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Topic: Fregat

	Soyuz 11A511U / Fregat
		The Fregat upper stage has a flight-proved propulsion subsystem that is based on a single-chamber Lavochkin engine.
		The Fregat propulsion system powered the Fobos probe to Mars, and the main engine was fitted on nearly 30 interplanetary spacecraft.
		Fregat operates on UDMH fuel and N2O4 oxidizer, and has a liftoff mass of up to 6,535 kg.
	www.astronautix.com /lvs/soyregat.htm (328 words)

	Fregat Upper Stage Test Clears Cluster-2 For Development
		This is the first time that the Fregat has flown on a Soyuz and represents a major milestone on the road towards the launch of ESA's four Cluster II satellites this summer.
		Both the small heat shield on the demonstrator and the large shield on the Fregat inflated at an altitude of 50 km and then functioned as parachutes to deliver their cargo safely back to Earth.
		The Fregat upper stage has a single-chamber main engine built by Lavotchkin, which can be restarted up to 20 times, and four groups of three 50-N hydrazine thrusters to provide attitude control.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/cluster2-00b.html (1037 words)

	Soyuz launch vehicle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the early 1990s plans were made for a redesigned Soyuz with a Fregat upper stage.
		The Fregat engine was developed by NPO Lavochkin from the propulsion module of its Phobos interplanetary probes.
		Although endorsed by the Russian Space Agency and the Russian Ministry of Defence in 1993 and designated "Rus" as a Russification and modernisation of Soyuz, and later renamed Soyuz 2, a funding shortage prevented implementation of the plan.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Soyuz_launch_vehicle (995 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Soyuz Launch Report \| Soyuz rocket to test fly new Fregat upper stage today
		At the center of the test was the new Fregat upper stage, which will loft the four European Space Agency's Cluster 2 satellites during a pair of launches this summer and the Mars Express probe in 2003.
		The Fregat also proved it could be restarted in space and complete orbital maneuvering, officials said.
		Fregat - The new upper stage to be tested on this launch.
	spaceflightnow.com /soyuz/st08 (597 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Soyuz Launch Report \| Soyuz rocket to test fly new Fregat upper stage today
		The venerable Soyuz rocket is poised for liftoff sporting the new Fregat upper stage, which will be put through its paces during a 90-minute dress rehearsal for two upcoming launches carrying the European Space Agency's Cluster 2 satellites.
		Mounted atop the Fregat is a metallic cylindrical structure, nicknamed "Dumsat".
		However, that flight proved the Fregat could be fired more than once in space and did not practice the Cluster 2 launches.
	www.spaceflightnow.com /soyuz/st08/preview.html (768 words)

	Starsem Static Test Qualifies Fregat Upper Stage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Fregat upper stage, developed from flight proven elements - the main engine and the propulsion subsystem were successfully used during numerous interplanetary missions - will be particularly efficient because of its compact configuration, its three-axis attitude control, and its re-ignition capability.
		The system is able to place a 2.7-tonne satellite into an orbit of 800 kilometers (500 miles), and thanks to an added booster capability in the fourth stage, put a 4.2-tonne satellite into an orbit of 1,400 kilometers (850 miles).
		Fregat is part of a system, called Soyuz-Fregat, derived from the veteran Soviet launcher Semyorka, which also comprises a four-motor booster section, a second and a third stage.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/starsem-99a.html (261 words)

	GIOVE-A ready to join its Soyuz launcher; Launch timeline
		Fregat and GIOVE, now at an altitude of around 190 km and travelling at 7751 metres per second (nearly 30 000 km per hour) leave the third stage of the launcher behind.
		Fregat is designed to act autonomously in these circumstances, enabling it to fly complex mission profiles without intervention from its ground controllers.
		Fregat's second engine burn lasts 9m:56s and moves it and GIOVE from their ballistic coast into a transfer orbit that will take them up to GIOVE's final orbit, 23 222 km above the Earth.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-12/esa-grt122305.php (716 words)

	SPACE.com -- Fregat's Designer Proclaims Flight a Success
		Fregat's dry weight is less than a metric ton, but it takes in its fuel tanks more than 5 tons (4,536 kilograms) of fuel.
		Fregat has a very compact design and its skin is only 1.8 millimeters (0.07 inches) thick.
		Using a car analogy one can say: Fregat is like a Ford Crown Victoria while its predecessors are like a Ford Escort -- judging by the power of their engines, not by the sizes of these vehicles, of course.
	www.space.com /businesstechnology/technology/lavochkin_update_000211.html (1666 words)

	Soyuz Data Sheet
		The third stage can either propel Fregat into orbit or Fregat can perform an initial burn to reach orbit, leaving the third stage to fall back to earth on a suborbital trajectory.
		With a Fregat upper stage, the upgraded launcher will be able to boost 3 tonnes to geosynchronous transfer orbit from Kourou, allowing it to carry as much mass as some Ariane 4 versions.
		Fregat is powered by the S5.92 storable propellant engine, which burns unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine (UDMH) fuel and nitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) oxidizer to produce 2 tons of thrust.
	www.geocities.com /launchreport/soyuz.html (1069 words)

	Fregat Hotel Kherson, Ukraine - Fregat Hotel Group Booking Reservation Meetings Meeting Planning Weddings Wedding ...
		The Fregat Hotel is the perfect place to hold a corporate event such as; team building, sales meetings, board of director meetings, or just corporate hospitality.
		Fregat Hotel weddings can be casual or elegant but will always be perfect.
		A Fregat Hotel wedding reception is a party where guests come to celebrate the marriage of the bride and groom.
	www.meetingforce.com /fregat-hotel-77h164.html (735 words)

	New Russian Reusable Space Launch Vehicle Disappears After Test
		In Baikonur, the Fregat was hailed as a revolution in space flight.
		The Fregat is capable of carrying space equipment weighing up to 4.2 tons to an altitude of 875 miles and lighter loads far higher.
		Vladimir Yefanov, the deputy head of the Fregat project at Lavochkina, said the craft could be used with all the main rocket boosters used for Russia's space program.
	www.rense.com /politics6/disap.htm (390 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: Orbit/Navigation
		The nose module (or upper composite) comprising the Fregat fourth stage and its pair of Cluster spacecraft separates from the third stage, and five seconds later the Fregat's first main engine burn begins.
		The Fregat remains in a temporary circular orbit for just over one hour until its main engine is ignited for a second time.
		The redundant Fregat is de-orbited and falls into the Atlantic Ocean to the east of South America some 6.5 hours after lift-off.
	sci.esa.int /science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=33312 (484 words)

	Soyuz-2 launch vehicle (14A14) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The future three-stage 313-ton base vehicle could be used in combination with Ikar and Fregat upper stages.
		The four-chamber RD-0110 engine, which was used for several decades on the third stage of the Soyuz family of launchers became the focus of upgrades needed to build the Soyuz-2 launcher.
		Fregat upper stages at NPO Lavochkin's testing and checkout station, KIS.
	www.russianspaceweb.com /soyuz2_lv.html (879 words)

	Frontier Status Report #189
		The rocket's new Fregat upper stage fired twice; once to put the payload into a 200 x 600 km orbit and again at apogee to circularize the orbit at 600 km.
		The Fregat and package were projected to have landed in Russia at no more than 47 km/hr (13 meters/ sec) about 17 minutes after the fourth Fregat burn.
		The Fregat upper stage is built by Lavochkin Associates and is based upon the propulsion system used in the USSR's Phobos missions to Mars and about 30 other interplanetary spacecraft.
	www.asi.org /adb/06/09/07/2000/fs-20000211.html (3152 words)

	IRDT-Fregat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A inflatable cone provides protection during reentry and a second inflatable extension of the cone reduces the speed further for a safe landing.
		The first test flight orbited the IRDT 1 payload and the Fregat stage, which was also equipped with an IRDT shield.
		It was planned to bring back the stage with this device for investigation of possible reuse, but it has not been found, after it descended in a snow storm.
	www.skyrocket.de /space/doc_sdat/irdt-fregat.htm (107 words)

	SPACE.com -- Tryout for New Touchdown Technology
		To protect the Fregat during fiery reentry, the IRDT shield will inflate from a 3.3-foot (1-meter) compact package up to 39-53 feet (12-16 meters) in diameter shortly before reentry.
		The Fregat's design increases by 1.984 pounds (900 kilograms) the payload that a Soyuz rocket will be capable of lifting.
		Although the Soyuz rockets carrying the Progress and Fregat upper stages will be launched from the two different launch pads, the same personnel serves both launch complexes.
	www.space.com /businesstechnology/technology/starsem_fregat_000127.html (736 words)

	Fregat
		Flight qualified in 2000, the Fregat upper stage is an autonomous and flexible upper stage that is designed to operate as an orbital vehicle.
		In order to provide the Fregat with high initial reliability and to speed up the development process, several flight-proven subsystems and components from previous spacecraft and rockets are incorporated into the upper stage.
		The upper stage consists of 6 spherical tanks (4 for propellant, 2 for avionics) arrayed in a circle, with trusses passing through the tanks to provide structural support.
	www.skyrocket.de /space/doc_stage/fregat.htm (187 words)

	Kherson, Fregat at Ukraine-Tours.com
		The Fregat Hotel is located in the Kherson downtown, on the Dnipro River bank.
		This hotel was built in 1989 and has gone through many consecutive reconstructions and renovations after that.
		The Fregat Hotel has a restaurant, bars, sauna with indoor pool, secured parking lot on its grounds.
	travel-2-ukraine.com /hotels/hotel.php?hotel=8 (90 words)

	Venus Express mated with upper-stage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Preparations for ESA's Venus Express mission passed a new milestone when the spacecraft was attached to its Fregat upper-stage rocket.
		The activity was classified as 'hazardous' since both the spacecraft and the Fregat upper-stage are already fully loaded with highly flammable and toxic propellant.
		Next activities include the connection of the umbilical cables between Fregat and the LVA, through which the Venus Express spacecraft is powered and commanded while still on the ground.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-10/esa-vem101305.php (186 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: Launch Vehicle
		The upper composite is made up of a fourth stage (Fregat) along with a payload adapter, a fairing, and the Venus Express spacecraft.
		The Fregat, payload adapter, and Venus Express spacecraft are all contained within the fairing.
		The Fregat uses unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine (UDMH) and nitrogen tetroxide as fuel.
	sci.esa.int /science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=33954 (356 words)

	Mars Express: The Mission - Launch
		Fregat launcher which separated from the spacecraft after placing it on a Mars-bound trajectory.
		The main engine on the fourth stage, the Fregat, is ignited twice.
		The first ignition puts the Fregat into a circular orbit after separation from Soyuz.
	mars.jpl.nasa.gov /express/mission/tl_launch.html (143 words)

	Print the story
		This injection is done by the first burn of the Fregat engine, due to take place at 04:43 CET.
		While flying over Africa, Fregat will ignite for a second time to escape Earth orbit and head into the hyperbolic trajectory that will bring the spacecraft to Venus.
		Once separated from Fregat at 06:10 CET, Venus Express will be awoken from its dormant status by a series of automatic on-board commands, such as the activation of its propulsion and thermal control systems, the deployment of solar arrays and manoeuvres to ‘orient’ itself in space.
	www.physorg.com /printnews.php?newsid=7926 (1043 words)

	ESA - Navigation - GIOVE-A on the launch pad; launch rehearsal completed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		GIOVE-A and the Fregat launcher upper stage, encapsulated in the rocket nose cone, travelled by rail to the launcher integration facility where they were mated with the third stage of the Soyuz launch vehicle.
		After installation of a thermal cover over the fairing, or nose cone, GIOVE-A, Fregat and the Soyuz third stage were mated with the first and second stages of the launcher.
		Separation of GIOVE-A and Fregat from the Soyuz launcher is scheduled to occur 8m:49s after lift-off.
	www.esrin.esa.it /esaNA/SEMQ7T8A9HE_index_0.html (420 words)

	[No title]
		Meanwhile the Fregat stage made a small 50 m/s burn to circularize the orbit, raising perigee to 190 km.
		After a coast period, Fregat burned again with Fregat/VEX separation at 0511 UTC; Venus Express and Fregat each had a perigee of 344 km and an eccentricity of 1.132, putting them on hyperbolic orbits out of the Earth-Moon system.
		Venus Express passed lunar orbit on Nov 10 at 1010 UTC and by Nov 24 was in a 0.702 x 0.993 AU orbit around the Sun with an inclination of 0.26 deg to the ecliptic.
	host.planet4589.org /space/jsr/back/news.557 (883 words)

	Europe Prepares to Return to Venus - Planetary News \| The Planetary Society
		Originally scheduled for launch on October 26, Venus Express suffered a minor setback when fragments of insulating material from the upper Fregat stage of the launch vehicle were discovered within the rocket's payload fairing, contaminating the surfaces of the spacecraft.
		In order to remove the particles, the spacecraft and Fregat stage had to be removed from the Soyuz rocket and transported to another building at the Baikonur launch facility.
		The Fregat stage will fire twice, once approximately 10 minutes after launch, and then again at an hour and 22 minutes following launch, leading up to the separation of the spacecraft and the Fregat at an hour and 36 minutes.
	planetary.org /news/2005/1101_Europe_Prepares_to_Return_to_Venus.html (1072 words)

	Soyuz U/Fregat - General Information
		The Fregat was being developed for use on various vehicles by NPO Lavochkin based on the propulsion module of its Fobos interplanetary probes.
		The Soyuz 2 was planned to be introduced in 1996/97 but, due to funding shortage, its development and that of the Fregat stage were delayed well beyond the initial schedule.
		Since the Fregat stage was planned to be available as soon as 1998 while at least two or three more years would be needed to complete the development of the basic Soyuz 2, an interim version was decided: a slightly modified
	www.orbireport.com /Launchers/Soyuz_U-Fregat (333 words)

	Europe blasts off to Mars - 03 June 2003 - New Scientist Space
		After nine minutes, the third stage was also exhausted and the Fregat gave a brief spurt of its own engines to send it into circular orbit, 190 kilometres above the Earth.
		During its single 68-minute circuit, the Fregat entered "barbeque mode", slowly rotating Mars Express to prevent the Sun's heat building up on any one side of the spacecraft.
		Finally, to escape the Earth's gravitational grasp, the Fregat gave a 14 minute blast and, 12 seconds afterwards, springs on Mars Express pushed the Fregat away and the spacecraft began its six month voyage.
	www.newscientistspace.com /article/dn3791 (823 words)

	New launch date for the Venus Express - space - 31 October 2005 - New Scientist Space (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		But that attempt was cancelled when small pieces of an insulating Mylar blanket were found on the spacecraft a few days before launch.
		ESA mission officials could not be reached for comment on why the insulation, which covers the inside the Fregat's upper stage like a second skin, had been shed.
		But Jean-Loup Bertaux, principal investigator for the mission's SPICAV imaging spectrometer at the National Center for Scientific Research near Paris, France, says that jets of air that control the temperature of the Fregat's hydrazine fuel may be to blame.
	www.newscientistspace.com /article/dn8240-new-launch-date-for-the-venus-express-.html (560 words)

	ScienceDaily: Venus Express Mated With Upper Stage
		Preparations for ESA's Venus Express mission passed a newmilestone when the spacecraft was attached to its Fregat upper-stagerocket.
		Theactivity was classified as 'hazardous' since both the spacecraft andthe Fregat upper-stage are already fully loaded with highly flammableand toxic propellant.
		Next activities include theconnection of the umbilical cables between Fregat and the LVA, throughwhich the Venus Express spacecraft is powered and commanded while stillon the ground.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/10/051014073101.htm (1462 words)

	Fregat Hotel - Kherson, Ukraine
		We have much pleasure to invite you to the Tourist Complex "Fregat", which is located in the picturesque embankment of the Dnieper river in the historical and business center of Kherson (Ukraine).
		At present time Fregat hotel is able to accommodate up to 300 persons at the same time.
		For those, who are attracted by the beauty of our place Tourist Complex "Fregat" offers à wide variety of different trips and excursions around the city of Kherson and Kherson region.
	www.hotelfregat.com (164 words)

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