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Topic: Freeze distillation

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	Freeze distillation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Freeze distillation is a metaphorical term for a process of enriching a solution by partially freezing it and removing frozen material that is poorer in the dissolved material than is the liquid portion left behind.
		Such enrichment by freezing of a solution in water is sometimes oversimplified by saying that, for instance, because of the difference in freezing points of water (0 °C/32 °F), and ethyl alcohol (-114 °C/-173 °F), "the water freezes into ice...
		Today, freeze distillation of alcoholic beverages is illegal in many countries because a number of by-products of fermentation (fusel alcohols), which are mostly removed by heat distillation, tend to accumulate to an unhealthy level in freeze-distilled beverages.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Freeze_distillation (503 words)

	Distillation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The minimum in distillation is flash evaporation, where either the temperature is rapidly increased or pressure reduced, and vapor and liquid fractions are thus obtained, which may be processed as such.
		The device used in distillation is referred to as a still and consists at a minimum of a reboiler or pot in which the source material is heated, a condenser in which the heated vapor is cooled back to the liquid state, and a receiver in which the concentrated or purified liquid is collected.
		A distillation apparatus sometimes used by chemists is a rotary evaporator to distill (or evaporate) away solvent from a solution.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Distillation (933 words)

	Freeze distillation - Homedistiller (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		So-called freeze distillation is a metaphorical term for a process of enriching a solution by partially freezing it and removing frozen material that is poorer in the dissolved material than is the liquid portion left behind.
		Such enrichment by freezing of a solution in water is sometimes oversimplified by saying that, for instance, because of the difference between water's 0° C freezing point and ethyl alcohol's -117° one, "the water freezes into ice...
		Today, freeze distillation of alcoholic beverages is illegal in many countries, as it carries certain health hazards -- a number of unwanted by-products of fermentation (which are mostly removed by heat distillation) tend to accumulate in freeze-distilled beverages to an unhealthy level.
	homedistiller.org /wiki/index.php?title=Freeze_distillation&redirect=no (424 words)

	Wikinfo \| Distillation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Distillation is a means of separating two miscible liquids through differences in their boiling points.
		Known since antiquity, the concentration of alcohol by the application of heat to a fermented liquid mixture is perhaps the oldest form of distillation.
		The device used to effect a distillation is referred to as a still and consists, at minimum, of a pot in which the source material is heated, a condenser in which the heated vapor is cooled back to the liquid state, and a receiver in which the concentrated or purified liquid is collected.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Distillation (392 words)

	Distillation - Homedistiller (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		During the process of distillation, the spirits produced by the still go through various stages, generally referred to as foreshots, heads, the spirit run or hearts, and tails.
		Distillation is a means of separating liquids through differences in their boiling points.
		The device used in distillation is referred to as a still and consists at a minimum of a pot in which the source material is heated, a condenser in which the heated gas-vapor is cooled back to the liquid phase (matter)state, and a receiver in which the concentrated or purified liquid is collected.
	homedistiller.org /wiki/index.php/Distillation (456 words)

	Distillation
		In order for this distillation to be successful, it is important to allow the condensed liquid which is enriched in the less volatile component relative to its vapor, to return to the pot.
		Most fractional distillation apparati are designed in such a way as to permit control of the amount of distillate that is removed from the system.
		The basis of the separation by steam distillation is that while the water and organic condensed phases are immiscible, the vapors of both are miscible.
	www.umsl.edu /~orglab/documents/distillation/dist.htm (4354 words)

	History and Taxonomy of Distilled Spirits [alexreisner.com]
		Like distillation by heating, the objective is to separate the various constituents of a liquid, but freeze distillation uses cooling, rather than heating, to exploit varying freezing, rather than boiling points.
		Freeze distillation is rarely used for distilled spirits (outside of applejack).
		The process is not as efficient as normal distillation and is illegal in many countries due to an increased risk of high concentrations of the poisonous fusel oils the pot distiller must carefully remove.
	www.alexreisner.com /spirits (1969 words)

	JISP Vol9(1) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Reclamation of large volumes of acetone by freeze-vacuum distillation was practical, simple, economical to perform, and environmentally wise.
		Three liter aliquots, of known acetone content, were distilled over a six hour period and resulted in reclamation of 94 to 98 percent acetone.
		Freeze-Vacuum distillation has served to reduce operating costs both by reclamation of large volumes of quality acetone and significantly reducing the volume of hazardous waste which must be disposed.
	www.uqtr.ca /plast-journal/vol9/jisp_tc_vol9-1a.html (123 words)

	Marshall Fellow Lab 2- Distillation! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Fractional distillation and vacuum distillation were invented near the end of the 18th century.
		The first columns invented for fractional distillation were simple open tubes and it wasn't until the period 1900-1930 that vast improvements were made.
		Vacuum distillation, distillation under low pressure, made its appearance in the laboratory setting in 1869.
	www.brynmawr.edu /Acads/Chem/mnerzsto/Marshall-distillation.html (181 words)

	Distillation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Known since antiquity the concentration of alcohol by the application of heat to fermented liquid mixture is perhaps the oldest of distillation.
		The device used in distillation is referred as a still and consists at a minimum of pot in which the source material is a condenser in which the heated vapor is cooled back to the liquid state and a receiver in which the concentrated or purified is collected.
		Many countries tax distilled alcohol and preserve government income legal restrictions on the use of a
	www.freeglossary.com /Distillation (502 words)

	4-50 Separation
		Distillation is a chemical separations process involving vaporization and condensation that is used to separate components of varying vapor pressures (volatilities) in a liquid or gas stream.
		Simple distillation involves a single stage operation in which heat is applied to a liquid mixture in a still, causing a portion of the liquid to vaporize.
		Compounds that decompose or polymerize at the operating temperature and are explosive are not desirable in distillation.
	www.frtr.gov /matrix2/section4/4-51.html (1139 words)

	EncycloWine: Encyclopedia for Wine Enthusiasts - Ice wine
		The effect is comparable to the freeze distillation that was traditionally used to make applejack and similar beverages, but in the case of ice wines, the freezing happens before the fermentation, not afterwards.
		Natural ice wines require a hard freeze (by law in Canada a minimum of -8 °C/ 17 °F and in Germany a minimum of -7 °C/ 19 °F) to occur sometime after the grapes are ripe, which means that the grapes may hang on the vine for several months following normal harvest.
		Some winemakers use cryoextraction (that is, mechanical freezing) to simulate the effect of a frost and typically do not leave the grapes to hang for extended periods as is done with a natural ice wine.
	www.encyclowine.org /index.php/Ice_wine (961 words)

	Refridgerator fun [Archive] - JREF Forum
		Freeze the water, and the carbon dioxide is free to separate from the water.
		Freezing creates crystals that contain powefull auric fields that disrupt the natural harmony of CO2 and sugar due to quantum entaglement of the leptons within the sugar.
		But what happens when the fluid freezes is that the things dissolved in it are driven out, so the Ice is pure water, and the sugar, carbon dioxide etc. is left separated, or rather it is dissolved in ever greater concentrations in the remaining, unfrozen water.
	forums.randi.org /archive/index.php/t-1182.html (2258 words)

	Topic 13
		As you can see the alchemists were very big on distillation both as a metaphor and as a laboratory process.
		Distillation depends on different boiling points of water (100 C) and ethyl alcohol (78.5 C).
		The wine is distilled twice, once to 25% alcohol, and again to 70% alcohol, then aged, and alcohol % drops to about 40% and the rich color and flavor develops.
	lifesci.rutgers.edu /~ougi/French/PP_Topic13.htm (1593 words)

	hist-brewing: RE: Whiskey Before Distillation
		Distillation was popularized in once printing was invented, as the instruction were easier get.
		Distilled wine was known in China by the seventh century.
		The distillation of alcohol in the West was discovered in Italy in the twelfth century." "Normal" heat distillation was common enough in Europe for it to mentioned in various cookery and medical books.
	www.pbm.com /pipermail/hist-brewing/2001/003032.html (401 words)

	Cider Ingredient
		Applejack is a strong alcoholic beverage made in North America by concentrating cider, either by the traditional method of "freeze distillation", or by true evaporative distillation.
		Other alcoholic beverages are also made from apples, such as apple wine and the distilled spirits apple brandy and calvados.
		A popular aperitif in Normandy is pommeau a drink produced by blending unfermented cider and apple brandy in the barrel (the high alcoholic content of the spirit stops the fermentation process of the cider and the blend takes on the character of the aged barrel).
	www.recipe4all.com /ingredient/cider (513 words)

	Technifab - Applications of Vacuum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		In the rough vacuum range from about one torr to near atmosphere, typical applications are mechanical handling, vacuum packing and forming, gas sampling, filtration, degassing of oils, concentration of aqueous solutions, and impregnation of electrical components, distillation, and steel stream degassing.
		Chemical processes such as vacuum distillation and freeze-drying also need this range of vacuum.
		Freeze-drying is used extensively in the pharmaceutical industry to prepare vaccines and antibiotics and to store skin and blood plasma.
	www.technifab.com /vacuum-applications.htm (493 words)

	hist-brewing: US Laws on Spirits, Wine, and Beer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		We spent considerable energy investigating the claims and counter claims for "freeze distillation." If you read the US Code concerned with making spirits you only learn part of the story.
		As for the reference saying that it's OK to practice freeze distillation, be wary of "BATF Officials" used to approve anything.
		In my case I spoke with the San Jose office of BATF to the agent in charge of the permitting process, and the agent in charge in the Boston office, and someone else on the list contacted their local office with the same story.
	www.pbm.com /pipermail/hist-brewing/2001/002995.html (447 words)

	MLD 1120
		Subject: Freeze distillation From: "Stevenson, Randall" Date: Tue, 3 Aug 2004 10:06:17 -0500 This is a perrienial topic.
		I freeze the mead (Melomel) in plastic 1 liter (quart) containers with a large mouth (Gator-Aid bottles are perfect).
		I believe it's illegal everywhere that private distillation is illegal, although it might be harder to catch since it doesn't require a still.
	www.moremead.com /mld/1120.html (1178 words)

	Page 2 - Chemistry Question: Thawing Frozen Milk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		freezing point of the solution is irrelevant to the discussion.
		That the fat was solid in the freezing milk was well stated.
		during the freezing is necessary to form the clear ice cube.
	www.cyclingforums.com /t-274105-15-2.html (9430 words)

	SPIRITS by Harry Lythall
		Here are three methods of distilling 'mash' (or wine) to separate the alcohol from the rest of the 'gubbins'.
		There are many different methods of distillation but only one will be considered here, this is known as Fractional Distillation using a Reflux still.
		Fractional Distillation can be used to separate different substances when they are mixed together and relies upon the fact that different substances vaporize (boil) at different temperatures.
	doctorgary.net /shine.html (1317 words)

	Labotec- Suppliers of Laboratory Equipment, Instrumentation- Laboratory Technology- South Africa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Drying, distillation, freeze drying and sublimation of small quantities are possible with one fully convertible instrument.
		This heats the whole length of the oven area up to a maximum of 300°C. Special applications like distilling substances with high boiling points or heat sensitive products perhaps under high vacuum, Kugelrohr distillation, distillation of oily products or small quantities and drying under rotation are possible.
		The new freeze drying insert makes it possible to lyophilize small product samples and acquire first indications of their drying behavior.
	www.labotec.co.za /news.asp?id=146 (214 words)

	Desalination FAQ
		The next alternative is to freeze the sea water and then thaw the ice thus formed.
		For example, the power requirement of a Blue Spring reverse osmosis desalination unit with a capacity to produce 1 gallon per minute of fresh water from sea water is 0.5 -1.4 horse power, depending on the model chosen.
		Reverse osmosis desalinators are much smaller in size than their distillation counterparts.
	www.bluspr.com /desalination_faq.html (1861 words)

	Realbeer.com Beer Community - Ice Beer
		This is practically the same thing as freeze distillation.
		I would imagine it's because not everyone has an extra freezer to freeze ice beer in, and if they do have a freezer and they are home brewers, it's probably got beer lagering in it, or they have a dispensing system coming out of it.
		I have a batch of homemade wine that I would be interested in freeze distilling I just never took the time to make a game plan.
	www.realbeer.com /discussions/showthread.php?s=cccb423a051e61e79eeb883c579cf39d&postid=3511 (438 words)

	Liquid-Phase Separation
		Simple distillation is a process in which heat is applied to a liquid, causing a portion of the liquid to vaporize.
		Membrane pervaporation and freeze crystallization are limited to aqueous waste streams.
		Performance data on distillation and freeze crystallization is not available.
	www.cpeo.org /techtree/ttdescript/lps.htm (674 words)

	HOMEBREW Digest #515 Thu 11 October 1990
		But it doesn't work for beer, 'cause freezing barley is just stupid, and rotting it gives you a different drug (Claviceps purpurea, which to a first approximation gives you LSD...and that's just too wild a digression for this thread:-).
		The grapes are picked after partial freezing, which performs the same function as freezing bock beer or hard cider.
		Actually the freezing is sort of icing on the cake, I think these grapes are pretty shrivelled by the time the frost hits.
	hbd.org /hbd/archive/515.html (4124 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Distillation Curves Analysis is based on liquid oil composition, and is valid only for streams which would be in the liquid phase at 60
		TBP (True Boiling Point), ASTM D86, and ASTM D1160 distillation curve data are generated and may be viewed in plot or tabular form.
		If a hydrate or freeze out point calculation is enabled, the coexisting phases are also reported as the Hydrate Point Region or Freeze Point Region.
	www.bre.com /promax/promax.streamanalyses.asp (410 words)

	The Desalination and Water Purification Research & Development Program Newsletter - No. 20 - Summer 2001 , Water ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The University of Nevada analyzed the thermodynamics of reverse osmosis, distillation, and freeze desalination.
		The plots of the minimum work versus recovery ratios at various salinities of the incoming saline water also show that there is an optimum value of the recovery ratio which decreases with increasing salinity.
		The analysis of the minimum separation work was performed for the reverse osmosis, distillation, and the freeze desalination processes.
	www.usbr.gov /pmts/water/newsletters/01sum.html (1051 words)

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