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Topic: Freedom of political association

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	G.W.F. Hegel -- Social and Political Thought [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Also, he defines freedom not in terms of contingency or lack of determination, as is popular, but rather as the "truth of necessity," i.e., freedom presupposes necessity in the sense that reciprocal action and reaction provide a structure for free action, e.g., a necessary relation between crime and punishment.
		Finally, the constitution of the political state brings together in a unity the sense of the importance of the whole or universal good along with the freedom of particularity of individual pursuits and thus is "the end and actuality of both the substantial order and the public life devoted thereto" (¶ 157).
		Hegel also says that the other two moments of the political constitution, the monarchy and the executive, are the first two moments of the legislature, i.e., are reflected in the legislature respectively through the ultimate decision regarding proposed laws and an advising function in their formation.
	www.iep.utm.edu /h/hegelsoc.htm (14441 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Freedom of association is guaranteed by the First Amendment to the U. Constitution the relevant portion of which states, "Congress shall make no law abridging the right of the people peaceably to assemble." Seems simple enough.
		Freedom of association is often misused as a fundamental argument in support of the legal empowerment of labor unions by the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA).
		In ordinary contract law, on the basis of freedom of association, any contract between A and B that is the result of either A or B being forced to bargain with the other is null and void.
	www.sbe.csuhayward.edu /~sbesc/02marcol.html (1299 words)

	Human Rights Learning Centre: Study Guide on the Human Right Freedom of Assembly and Assocation
		Freedom of association is one of the central provisions underpinning the work of the International Labour Organization (ILO).
		Freedom of association has a critical meaning in the workplace and much of the jurisprudence which has developed on this issue comes from labour law.
		Implementation of the right of freedom of association remains problematic in many countries and governments in many cases are failing to fulfil their obligations.
	www.hrea.org /learn/guides/freedom-of-association.html (2719 words)

	FindLaw Constitutional Law Center: U.S. Constitution: First Amendment: Annotations pg. 12 of 21
		Freedom of association as a concept thus grew out of a series of cases in the 1950's and 1960's in which certain States were attempting to curb the activities of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
		Thus, a right to associate together to further political and social views is protected against unreasonable burdening,211 but the evolution of this right in recent years has passed far beyond the relatively narrow contexts in which it was given birth.
		The right to associate with the political party of one's choice is an integral part of this basic constitutional freedom.''223 Usually in combination with an equal protection analysis, the Court since Williams v.
	supreme.lp.findlaw.com /constitution/amendment01/12.html (3757 words)

	1994 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Although the freedom of association is not specifically mentioned in the U.S. Constitution, it has been found to be implicit in the rights of assembly, speech, and expression.
		The distinction between expressive and commercial activities of associations is an important one, and explains how the states are permitted to regulate the membership of labor unions in their representation of the business interests of employees, but not to compel the association with unions engaged in ideological or expressive activities.
		Political organizations under section 527 of the Code include organizations that operate primarily for the purpose of accepting contributions, or making expenditures, or both, in order to influence or attempt to influence the selection, nomination, election or appointment of an individual to a federal, state or local public office or office in a political organization.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /erc/law/covenant94/Specific_Articles/22.html (3537 words)

	Freedom of Association
		Freedom of speech, freedom of the press and freedom of association are critically important in our constitutional scheme.
		Freedom of the press is also a powerful safeguard, but it is not as critical as the right of citizens to organize against a government they oppose.
		Some editorial writers believe that politicians in power should be able to enact laws forcing political parties to include in their most important decision-making process — the nomination of party candidates — people who do not share the aspirations, values, and principles of the party.
	www.baconsrebellion.com /Issues05/05-09/McSweeney.htm (626 words)

	freedomforum.org: Supreme Court strikes blow for political parties' freedom of association
		The Supreme Court yesterday embraced the freedom of association for political parties as it struck down California's "blanket" primary system.
		George Waters, lawyer for the parties that challenged the blanket primary, called the decision a victory for the independence of political parties.
		The latter goal, Scalia said, is a "stark repudiation of freedom of political association," because it amounts to the state telling a political party that it must change its message to appeal to a wider audience.
	www.freedomforum.org /templates/document.asp?documentID=12783 (631 words)

	FindLaw: U.S. Constitution: First Amendment: Annotations pg. 12 of 21
		Thus, a right to associate together to further political and social views is protected against unreasonable burdening, 211 but the evolution of this right in recent years has passed far beyond the relatively narrow contexts in which it was given birth.
		The right to associate with the political party of one's choice is an integral part of this basic constitutional freedom.'' 223 Usually in combination with an equal protection analysis, the Court since Williams v.
		Supp.23 The protected right of association extends as well to coverage of party principles, enabling a political party to assert against some state regulation an overriding interest sufficient to overcome the legitimate interests of the governing body.
	caselaw.lp.findlaw.com /data/constitution/amendment01/12.html (3763 words)

	PublicEye.org - The Website of Political Research Associates
		Particularly since the early 1970s, the political Right has successfully reframed a whole series of issues in a way that has moved federal and state governments toward an increasing level of repression; and society toward accepting more social oppression.
		While successfully establishing their framework the political Right has managed to hide its own role in the process.
		What this means is that even as the arguments of the political Right have become widely accepted, the way it actually created this situation has been overlooked.
	www.publiceye.org (310 words)

	WHRnet Issue - Freedom of Association
		Freedom of association and related rights are critically important for women who play a key role as organisers and activists in securing and realising the entire spectrum of human rights.
		However, women’s freedom and capacity to exercise the right to association are frequently undermined by a lack of access and control of economic and political resources and by cultural norms and social values that puts them in disadvantaged position within their communities relative to most men.
		The Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention (C87) protects the right of workers and employers to join or establish organisations and operate without state interference or prior restriction.
	www.whrnet.org /docs/issue-association.html (3590 words)

	Article 19: Global Campaign for Free Expression
		Freedom and expression and a free and independent media constitute crucial actors in the development process and the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals.
		The full enjoyment of the right to freedom of expression is the most potent force to strengthen peace and pre-empt conflict.
		It is central to achieving individual freedoms and developing democracy and plays a critical role in tackling the underlying causes of poverty.
	www.article19.org (612 words)

	Buckley in a Nutshell: Notes on the Constitution Law of Regulating Political Contributions and Political Expenditures - ...
		Whenever Congress attempts to regulate political campaigns, therefore, the push for the power granted is constrained by the pull of the power denied.
		A politically diverse set of plaintiffs (including Senators James Buckley and Eugene McCarthy, the American Conservative Union, the Libertarian Party, and the American Civil Liberties Union) attacked the Act, alleging that on numerous points the FECA infringed on constitutionally protected rights.
		A contribution is given to a candidate or political committee, and it carries with it the possibility of a political quid pro quo or the seeds of corruption.
	rpc.senate.gov /~rpc/releases/1997/BUCKLEY.LO.htm (2688 words)

	PublicEye.org - Website of Political Research Associates
		Under the Patriot Act, and administrative measures taken by President George W. Bush and Attorney General John Ashcroft without consulting with Congress, threats to freedom of political association are severe.
		Ashcroft amended the Levi Guidelines which previously had restricted political intelligence investigations by the FBI, to eliminate the requirement that agents must have probable cause to believe that criminal activity is afoot before beginning such investigations.
		The spying was authorized after an earlier consent decree prohibiting such infiltration of domestic political groups was amended by the courts.
	www.publiceye.org /magazine/v18n1/avery_guest.html (626 words)

	Steinecke Maciura LeBlanc Barristers & Solicitors
		There are a number of other areas where the freedom of association might render overly restrictive provisions of regulators invalid.
		Under the narrow approach to the interpretation of the freedom of association, the “under-inclusion” of farm workers in a statutory initiative would not be reviewable under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
		Moreover, the effective exercise of these freedoms may require not only the exercise in association of the constitutional rights and freedoms (such as freedom of assembly) and lawful rights of individuals, but the exercise of certain collective activities, such as making majority representations to one’s employer.
	www.sml-law.com /publications/newsletters-detail.asp?DocID=42 (1223 words)

	firstamendmentcenter.org: analysis
		Political parties urge federal judge to view Washington election system in same light as California's, which the Supreme Court found unconstitutional.
		Lawyers for political parties had argued that Supreme Court ruling in California case made it clear that Washington's system was unconstitutional.
		Justices say statute requiring each political party to have its own ballot in primary elections violates groups' associational rights.
	www.firstamendmentcenter.org /analysis.aspx?id=7009 (837 words)

	Political Science 390
		At the most basic level, a democratic political system is usually based upon some form of popular sovereignty through which “the people” are able to select their leaders and hold those leaders accountable for their political actions.
		Some of the most frequently noted features associated with democracy include electoral competition, protection of individual rights, and freedom of political association.
		As the institutions and practices most closely associated with democracy in the contemporary world first developed in the Anglo-American world, some political scientists have seen those institutions as emblematic of democracy.
	www.saintmarys.edu /~posc/370f01.html (606 words)

	Amazon.com: Freedom of Association: Books: Amy Gutmann (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Freedom of Association is exemplary in the consistently high quality and thematic continuity of the contributions.
		Some of the leading political theorists in the English-speaking world discuss and debate both the value of associations for individuals and their value for democracy.
		While the subjects of individual chapters range from the rights of trade unions to the claims of ethnic associations to the civic value of city life, there is a substantial sense that the contributors are in conversation with one another.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0691057591?v=glance (968 words)

	The Freedom Association
		This is the same unelected, tinpot dictator who interfered in the General Election by telling the Leader of Her Majesty’s Opposition that he would not be able to carry out his policy on immigration because Brussels wouldn’t like it.
		"Political correctness has got completely out of hand and many people feel they can no longer have their say on important issues and that has led them to vote for unwelcome parties like the BNP.
		I will continue my fight against the evil of political correctness and am pleased to be launching my flag flying campaign in Shipley this weekend".
	www.tfa.net (1359 words)

	American Civil Liberties Union : How the Anti-Terrorism Bill Allows for Detention of People Engaging in Innocent ...
		The USA PATRIOT Act creates a very serious risk that truly innocent individuals could be deported for truly innocent association with political groups that the government later chooses to regard as terrorist organizations.
		Guilt by association is generally forbidden under the First Amendment and the history of McCarthyism shows the very real dangers of abuse.
		At the very least, if association with a group is to be a deportable offense, the government should notify non-citizens of which groups to avoid.
	www.aclu.org /NationalSecurity/NationalSecurity.cfm?ID=9152&c=111 (904 words)

	SUPREME COURT ALLOWS CHALLENGE TO GOP FEE 3 STUDENTS CAN PRESS A CLAIM THAT A $45 FEE AT A STATE GOP CONVENTION WAS A ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Political parties in states covered by the federal Voting Rights Act must get federal approval before charging fees to delegates attending nominating conventions, a divided Supreme Court ruled Wednesday.
		Two of the dissenters - Justices Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas - accused the court of trampling political parties' freedom of association.
		``A freedom of political association that must await the government's favorable response to a `Mother, may I?' is no freedom of political association at all,'' Scalia wrote for the two.
	scholar.lib.vt.edu /VA-news/VA-Pilot/issues/1996/vp960328/03280387.htm (420 words)

	VDARE.com: 05/19/03 - Freedom Of Association. Heard Of It?
		Yet it apparently has never occurred to either of them that the white students, like all other Americans, have a right to freedom of association and that there is absolutely nothing anyone or anything can or should do to interfere with what is basically merely a private party.
		Shapiro seems capable of grasping, is that "segregation," if that's the right term for the voluntary association of people of the same race, is commonplace, and nowhere more so than among fls.
		There are fl student unions, fl dormitories, fl student associations, and fl professional groups, not to mention fl caucuses and wealthy, powerful national organizations like the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People explicitly devoted to the advancement of the political power of fls.
	www.vdare.com /francis/dancing.htm (763 words)

	Log homes & log cabins from scratch - don't buy kit log homes
		Log Home Builders Association of North America was founded to spread information about "true and pure" building of log homes and log cabins.
		If you are wondering whether, in just two days, you can really learn to build log homes and log cabins, be sure and read our article about hands-on log home building classes.
		Lifetime membership in our association is $795 ($695 each for groups of two or more) with no other fees or dues of any kind.
	www.loghomebuilders.org (910 words)

	news - Secretary General of the Council of Europe on presidential elections in Belarus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		There is no genuine freedom of expression and no freedom of association.
		Political opponents of the President have been repeatedly and violently harassed.
		Belarus is the only European country which is not a member of the Council of Europe, and I can only hope that whoever wins the election will use the mandate to bring Belarus closer to the European family of free and democratic nations.
	www.noticias.info /asp/aspComunicados.asp?nid=156055&src=0 (346 words)

	List of political parties - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		A political party is a political organization subscribing to a certain ideology or formed around very special issues with the aim to participate in power, usually by participating in elections.
		Due to the unclear political situation of parties, the list is not complete.
		Parties are not allowed, but various political associations take part in elections (and can be considered partis.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/l/i/s/List_of_political_parties.html (3768 words)

	FreedomCentral.Net \| News and Resource Portal for Freedom-Loving People Everywhere...
		Throughout time many have given and lost their lives in the cause of freedom and yet today there are powers at work that do not want us to be free.
		These insidious forces exist and work in many areas including the media, academia, politics and even in some organizations that appear to be on the side of liberty.
		Pursuant to this, Freedom-Central.Net has been created to serve freedom-loving people everywhere by providing a portal or gateway to respectable and trustworthy sites and organizations seeking to legally and responsibly promote truth and liberty in the world.
	www.freedom-central.net (354 words)

	American Atheists
		A church in Memphis, Tennessee has dedicated a 72-foot high replica of the Statue of Liberty holding a Christian cross instead of the fiery torch of freedom.
		Lady Liberty is also holding two tablets representing the Ten Commandments under one arm, and has the word “Jehovah” inscribed on her crown.
		City officials, political leaders and religious groups have fighting to keep the unconstitutional monument standing.
	www.atheists.org (1785 words)

	National Health Freedom Coalition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Health freedom leaders will gather for a two-day assembly followed by a full-day of leadership training for health freedom advocacy.
		The 2006 World Health Freedom Assembly brings together leaders of non-profit health freedom organizations from around the world.
		The Saturday night Annual Health Freedom Awards Banquet will recognize the heroes who have worked so hard and the successes they have achieved for all of us.
	www.nationalhealthfreedom.org (209 words)

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