeinated beverages, it is generally appreciated that a a significant fraction of the incidence of headaches experienced in the population may be iatrogenic and this may account for ancidence of post-operative headaches.
	www.pain.com /sections/professional/Journals/journalfull.cfm?id=100 (2615 words)

	Jerry V (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Neuropathic pain from damaged nerve fibers or persistent muscle spasm are two examples of conditions in which there may be lack of return of normal tissue function.
		Stimulate a peripheral nerve-free ending or receptor and the nerve impulse is carried to the central nervous system by a nociceptive afferent fiber.
		There are mechanical nociceptors, thermal nociceptors, combined type mechanical thermal nociceptors and free nerve endings, all which have different thresholds for response to a noxious mechanical stimuli, chemical or heat.
	www.drjerrymarlin.com /pain1.htm (5750 words)

	Arthritis Research & Therapy \| Full text \| Arthritis and Pain. Neurogenic origin of joint pain
		The exposed nature of sensory 'free' nerve endings means that the axolemma of these fibres is probably subjected to significant stretch during joint movement.
		The present theory is that movement of the joint generates shear stresses on the axolemma of the 'free' nerve endings, resulting in the opening of mechanogated ion channels.
		In the knee joint, N/OFQ was found to have a dual effect on sensory nerve activity depending on dose of peptide, on level of mechanical manipulation of the knee, and on whether the joint was inflamed [59].
	arthritis-research.com /mkt/119294/content/8/6/220 (6437 words)

	eMedicine - Postexercise Muscle Soreness : Article by Divakara Kedlaya, MBBS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The free nerve endings are distributed primarily in the muscle connective tissue between fibers, (especially in the regions of arterioles and capillaries) and at the musculotendinous junctions.
		The free nerve endings of group IV afferent fibers in muscles are polymodal and respond to a variety of stimuli including chemical, mechanical, and thermal.
		Type III and IV nerve endings are sensitive to temperatures of 38-48°C. Elevated temperature could conceivably damage the structural element in the muscle, resulting in necrosis of muscle fibers and breakdown of connective tissues.
	www.emedicine.com /pmr/topic117.htm (4359 words)

	free - Definitions from Dictionary.com
		Not bound, fastened, or attached: the free end of a chain.
		free or remove obstruction from; "free a path across the cluttered floor" [ant: block]
		Example: She was able to free herself from her debts by working at an additional job.
	dictionary.reference.com /browse/free (1979 words)

	exam2_95
		Free nerve ending of an unmyelinated "C" fiber; substantia gelatinosa; right anterior lateral quadrant of the spinal cord; reticular formation; intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus; cingulate cortex.
		Fine touch discriminations on the facial skin is processed by the trigeminal nerve and is relayed to the contralateral ventroposterior medial nucleus of the thalamus.
		The primary sensory cortex is the end or final stage of sensory processing for a particular system (i.e., no higher or further sensory processing or interpretation can occur).
	www2.umdnj.edu /~paneuweb/exam2_95.htm (2596 words)

	Parts of the nerve cell and their function
		A nerve cell can have many dendrites which branch many times, their surface is irregular and covered in dendritic spines which are where the synaptic input connections are made.
		The cells that wrap around peripheral nerve fibers - that is, nerve fibers outside of the brain and spinal cord - are called Schwann cells (because they were first described by Theodor Schwann).
		The gap between the post- and presynaptic terminals is larger, and the mode of transmission is not electrical, but carried by neurotransmitters, neuroactive substances released at the presynaptic side of the junction.
	www.cerebromente.org.br /n07/fundamentos/neuron/parts_i.htm (1223 words)

	SENSORY SYSTEMS
		Somatosensory receptors are the simplest consisting either of naked nerve endings or nerve endings encased in connective tissue capsules e.g.
		Nociceptors exists as free nerve endings that respond to chemical, thermal or mechanical stimuli.
		Noxious stimulus activates the nociceptor by depolarizing the membrane of the sensory ending.
	www.bioweb.uncc.edu /humanphys/sensory.htm (2933 words)

	Absolute Threshold The minimum value of a stimulus that can be detected
		Free Association A psychoanalytic procedure in which the client is encouraged to speak freely, without censoring possibly embarrassing or socially unacceptable thoughts or ideas.
		Nerve A bundle of nerve fibers that transmit information between the central nervous system and the body’s sense organs, muscles, and glands.
		Neuron A nerve cell; consists of a cell body with dendrites and an axon whose branches end in terminal buttons that synapse with muscle fibers, gland cells, or other neurons.
	www.abacon.com /psychsite/glossary.html (15877 words)

	Santa Rosa Chiropractic Neurology Center - More Infor
		Specifically, the chiropractic neurologist often treats patients with a variety of movement disorders, dystonia, post-stroke rehabilitation, head/brain, hemispheristic lesions and radiculopathy or nerve entrapment syndromes that are consequences of peripheral or central types of lesions.
		Environmental changes, whether involving a change in temperature, a change in visual information, a change in the position of our bodies, or the movement of a joint, are signaled to the brain via the activation of receptors (free nerve ending) in the periphery of our bodies that in turn activate peripheral nerves.
		These peripheral nerves enter the spinal cord where they become pathways that transmit signals to the relay centers in the brain.
	www.sonic.net /~srchiro/whatis/moreinfo.htm (1242 words)

	SSB HISTOLOGY Nervous Tissue SAQ
		Efferent axons from alpha motor neurons to extrafusal muscles fibers and afferent axons from muscle spindle receptors are among the largest myelinated axons in peripheral nerves.
		After damage to a mixed peripheral nerve, the time before normal function may be restored depends on the length of axon distal to injury.
		After peripheral nerve injury, both motor and sensory axons can regenerate to reinnervate their targets provided that the segment proximal to the site of injury is aligned with the (degenerated) distal route.
	www.siumed.edu /~dking2/ssb/SAQssb.htm (4067 words)

	Nursing Care for Neurological Patients
		Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disorder affecting the neuromuscular transmission of impulses in the voluntary muscles of the body.
		In normal individuals, transmission of impulses from the nerve to the motor end plate of the muscle is accomplished by the transmitter substance acetylcholine.
		(1) Acetylcholine is released at the nerve ending and moves to the muscle end plate, causing muscle contraction.
	www.free-ed.net /sweethaven/MedTech/NurseCare/NeuroNurse01.asp?iNum=36 (428 words)

	Topical treatment of genital herpes lesions - Patent 4956184
		The lesions generally heal in 2 to 4 weeks, but the virus remains in the nerve heads and can remain dormant or trigger secondary lesions by migrating down the nerve fiber to the nerve ending to reproduce into more lesions.
		To determine cytochrome C reduced by the presence of superoxide anion during the incubation, 0.2 m of cell free of supernatant was mixed with 2.2 ml of buffer, (pH 7.9), and the absorbance measured at 550 nm in a Beckman recording spectrophotometer.
		The amount of cyctochrome C in the reaction mixture was calcuated using an absorbance coefficient of 21.1 mM.sup.-1 cm.sup.-1 at 550 nm and expressed as nmole of cytochrome C reduced per 10.sup.6 cells.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4956184.html (6169 words)

	Nursing Care for Neurological Patients
		Trigeminal neuralgia, also known as Tic Douloureux, is a disorder of the 5th cranial nerve (trigeminal nerve).
		It is characterized by sudden paroxysms of burning pain along one or more of the branches of the trigeminal nerve.
		(3) Attacks provoked by pressure on a "trigger point" (the terminals of the affected branches of the trigeminal nerve).
	www.free-ed.net /sweethaven/MedTech/NurseCare/NeuroNurse01.asp?iNum=38 (179 words)

	NASAexplores 5-8 Lesson: (Teacher Sheets) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		If the students have trouble feeling the twist tie, you can pull the paper or plastic ends off so that the metal actually touches their skin.
		They are free nerve endings, Meissner’s corpuscles, Merkel’s discs, root hair plexuses, Krause’s end-bulbs, Ruffini’s end-organs, and Pacinian corpuscles.
		The free nerve endings are located mostly on the surface of the skin and detect touch, pressure, and pain.
	www.nasaexplores.com /show_58_teacher_st.php?id=030109140237 (631 words)

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