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Topic: Freedom rides

	Freedom rides - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Freedom Rides were a series of nonviolent, direct action protests performed in 1961 as part of the US civil rights movement.
		There was one Freedom Ride prior to the famous ones; in 1947, Bayard Rustin and George Houser of the Fellowship of Reconciliation and the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organized a Freedom Ride through the South following a Supreme Court ruling desegregating the buses themselves (though not the bus terminals) in interstate travel.
		Through the Freedom Ride of 1965, which he led, and through many media interviews, he exposed the abject conditions and the racism suffered by Aboriginal people in country NSW and across the nation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Freedom_rides (1728 words)

	King Encyclopedia
		During the spring of 1961, student activists launched the Freedom Rides to challenge segregation on interstate buses and bus terminals.
		The Freedom Rides were first conceived in 1947 when the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR) organized an interracial bus ride across state lines to test a Supreme Court decision that declared segregation on interstate buses unconstitutional.
		King became one of the rides’ major spokesmen as the violence and federal intervention propelled the action to national prominence.
	www.stanford.edu /group/King/about_king/encyclopedia/freedom_rides.htm (1291 words)

	Freedom Riders - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Freedom Riders were a group of men and women from many different backgrounds and ethnicities who boarded buses, trains and planes headed for the deep South to test the 1960 U.S. Supreme Court ruling outlawing racial segregation in all interstate public facilities.
		During their journey, the original group of 13 grew to as many as 1,000, but the ride ended on May 25, 1961 in Jackson, Mississippi, where they were met by an angry mob of white segregationists.
		The 1961 Freedom Riders along with their families, friends and supporters, celebrated their 40th anniversary with a reunion held on Veterans Day Weekend, November 8th-November 11th, 2001, in Jackson, Mississippi.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Freedom_Riders (1116 words)

	Retracing the 1960s Freedom Rides : Immigrants' Rights : AFSC
		Freedom riders also noted that they often face severe workplace exploitation and live with the constant threat of being torn away from their families and deported.
		Angelina, one of the freedom riders, described how her son “just went to get milk,” and ended up in immigration detention, where he died from suspicious causes that are still under investigation.
		The freedom ride culminated in a mass rally and festival in New York City, where an estimated 130,000 immigrants and their allies shared their stories, chanted, danced, and vowed that this was just the beginning of a long-lasting and powerful movement for immigrant rights.
	www.afsc.org /immigrants-rights/news/retracing.htm (892 words)

	SNCC-Events: Freedom Rides
		During the Freedom Rides, SNCC members rode buses through the deep southern states where discrimination and segregation were most prominent.
		In 1947, responding to a Supreme Court decision outlawing discrimination in interstate travel, CORE sponsored a Freedom Ride that they called a "Journey of Reconciliation." They rode buses throughout much of the upper south and established that most people would not create incident for those choosing to sit where they pleased.
		The Freedom Rides had been successful in the Upper south but were halted in the Deep South, leaving the riders wounded but determined.
	www.ibiblio.org /sncc/rides.html (770 words)

	IWFR: History of the Original Freedom Rides
		The Immigrant Worker Freedom Ride is an important opportunity to learn from and honor civil rights movement history in the U.S. The 1961 Freedom Rides were incredibly courageous acts of resistance led by many women and men, who still to this day, are leaders in the struggle for civil rights and racial justice.
		Riding from Washington, D.C. to Montgomery, Alabama, the rides met violent opposition in the Deep South, garnering extensive media attention and eventually forcing federal intervention from the Kennedy administration.
		The group returned to Birmingham and sang freedom songs outside the terminal.While this was going on, President John F. Kennedy was concerned about the violence and bus burning that had occurred during the first Freedom Ride the previous week.
	www.iwfr.org /civilhistory.asp (3885 words)

	The Freedom Ride Tradition
		For a moment it seemed as though the Freedom Rides had come to an end because the bus company did not want to continue for fear of their drivers safety and the safety of their buses.
		Like the Freedom Ride, the Equality Ride will face the chief criticism that the riders are "outside agitators." Like the Freedom Ride, the Equality Ride will also be criticized for infringing on "privately held beliefs" that should be the right of the conservative Christian colleges to set and enforce on their members.
		The goal of Soulforce is freedom for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people from religious and political oppression through the practice of relentless nonviolent resistance.
	www.equalityride.com /article.php?article_id=6 (952 words)

	Immigran Workers' Freedom Rides (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The goal of the ride is to pull together thousands of people from across the country to defend immigrants from opportunistic politicians, and to reclaim the historic moment as one for progress and equality.
		These freedom rides, modeled on the freedom rides of the 1960s, present us with a historical opportunity to change national policy and shift the national consensus.
		On the national level, these rides are the most dramatic evidence of the historic change in AFL-CIO policy on immigration, from decades of seeing immigrant workers as a threat to jobs to a modern realization that immigrant workers are the natural allies of all working Americans.
	www.dsausa.org /lowwage/Documents/2003/rides2.html (414 words)

	YCLUSA Online - The Original Freedom Rides (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		During the Freedom Rides, SNCC members rode buses through the deep southern states where discrimination and segregation were most prominent.The concept originated in the 1940's with CORE, a non-violent group out of Chicago trying to end racial discrimination.
		One of the most powerful accounts of the Freedom Rides and the young people of the Nashville student movement who helped to lead them is David Halberstam's book, The Children; a short excerpt follows.
		Perhaps the greatest victory of the Freedom Riders that day was not with the government or the media; it was their victory over themselves and their own fears.
	www.yclusa.org /article/articleview/1525/1/10 (3872 words)

	Freedom Riders’ Reunion - brief history
		The next morning the Freedom Rides boarded the buses and took their places, fls and whites seated together on the bus, an act already considered a crime in most segregated states.
		A second grassroots movement called “Freedom Highways” followed that was a precursor to the “Freedom Summer project” in 1964-1965 when thousands of student volunteers came to the South to work on voter registration, school and housing issues in the fl community.
		Five months after the first Freedom Rides left on their historic ride the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) in conjunction with the US Attorney General Robert Kennedy issued a tough new Federal order banning segregation at all interstate public facilities based on “race, color or creed.” The law became effective on November 1st, 1961.
	www.freedomridersfoundation.org /brief.history.html (1144 words)

	Civil Rights Movement 1955-1965: Freedom Rides
		To test the president's commitment to civil rights, CORE proposed a new Journey of Reconciliation, dubbed the "Freedom Ride." The strategy was the same: an interracial group would board buses destined for the South.
		Freedom Riders continued to arrive in the South, and by the end of the summer, more than 300 had been arrested.
		The Freedom Riders may not have finished their trip, but they made an important and lasting contribution to the civil rights movement.
	www.watson.org /~lisa/blackhistory/civilrights-55-65/freeride.html (1458 words)

	CNNfyi.com - 40 years later, mission accomplished - May 11, 2001
		The Freedom Rides took place in May of 1961, in the early days of the U.S. civil rights movement.
		Rosa Parks' refusal to budge from her seat near the front of a Birmingham bus had ignited a massive and largely successful boycott four years earlier, but in other ways discrimination was still very much ingrained in American, and especially southern, society.
		The Freedom Riders set out to test a 1960 Supreme Court ruling that segregation in interstate bus and rail travel was unconstitutional.
	archives.cnn.com /2001/fyi/news/05/11/freedom.riders (997 words)

	GE60: Freedom Rides (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In churches and colleges, each Freedom Rider was introduced to the capacity audience amidst thunderous applause.
		Quite properly deciding that discretion was the better part of valor, the Freedom Riders informed the driver that they were not leaving the bus at Anniston.
		Statement Delivered at a Rally to Support the Freedom Rides" (21 May 1961), The Martin Luther King Jr.
	www.college.ucla.edu /webproject/ge60/EVFreedomRides.html (793 words)

	The US freedom rides — Freedom Ride (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Australian Freedom Rides were inspired by the earlier Freedom Rides in the United States.
		Riding through the heart of the south on Greyhound and Trailways buses an integrated group of civil rights activists would confront segregation.
		Initially there was only minor resistance, but on 15 May 1961, a white mob forced the first of two buses carrying Freedom Riders off the road in a remote rural area in Alabama.
	www.freedomride.net /origins (239 words)

	40th Anniversary of the Freedom rides (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Former Freedom Rider and Congressman John Lewis (D-GA) was the special guest of honor at a May 21 Kennedy Library Public Forum commemorating the 40th anniversary of the 1961 Freedom Rides.
		It was during those rides that Lewis risked his life and was beaten severely by mobs for challenging segregation at interstate bus terminals across the South.
		Joining Congressman Lewis at the Kennedy Library's special 40th anniversary commemoration of the Freedom Rides was John Seigenthaler, former Administrative Assistant to Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, who represented the U.S. Justice Department in trying to protect the lives of the Freedom Riders.
	www.cs.umb.edu /~rwhealan/jfk/newsletter_summer2001_08.html (384 words)

	Immigrant Worker Freedom Rides - September 22, 2003
		Taking a note from the Civil Rights Movement, immigrant workers and their supporters are setting out on the Immigrant Workers Freedom Ride, departing from nine major U.S. cities to cross the country in buses in late September.
		Each one of these routes makes stops in close to 100 cities through different parts of the country, with a focus on central and southern portions of the country where illegal immigrant populations are high.
		The group believes that the rides and the rallies will bring more awareness to the public about immigrants’ contributions and their concerns.
	www.visalaw.com /03sep4/16sep403.html (599 words)

	Freedom Riders
		The "Freedom Riders" rode through the South, refusing to segregate themselves on the bus and in bus stations.
		The Freedom Riders were able to travel from Birmingham to Montgomery, Ala., protected by 16 highway patrol cars and an airplane.
		Moreover, the Freedom Riders began to see segregation as a symptom of a bigger problem, of "more serious evils which must be ripped out by any means: exploitation, socially destructive capital, evil political and legal structure, and myopic liberalism," radical Tom Hayden reported at the time.
	www.socialistworker.org /2001/368/368_10_FreedomRides.shtml (1353 words)

	Ann Bausum -- Freedom Riders
		The Freedom Rides were a central part of the civil rights movement of the 1950s and '60s that fought to win equal rights for African Americans.
		She captures both the fl and the white perspective on the Freedom Rides and segregation, through the eyes and experiences of John Lewis and Jim Zwerg.
		In addition I detoured off of my Freedom Ride route to tour Pike County, Alabama (where John Lewis was born and raised), Memphis, Tennessee (home of the National Civil Rights Museum), and Nashville, Tennessee (starting point for the shared Freedom Ride of John Lewis and Jim Zwerg).
	www.annbausum.com /freedom_rides.html (2961 words)

	Birmingham Civil Rights Institute Online
		Courage Under Fire: The 1961 Burning of the Freedom Riders' Bus is a one-of-a-kind photography exhibition from the BCRI Archives.
		Violence in Alabama catapulted the story of the Freedom Rides into the national consciousness when images of the Greyhound bus smoldering on a roadside near Anniston made the news wires.
		"The Freedom Rides exhibit is important because it marks the first time BCRI has created an exhibition of this scale from our own collections," says Laura Anderson, Assistant Archivist.
	www.bcri.org /exhibitions/special_exhibitions/FreedomRides.htm (409 words)

	Immigran Workers' Freedom Rides
		For those who have not heard, two buses carrying freedom riders from Los Angeles to Washington, DC, were administratively detained for a few hours by the Border Patrol in one of its fixed checkpoints.
		As the Freedom Riders mounted their buses, our group passed on their bandanas so the Freedom Riders could carry their voices of hope on to DC.
		Speakers addressed the issues central to the civil rights movement and the freedom ride, and asked the riders to take the message of solidarity with immigrants to DC and NY.
	www.dsausa.org /lowwage/Documents/2003/rides3.html (1807 words)

	Freedom Rides
		The strategy of the Freedom Rides was for whites to sit in the back of the bus and fls to sit in the front, both refusing to move.
		The ride took place on two buses and was scheduled to go from Washington DC, to New Orleans, Louisiana.
		Despite all of the violence and resistance, these freedom riders were not going to give up.
	www.eureka.edu /emp/jrodrig/webpage/RAG309.html (621 words)

	"Freedom Rides" in Texas against the racist drug war
		TULIA, Texas--Activists from across the country will go on "Freedom Rides" this month to this small Texas town to protest the racist war on drugs.
		A Tulia-based group called Friends of Justice is planning a "Never Again" rally to mark the two-year anniversary of the arrests, including "Freedom Rides" to take activists by bus to Tulia from cities across the state.
		At a recent planning meeting in Austin, participants compared this mobilization to the civil rights struggles of the '60s, with Tulia as the Selma, Ala., for a new generation of antiracist fighters.
	www.socialistworker.org /2001/373/373_14_Tulia.shtml (426 words)

	Freedom Riders
		James Farmer was the director of the Congress of Racial Equality and was the main organizer of the Freedom Rides.
		, was a freedom rider and was eventually arrested in Jackson, Mississippi, and was imprisoned in Parchman Penitentiary.
		They (Freedom Riders) have fought entrenched discrimination and wrong without themselves indulging in violence and done this in one of the most violent periods of human history.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /USAfreedomR.htm (1706 words)

	The Australian Freedom Rides — Freedom Ride (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This site is based on Darce Cassidy's radio documentary of the 1965 Freedom Ride through the outback of NSW.
		It includes short sound grabs from the program, and first hand accounts of the Australian freedom rides, their origins and aftermath.
		White women spat on girl students and screamed filthy words as the students tried to win Aboriginal children admission to the town baths.
	www.freedomride.net (226 words)

	freedomrides
		What touched of this wave of violence were the so-called “freedom Rides” across the south.
		the Freedom Riders and a representative of the U.S. Justice Department.
		You are a college student in 1961 and you have been invited to join the Freedom Riders.
	www.li.suu.edu /library/TeleCourses/ttr2002/freedomrides.html (1743 words)

	CNNfyi.com - Freedom Riders - May 11, 2001
		Write on the board all the associations that pertain to the 1961 Freedom Rides through the South.
		Direct students to materials on the Freedom Rides and other forms of protest used during the 1950s and 1960s to bring about changes in racial discrimination.
		Ask students to evaluate the success of the Freedom Rides and other protests and to determine what further steps must be taken to bring about greater unity and acceptance.
	cnnstudentnews.cnn.com /2001/fyi/lesson.plans/05/11/freedom.riders (522 words)

	Dreaming Online: Social Justice
		This group became known as the 'freedom riders'.
		Indigenous people were often denied service in shops, separated from whites in cinemas, banned from hotels and clubs and excluded from swimming pools being used by white people.
		The freedom riders experienced hostility in most towns and violence in some.
	www.dreamtime.net.au /indigenous/social.cfm (2240 words)

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