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Topic: Freezing

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	Freezing Point - MSN Encarta
		The freezing point of a pure (unmixed) liquid is essentially the same as the melting point of the same substance in its solid form and may be regarded as the temperature at which the solid and liquid states of the substance are in equilibrium.
		Hence, the freezing point or melting point of a pure substance may also be defined as the temperature at which freezing or melting continues once it has commenced.
		The freezing point of a solution is lower than the freezing point of the pure solvent before introduction of the solute (substance dissolved).
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761555245/Freezing_Point.html (537 words)

	Freezing and Food Safety
		Freezing preserves food for extended periods because it prevents the growth of microorganisms that cause both food spoilage and foodborne illness.
		Freeze unopened vacuum packages as is. If you notice that a package has accidentally been torn or has opened while food is in the freezer, the food is still safe to use; merely overwrap or rewrap it.
		When it is freezing outside and there is snow on the ground, it seems like a good place to keep food until the power comes on; however, frozen food can thaw if it is exposed to the sun's rays even when the temperature is very cold.
	www.fsis.usda.gov /Fact_Sheets/Focus_On_Freezing/index.asp (1977 words)

	Freezing Fruits and Vegetables
		Freezing is a quick and convenient way to preserve fruits and vegetables at home.
		Freezing fruits and vegetables actually consists of freezing the water contained in the plant cells.
		Freezing, when properly done, is the method of food preservation which may potentially preserve the greatest quantity of nutrients.
	www.extension.umn.edu /distribution/nutrition/DJ0555.html (2507 words)

	Theoretical Aspects of Freezing
		The freezing time is usually defined as the time from the onset of nucleation to the endof the crystal growth phase.
		The freezing curve predicts the amount of ice at any given temperature, which is a function of freezing point depression and hence the number of solutes (concentration of sugar, etc.).
		Ice crystals formed after scraped-surface freezing and hardening of ice cream are unstable and will undergo recrystallization, the extent of which depends in part on how effectively the system has been stabilized.
	www.foodsci.uoguelph.ca /dairyedu/freeztheor.html (1930 words)

	Freezing - Fisher Regulators
		Freezing has been a problem since the birth of the gas industry.
		When the atmospheric temperature is quite low, the moisture within the gas stream freezes to the pipe wall before it reaches the pressure reducing valve which leaves only dry gas to pass through the valve.
		Since most freezing instances occur when the atmospheric temperature is between 35° and 45°F (2° and 7°C), we expect the ice in the first regulator to begin thawing as soon as the flow stops.
	www.fisherregulators.com /technical/freezing (1525 words)

	National Center for Home Food Preservation \| Freezing FAQs
		Freezing does not kill all bacteria, yeasts and molds present in food, but it does prevent their multiplication if the food is held at 0°F or less.
		Add only the amount that will freeze within 24 hours, which is usually two or three pounds of food per cubic foot of storage space.
		Good freezing materials include rigid containers made of aluminum, glass, plastic, tin or heavily waxed cardboard; bags and sheets of moisture-vapor resistant wraps; and laminated papers made specially for freezing.
	www.uga.edu /nchfp/questions/FAQ_freezing.html (2199 words)

	Infertility Ivf Gift and Fertility baby (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Freezing was introduced in the early 1980's because superovulation often resulted in more embryos being created than were transferred to the uterus - the law in the UK only allows 3 embryos to be transferred and many protocolos might well produce an average of 8-12 embryos (sometimes more).
		The 'extra' embryos can be stored by freezing and a high proportion will survive the freezing and thawing processes.
		Counselling at the time of the original consent to freezing is essential to help them understand that they will have to make those choices for themselves.
	www.ein.org /freezing.htm (327 words)

	Egg Freezing > Egg Freezing Services, Female Egg Freezing
		In the past, difficulty with egg freezing was due to an egg’s tendency to develop ice crystals during the freezing process (which compromise the integrity of the egg), as well as hardening of the egg’s outer membrane, making fertilization difficult.
		While egg freezing is still considered investigational by the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, by applying these new advances in cryopreservation, our scientists have realized a sharp increase in post-thaw survival rates (as high as 90%) and fertilization rates (as high as 80%).
		These egg freezing improvements have led to pregnancy success rates from frozen eggs of up to 35% per embryo transfer, and have facilitated a dramatic increase in the number of babies born from frozen eggs to over 200 worldwide.
	www.extendfertility.com /egg-freezing.htm (1649 words)

	Freezing Vegetables, HYG-5333-97
		Freezing costs more than canning or drying, but preserves more nutrients and a fresher flavor if done properly.
		Freezing does not completely destroy bacteria, molds, and yeasts but does retard their growth.
		Examples are "can or freeze" glass jars, plastic freezing containers, heavyweight aluminum foil, plastic-coated freezer paper, and polyethylene wrap and bags.
	ohioline.osu.edu /hyg-fact/5000/5333.html (1289 words)

	Freezing Rain: supercooled droplets freezing on impact
		Ice storms result from the accumulation of freezing rain, which is rain that becomes supercooled and freezes upon impact with cold surfaces.
		Freezing rain is most commonly found in a narrow band on the cold side of a warm front, where surface temperatures are at or just below freezing.
		Freezing rain develops as falling snow encounters a layer of warm air deep enough for the snow to completely melt and become rain.
	ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu /(Gh)/guides/mtr/cld/prcp/zr/frz.rxml (216 words)

	Freezing Vegetables
		Here are some simple guidelines for freezing a variety of vegetables commonly grown in home gardens.
		Freeze 30 minutes, remove from tray and pack into plastic bags.
		Freeze of 30 minutes, pack in plastic bags, remove air, seal and label.
	gardenguides.com /TipsandTechniques/freezing.htm (1005 words)

	Freezing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The freezing point for water is only the same temperature as the melting point when nucleators are present to prevent supercooling.
		Freezing is a common method of food preservation which slows both food decay and the growth of micro-organisms and, by turning water to ice, makes it unavailable for bacterial growth and chemical reactions (see frozen food).
		In biology, freezing is the reaction of an animal to a fear-eliciting situation, enabling it to remain undetected by a predator and prepare a fight-or-flight-reaction.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Freezing (296 words)

	Freezing rain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Usually freezing rain is associated with the approach of a warm front when the circulation near the surface is channelled in such a way that cold air, below freezing temperature, is trapped in the lower levels of the atmosphere.
		The intensity of the radar echoes (reflectivity) is proportional to the form (water or ice) of the precipitation and its diameter.
		Because freezing rain does not hit the ground as an ice pellet and is still a rain droplet when it makes contact with the ground, the freezing rain conforms to the shape of the ground, making one thick layer of ice.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Freezing_rain (745 words)

	Welcome to Groundfreezing - Layne Christensen - Geotechnical Construction Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Ground freezing is a technique that has been used extensively for groundwater control and excavation support in the underground construction industry for over 100 years.
		The single most important co mponent of a ground freezing system is the subsurface refrigeration system, consisting of a series of refrigeration pipes installed with various drilling techniques.
		After the initial freezing has been completed and the frozen barrier is in place, the required refrigeration capacity is significantly reduced to maintain the frozen barrier.
	www.groundfreezing.com (203 words)

	Freezing and refrigerated storage in fisheries - 4. Freezers
		Freezing times are longer due to the poor contact being made with the plates and because of the lower block density, more storage space is required for a given quantity of fish.
		For many other fish freezing applications, adverse effects on texture and taste of the fish due to the absorption of brine have proved to be unacceptable.
		The change in enthalpy value (the heat to be removed from the fish during freezing) used in the calculation is obtained from Table 29 or Figure 49 and this is a true measured value for cod.
	www.fao.org /docrep/003/v3630e/V3630E05.htm (8425 words)

	Freezing Prepared Foods
		You can freeze all of the prepared food in meal-size packages, or serve part of the food immediately and freeze the rest.
		Freeze food promptly as soon as it is cooled to room temperature.
		Foods that do not freeze well include mayonnaise, cream puddings and fillings, custard, gelatin salads, cheese, the whites of hard-cooked eggs and uncooked egg yolks, and gravies made with wheat flour.
	hgic.clemson.edu /factsheets/HGIC3065.htm (1444 words)

	SolarWeb: freezing desalination (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		During the process of freezing, dissolved salts are naturally excluded during the formation of ice crystals.
		Theoretically, freezing has some advantages over distillation, the predominant desalting process at the time the freezing process was developed.
		The most recent significant example of freezing desalting was an experimental solar-powered unit constructed in Saudi Arabia in the late 1980s.
	www.serve.com /damien/home/solarweb/desal/freezing.html (225 words)

	Blast Freezers and Food Freezing Systems- Food Plant Modulars
		Freezing in homogeneous mass or "block freezing," such as in two-kilo or five-pound boxes of shrimp, is relatively low in cost.
		Cryogenic freezing systems, which usually employ liquid nitrogen or CO² gas are also very effective, but due to the high cost of the gas, are usually limited to high dollar product.
		Freezing systems for particular operations require consultation to be sure that there is a balance between amount of product to be frozen and the cost of the equipment.
	www.blastfreezer.com (704 words)

	Freezing Vegetables
		It is a very important step in freezing vegetables because it slows or stops the action of enzymes.
		If the enzyme action is not stopped before freezing, the vegetables may develop off-flavors, discolor, or toughen so that they may be unappetizing in a few weeks.
		Food expands when it freezes and the top may pop off the container if it is too full.
	www.ag.ndsu.edu /pubs/yf/foods/he187w.htm (1466 words)

	FREEZING STRESS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Since freezing tolerance is inducible, it has been commonly assumed that this induction involves the synthesis of novel peptides which by means of their enzymatic activity or their structural properties confer freezing tolerance to the tissue.
		Although it may be argued that the freezing process in a protoplast is distinctly different from that in a tissue with cell walls and intercellular spaces, these experiments nonetheless show that the physical properties of the plasmalemma are altered by the acclimation process.
		Enrichment of non-acclimated protoplasts with the lipids from acclimated protoplasts, or with mono- or with di-unsaturated phosphatidylcholine increased freezing tolerance.
	cropsoil.psu.edu /Courses/AGRO518/FREEZING.htm (14479 words)

	Freezing Fruits
		Freezing is one of the simplest and least time-consuming ways to preserve foods at home.
		Freezing does not sterilize food; the extreme cold simply retards growth of micro-organisms and slows down changes that affect quality or cause spoilage in food.
		Post a list of the frozen foods with freezing dates near the freezer, and check the packages off the list as they are removed.
	www.ext.colostate.edu /pubs/foodnut/09331.html (1838 words)

	Freezing Vegetables
		Other ways to heat particular foods before freezing include heating pumpkin, sweet potatoes and winter squash in a pressure cooker or oven; heating mushrooms in fat in a fry pan; and simmering tomatoes on a range.
		Tray-packed foods do not freeze in a block but remain loose so that the amount needed can be poured from the container and the package reclosed.
		Because speed in freezing is important for best quality, put only as much unfrozen vegetables into the freezer at one time as will freeze in 24 hours, usually 2 to 3 pounds per cubic foot of freezer capacity.
	www.ext.colostate.edu /pubs/foodnut/09330.html (1874 words)

	Freezing Vegetables
		Whether you freeze purchased or home-grown vegetables, the keys to a successful product are using vegetables at the peak of ripeness and freezing quickly after purchase or harvest.
		When freezing, place packages in the coldest area of the freezer with about one inch around the packages for cold air circulation until the food is frozen.
		Overloading slows the freezing process and adversely affects the quality of the food, especially corn-on-the-cob.
	www.conknet.com /~planter/recipes/freezing_vegetables.html (3787 words)

	The Freezing of Human Oocytes (Eggs)
		Cryoprotectant is the term used to refer to the fluid that is used to place the eggs in prior to freezing, and is usually a mixture of sugars and organic chemical liquids that are designed to buffer the egg cell during the stresses of freezing and thawing.
		To put egg freezing into context, it is interesting to consider that human sperm (spermatozoa) have been successfully frozen for decades, and that the first successful report of human embryo freezing that generated a pregnancy was in 1983.
		As the initial concerns with egg freezing are being eroded by better understanding of the principals of cryopreserving such large and delicate cells, and by better technology, there becomes less and less reason not to start taking this form of tissue storage more seriously.
	www.ivf.com /freezing.html (3166 words)

	Freezing
		Freezing is the name given to the temporary, involuntary, inability to move and
		circumstance may not cause a freezing episode every time it is encountered.
		Freezing may also be brought on by approaching a doorway or by over-fatigue or
	parkinsonsdisease-rhodeisland.org /freezing.htm (436 words)

	Freezing Homemade Baby Food \| How to Freeze Baby Food Puree and Homemade Baby Food Storage from wholesomebabyfood.com
		We do not advocate freezing foods in any container that is not specifically labeled for freezing.
		Glass that is not specifically manufactured for freezing has the unfortunate ability to crack, leave behind tiny, microscopic shards and fragments and also is prone to bursting.
		The process of freezing, if kept at a constant 0 degree temp does not contribute to a TOTAL loss of nutrients - if it did, then the majority of the population would be malnourished as we rely on and eat a large amount of frozen foods.
	www.wholesomebabyfood.com /FreezePage.htm (1652 words)

	Apples & More-Preserving Apples
		To prevent darkening, dissolve 1/2 teaspoon (1500 mg) ascorbic acid powder or equivalent of finely crushed vitamin C tablets in 3 tablespoons water.
		Freeze for up to one year at 0°F or below.
		After they are cut or peeled, apples, and other light colored fruit (pears and peaches) will begin to turn dark due to oxidation.
	www.urbanext.uiuc.edu /apples/preserving.html (1025 words)

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