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Topic: Free people of color

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	Africans in America/Part 3/Meeting of Free People of Color of Richmond, Virginia
		Africans in America/Part 3/Meeting of Free People of Color of Richmond, Virginia
		The response of free fls to the question of colonization ranged from outright rejection to full embrace of the concept as a practical alternative to racial oppression in the United States.
		In carefully framed language, a "respectable portion of the free people of color of the city of Richmond," Virginia met on January 24, 1817 to consider the position put forth by the American Colonization Society.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/aia/part3/3h250.html (133 words)

	BlackLDS.org :: Free People of Color
		So long as we have no special rule in the Church, as to people of color, let prudence guide, and while they, as well as we, are in the hands of a merciful God, we say: Shun every appearance of evil.
		This article, "Free People of Color," referred to in the Prophet's History, but not quoted in extenso anywhere by him, is here given entire, and is followed with The Evening and Morning Star extra, published on the 16th of January, 1833.
		In it, however, the editor of the Star goes too far when he says that no free people of color "will be admitted into the Church." Stop Such was never the doctrine or policy of the Church.
	www.blacklds.org /mormon/fpoc.html (568 words)

	Georgia Registrations of Free People of Color, 1819 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-25)
		Among the latter are the registrations of free people of color (fl and mixed fl-white-Indian combinations) which were created, to various extents, in almost all Southern areas.
		As a means of controlling nonwhites, in the years of slavery as well as to protect the freedom of those who were not enslaved, city and county ordinances often required them to carry and file proofs of their freedom.
		Such free papers and registrations also served as evidence that they were free and not subject to seizure, imprisonment, or sale as suspected runaway slaves.
	hometown.aol.com /kublekhan/GeorgiaRegistrations.htm (538 words)

	Colored - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Colored and person of color (or people of color in the plural sense) are terms that were commonly used to describe people who do not have white skin or a Caucasian appearance.
		Despite the negative connotations it may have today, "colored" was once a term used virtually universally in the U.S., and it came to be used as part of the name of the NAACP—the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
		"Person of color" or "people of color" remain widely accepted terms for people who are not white and, (especially in the United States and Canada), for members of a minority group or peoples of Third World origin.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/People_of_color (421 words)

	Free people of color (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-25)
		In the history of the slavery in the Americas, a free person of color was a person of full or partial African descent, who was not enslaved.
		Technically a maroon was also a free person of color, but because maroons lived outside slave society, scholars regard them as a very different group.
		Free people of color were an important part of the history of the Caribbean during the slave period.
	www.encyclopedia-1.com /f/fr/free_people_of_color.html (188 words)

	Jazz - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Joplin, the son of a former slave and a free-born woman of color, was largely self-taught until age 11, when he received lessons in the fundamentals of music theory from a classically trained German immigrant in Texarkana, Texas.
		Free jazz, or avant-garde jazz, is a subgenre that, while rooted in bebop, typically uses less compositional material and allows performers more latitude in what they choose to play.
		Free jazz's greatest departure from other styles is in the use of harmony and a regular, swinging tempo: Both are often implied, utilized loosely, or abandoned altogether.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jazz (5851 words)

	The Haitian Revolution, Pt. 1
		The free people of color were often quite wealthy, certainly usually more wealthy than the petit blancs (thus accounting for the distinct hatred of the free persons of color on the part of the petit blancs), and often even more wealthy than the planters.
		It was a curious alliance, since the whites continued to oppress the free people of color in their social life, but formed a coalition with them on the political and economic front.
		People in France were divided into two camps, the red cockades, those in favor of the revolution and the white cockades, those loyal to the system of monarchy.
	www.hartford-hwp.com /archives/43a/102.html (4328 words)

	The Free Colored People of North Carolina
		This free colored population was by no means evenly distributed throughout the state, but was mainly found along or near the eastern seaboard, in what is now known as the "fl district" of North Carolina.
		Free men of color in North Carolina exercised the right of suffrage until 1835, when the constitution was amended to restrict this privilege to white men.
		Another source of free colored people in certain counties was the remnant of the Cherokee and Tuscarora Indians, who, mingling with the Negroes and poor whites, left more or less of their blood among the colored people of the state.
	etext.lib.virginia.edu /etcbin/browse-mixed-new?id=CheFree&images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public (2195 words)

	Free Blacks in Antebellum North Carolina (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-25)
		Although free fl children in an apprenticeship were taught to read and write, in essence, these apprenticeships could become a virtual form of slavery for the first 21 years of their lives.
		As well as registration, free people of color in the four towns were required to wear a patch on their shoulder that said “FREE.” It is important to note that this act applied only to Edenton, Fayetteville, Washington, and Wilmington and not to the entire state.
		Originally, the author thought that perhaps a free fl person in huge debt to another person might enter into a form of slavery as a method to pay off his or her debt; however, under closer examination of the law, it stipulated that there cannot be any outstanding debt with the chosen master.
	www.genealogyforum.org /monthlytopic/february/ncfreeaa.html (4319 words)

	MISCELLANEOUS RECORDS OF FREE PERSONS OF COLOR CALDWELL COUNTY, KY
		Free persons of color, while not enjoying all the freedoms of white persons, were allowed to choose a trade and profit from their own labor.
		Free persons of color were wise to carry their "free papers" with them at all times.
		ANDERSON, John, a free boy of color, bound to William R. to learn the art, trade, and mystery of a farmer until the 18th day of July 1856, when John will be age 21, he being age 12 on the 18th day of July 1847.
	home.hiwaay.net /~woliver/FreeMenofColor.html (3812 words)

	Reader's Companion to American History - -FREE NEGROES, 1619-1860 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-25)
		Known alternately as free Negroes, free fls, free people of color, or simply free people (to distinguish them from post-Civil War freedpeople), they composed less than 2 percent of the nation's population and about 9 percent of all fls.
		Although the free fl population was increasing during the antebellum years, it was growing far more slowly than either the white or the slave population, so that it was a shrinking proportion of American society.
		Almost all free Negroes were drawn from the small group of privileged slaves who had lived in close contact with their owners.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_033600_freenegroes.htm (1384 words)

	AFRO-AMERICAN ALMANAC - African-American History Resource (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-25)
		The American Colonization Society was founded in the City of Washington in December 1816 for the purpose of colonizing the free people of color as an alternative to emancipation in the United States.
		The island on which the people had landed was entirely destitute of fresh water and fire wood, and shelter.
		The Constitution of the American Society, for Colonizing the Free People of Color of the United States.
	www.toptags.com /aama/events/acs.htm (1413 words)

	French Creoles \| Free People of Color
		Some entered the colony as free people, some were freed in recognition or merit and loyalty.
		The fear of slave rebellion was ever present, and the free Negro was, in the mind of the dominant but slightly outnumbered race, the most likely leader of any such uprising.
		Louisiana furnished more colored troops for the war than any other State, but the majority of them were freedmen, who in the general population far outnumbered the free person of color.
	www.frenchcreoles.com /CreoleCulture/freepeopleofcolor/freepeopleofcolor.htm (664 words)

	Blue Coat or Powdered Wig: Free People of Color in Pre-Revolutionary Saint Domingue. . - Reviews - book review Journal ...
		At the same time, however, the free population amounted to little more than ten percent of the total, and a rapidly growing minority of free people of color was closing in on parity with the 28,000 or so white inhabitants.
		The free people of color merit attention because they not only predominated in building the colony's coffee industry, they also exerted disproportionate economic influence in urban trades and crafts and filled the ranks of the colonial militia and rural constabulary.
		Free people of color aspired to be habitants, gentleman farmers, and in transforming peasant households into commercialized farms, they clearly transacted business with a time horizon that was much longer than that of their white neighbors.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2005/is_3_36/ai_99699517 (719 words)

	Free People of Color
		TO prevent any misunderstanding among the churches abroad, respecting Free people of color, who may think of coming to the western boundaries of Missouri, as members of the church, we quote the following clauses from the Laws of Missouri.
		So long as we have no special rule in the church, as to people of color, let prudence guide; and while they, as well as we, are in the hands of a merciful God, we say: Shun every appearance of evil.
		Our brethren will find an extract of the law of this state, relative to free people of color, on another page of this paper; great care should be taken on this point.
	www.saintswithouthalos.com /p/ems_peoplevcolor.phtml (547 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-25)
		The real significance of the free fl; question lies not so much in numbers as in the reaction of white society to it and the ability of a number of freedmen to overcome the obstacles created by an oppressive society.
		Free fls, regardless of their quasi-freedom, could not be allowed to subvert that system.
		The burden of proof always rested upon the fl because "color raised the presumption of slavery." Whenever a free fl was brought before any justice of the peace, court or magistrate, such court had to be satisfied the fl in question was free.
	www.umsl.edu /~libweb/blackstudies/freenegr.htm (1487 words)

	[No title]
		Read first month (Jan.) 5th, 1838.","","22520","0001.gif","1","1","","0001.tif" "The present state and condition of the free people of color, of the city of Philadelphia and adjoining districts, as exhibited by the report of a committee of the Pennsylvania society for promoting the abolition of slavery, &c.
		Read first month (Jan.) 5th, 1838.","","22520","0002z.gif","2","2","","0002z.tif" "The present state and condition of the free people of color, of the city of Philadelphia and adjoining districts, as exhibited by the report of a committee of the Pennsylvania society for promoting the abolition of slavery, &c.
		Read first month (Jan.) 5th, 1838.","","22520","0003.gif","3","3","","0003.tif" "The present state and condition of the free people of color, of the city of Philadelphia and adjoining districts, as exhibited by the report of a committee of the Pennsylvania society for promoting the abolition of slavery, &c.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /rbc/rbaapc/22520/rbaapc22520.data (1754 words)

	Free People Buy Low Prices (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-25)
		Free People of Color is a path-breaking historical inquiry into the forces that unified and divided free African Americans in the pre-Civil War North, as they dealt with human issues vastly complicated by the racist character of American society.
		The essays in Free People of Color document the complexity of antebellum African American communities and portray their inhabitants as a multifaceted people whose lives were both complicated by restrictive forces and unified by common goals.
		Among other aspects, King looks at the rural or urban bases of these groups' networks, their relationships with whites and free fls of lesser means, and their attitudes toward the acquisition, use, and sale of land, slaves, and other property.
	www.napmreu.org /1077-Free-People.html (507 words)

	Free Press : Issues : Communities of color and media ownership
		Considering how communities of color historically have been portrayed in the media — and the structures that continue to result in misrepresentation — it is vital to have a robust media sector controlled and operated by people of color.
		Even so, policies geared toward increasing ownership of media organizations by people of color on the nation’s airwaves and in positions of power in broadcast organizations are one of the ways to increase coverage of issues that are under-reported or ignored by the major media.
		Policies must be instituted that encourage ownership of media outlets by people of color and, more generally, to give marginalized communities across the country broader access to the airwaves and the media.
	www.freepress.net /issues/cc_ownership (463 words)

	Foreword
		It was precisely the lowly origins of free people of color--outside the ranks of the propertied classes--that condemned free people of color to poverty and excluded them from "respectable" society in the colonial South.
		Still, most free people of color remained desperately poor, and the prosperity of the propertied minority was fragile and susceptible to rapid erosion.
		Heinegg identifies several patterns, the largest of which was the migration from the areas of dense slaveholding settlements--where free people of color originated in the seventeenth century--to the frontiers of the eighteenth-century South.
	www.freeafricanamericans.com /foreword.htm (1466 words)

	Free People of Color and Creoles
		Free People of Color (F.P.C.) were Africans, Creoles of Color (New World-born people of African descent) and persons of mixed African, European and or Native American descent.
		A significant amount of slaves became free because they were the children of white native-born and European fathers who sometimes openly acknowledged their mixed offspring and who also usually freed the mother of their children.
		By the eve of the Civil War in 1860, the reported total population for F.P.C. in Louisiana was 18,647 people with the majority being in New Orleans with a census tally of 10,689 people.
	www.neworleansonline.com /neworleans/multicultural/fpc.html (590 words)

	Creoles of color: not slave nor white--place in southern history
		On the eve of the Civil War, these Creoles of color numbered in the thousands, owned $15 million of property in New Orleans and were active in the slave trade; thus some of them fought with the Confederacy.
		The book explains contributions of free people of color in education, politics, religion, journalism, art, etc.; the laws that tried to keep them in their place; and the major role of PLACAGE, liaisons between free women of color and white men.
		The free people of color of New Orleans : an introduction / by Mary Gehman ; photos by Lloyd Dennis.
	www.margaretmedia.com /free_people_of_color/index.htm (300 words)

	Free People of Color: Inside the African American Community. - book reviews African American Review - Find Articles
		This was the first scholarly study of a free fl community based on the kinds of materials - tax records, manuscript tax returns, and the like - that have undergirded the explosion of social history in the last generation.
		Many other studies of free fl communities have extended the Hortons' study, but all historians owe a debt, methodologically and conceptually, to their study of fl Bostonians.
		In Free People of Color, a collection of ten essays, six of which have been published earlier in journals, Horton extends his research to Buffalo, Washington, D.C., and Cincinnati, while in some of the essays he deals more generally with free African Americans in the North.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2838/is_n2_v30/ai_18571834 (677 words)

	Free People of Color (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-25)
		This article, "Free People of Color," referred to in the Prophet's History, but not quoted in extenso anywhere by him, is here given entire, and is followed with The Evening and Morning Star extra, published on the 16th of January, 1833.
		This "Extra," as soon as the brother and learned what construction was being put upon the article "Free People of Color," was printed in the form of a handbill and circulated as promptly as possible.
		In it, however, the editor of the Star goes too far when he says that no free people of color "will be admitted into the Church." Stop Such was never the doctrine or policy of the Church.
	www.blacklds.com /fpoc.html (568 words)

	The Free People of Color and Saint-Domingue: Knight, Chapter 5 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-25)
		The free people of color were organized by complexion, subdivided into free fls and free mulattos, the latter (and paler) of which considered to be the superior group.
		The free people of color were often found in urban areas, which served dual purposes.
		Some free men of color became wealthy plantation (and slave) owners themselves, but this was limited and generally restricted to the well-developed islands of Jamaica, Saint-Domingue Martinique and Surinam.
	stratus.ju.edu /jgarrig/stdomingueknight.htm (1542 words)

	Re: Who were Free People of Color?
		Basically, a free person of color (FPOC) was anyone who was not of exclusive European extract during the era of enslavement in this land, who happened to be recognized by the European extracts as 'not enslaved'.
		How these people came to be recognized as 'free', I'm sure is as varied as there were FPOC.
		AfriGeneas Free Persons of Color Forum is maintained by Forum Administrator with WebBBS 5.12.
	www.afrigeneas.com /forum-fpoc/index.cgi?noframes;read=56 (449 words)

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