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	Frei Otto - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Otto is the world's leading authority on lightweight tensile and membrane structures, and has pioneered advances in structural mathematics and civil engineering.
		Otto's career bears a similarity to Buckminster Fuller's architectural experiments: both taught at Washington University in St. Louis in the late 1950's, both were architects of major pavilions at the Montreal Expo of 1967, both were concerned with space frames and structural efficiency, and both experimented with inflatable buildings.
		Otto founded the famous Institute for Lightweight Structures at the University of Stuttgart in 1964 and headed the institute till his retirement as university professor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Frei_Otto (429 words)

	RIBA: Frei Otto wins the Royal Gold Medal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The German architect and engineer, Frei Otto, whose pioneering tensile structures and grid shells inspired architects such as Richard Rogers, Michael Hopkins and Ted Cullinan, is the winner of one of architecture’s most prestigious prizes, the Royal Gold Medal.
		Frei Otto’s concern with functional, minimalist structure links him to the Bauhaus, whilst his interest in the applications of modern technology and research into natural forms have made him one of the most influential German architects.
		Frei Otto was a visiting Professor at Washington, Yale, Berkeley, and Harvard universities, as well as at M.I.T. He also held a Professorship at the Technical University in Berlin where he himself studied at the beginning of his career.
	www.riba.org /go/RIBA/News/Press_4064.html (575 words)

	Otto, Frei - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Most notable for his tensile and pneumatic structures, Otto is among the first major architects to experiment with lightweight design.
		Otto has also experimented with pneumatic membranes stabilized and maintained by means of air and gas pressure.
		Architecture: Bending the rules; The sweeping curves that characterise Frei Otto's buildings set a world standard in tensile structures.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-otto-f1re.html (213 words)

	IStructE - The Institution of Structural Engineers
		This is a timely book, coming just months after Frei Otto was awarded the Gold medal from the RIBA and as he reaches his 80th year.
		Frei's work, first at his office in Berlin and later at the Institute for Lightweight Structures in Stuttgart, provides a colossal body of investigative research, almost forensic in its thoroughness; research into nature, form and detail for lightweight, natural construction.
		First there is a series of essays from colleagues summarising their view of Frei's philosophy and approach to design or reminiscing about the work they have achieved together.
	www.istructe.org /library/DB/658.asp (893 words)

	German Architect Frei Otto Awarded Coveted Art Prize \| Culture & Lifestyle \| Deutsche Welle \| 19.10.2006
		At a ceremony in Tokyo on Wednesday, German architect Frei Otto was awarded the Praemium Imperiale, which is given to artists of global influence.
		Otto is one of this year's five laureates, who each receive prize money of 15 million yen (100,000 euros, $126,000).
		Otto likes to see himself as an artist, technician and nature explorer working towards the architectural ideal of a "holistic harmony" between nature and technology.
	www.dw-world.de /popups/popup_printcontent/0,,2208452,00.html (297 words)

	Otto Frei Jewelry Tools and Findings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Otto and Alice worked hard and prospered, and many watchmakers began using Otto as a source for Swiss watch parts, and Otto Frei became the watch material supplier of choice in downtown Oakland.
		A relatively young Otto Frei decided to cut back his workload to 3 days a week so he could spend more time on his passion of fixing up property and trading up in real estate.
		Since no Frei was interested in moving to Los Angeles, in 1995, Borel and Frei in Los Angeles was closed, and Otto Frei and Jules Borel Company of Oakland became solely owned by the Frei family once again.
	www.ottofrei.com /about_us.html (756 words)

	artnet.com: Resource Library: Otto, Frei (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Otto was responsible for the revival and development of the tent as a structural form in modern architectural design, exploring a host of new and complex shapes using models at a time when the analysis of such structures was in its infancy.
		Otto also developed the convertible roof type, in which variable geometry permitted the roof canopy to be extended or retracted at will; an example is the roof for the open-air theatre (1967–8), Bad Hersfeld, Hessen.
		Otto ranks alongside such great structural innovators as Félix Candela, R. Buckminster Fuller and Pier Luigi Nervi; he brought the tent into line with 20th-century advances in materials and technology, yet he produced works of outstanding sculptural beauty.
	www.artnet.com /library/06/0642/T064216.asp (595 words)

	rodcorp: Frei Otto to talk at RIBA
		Architect and engineer Frei Otto is talking at RIBA on 17 Feb 2005.
		Otto is known for his work on tensile structures, grid-shells, natural forms and nature-as-designer (eg structural efficiency in soap bubbles etc).
		During the 1950s Otto’s interest in pre-stressed tensile systems of construction developed - the tents that have made him famous were to follow.
	rodcorp.typepad.com /rodcorp/2005/01/frei_otto_to_ta.html (441 words)

	ArchitectureWeek - News - Frei Otto Praemium Imperiale - 2006.1018
		The architecture prize for lifetime achievement went to German architect and engineer Frei Otto, best known for his research and design of lightweight, high-performance tent structures.
		Two of the best known examples of Otto's work are the West German Pavilion of the 1967 Montréal Exposition and the Olympic Games Tent in Munich, Germany (1972), which he designed with Gunter Behnisch.
		Frei Otto's creations include tents with minimal surface areas, grid shells stabilized by inverting traction lines, pneumatic envelopes whose form is determined by pressure ratios, and buildings that can be adapted to the changing needs of their owners.
	www.architectureweek.com /2006/1018/news_1-1.html (268 words)

	Frei Otto (Biografie)
		Zu den ersten von Frei Otto entworfenen Bauwerken gehörten ein Musikpavillon für die Bundesgartenschau 1955 in Kassel sowie der Eingangsbogen und das »Tanzbrunnenzelt« für die Bundesgartenschau 1957 in Köln.
		Doch Frei Otto selbst war nicht voll zufrieden damit, denn seine filigraneren Wunschvorstellungen (»die Leichtigkeit einer Wolke, die über der Landschaft schwebt«) hatte er nicht durchsetzen können: Mehrere Experten hatten der kühnen Leichtbauweise von Anfang an misstraut, und das verantwortliche Ingenieurbüro [Fritz] Leonhardt & [Wolfhardt] Andrä hatte aus statischen Gründen auf doppelten Stahlseilen bestanden.
		Bei der Bundesgartenschau 1975 in Mannheim ging Frei Otto einen ganz anderen Weg: Nach seinen Vorschlägen überdachten Carlfried Mutschler und Joachim Langner eine 10 000 qm große »Multihalle« mit einem Gitter aus Holzlatten, das seine Form erst erhielt, als es vom Boden hochgehoben, auf Stützen befestigt und mit einem beschichteten Trevira-Gewebe überzogen wurde.
	www.dieterwunderlich.de /Frei_Otto.htm (1835 words)

	Frei & Borel - About Us
		I n 1930 Otto Frei, a master Watchmaker, and his wife Alice, a renowned hairspring vibrator, began making and selling watch parts and repairing watches in San Francisco.
		Many renowned scientists, including those who help developed the first LED and LCD electric watches, are customers of Otto Frei and Jules Borel Co. The company is still known around the world simply as Otto Frei.
		T oday, the grandsons of Otto and Alice Frei have continued the family tradition of fast and friendly service, while expanding the product lines and services to meet the needs of the always changing watch, jewelry, and precision industries.
	www.ofrei.com /About_Us/about_us.html (235 words)

	About Tool Shop
		Under the leadership of Otto and Alice's son, John Frei Sr., the company became the leading watch material supply house west of the Rocky Mountains.
		Many renowned scientists, including those who developed the first LED and LCD electric watches, are customers of Otto Frei and Jules Borel Co. Now officially Frei and Borel, the company is still known around the world simply as Otto Frei.
		Today, the grandsons of Otto and Alice Frei have continued the family tradition of fast and friendly service, while expanding the product lines and services to meet the needs of the always changing watch, jewelry, and precision industries.
	www.tztoolshop.com /About_Tool_Shop/about_tool_shop.html (225 words)

	ArchitectureWeek - News - Frei Otto Praemium Imperiale - 2006.1011
		Otto was born in 1925 in Siegmar, Saxony, Germany and educated at the Technical University of Berlin.
		Writing in The Work of Frei Otto and Teams 1955-76, Ludwig Glaeser noted that they "attempted, with this competition-winning project, to create a man-made landscape.
		The extraordinarily large span of the structure was made possible by the linking of several amoeba-shaped tents, covering one side of the main stadium and the entire arena and swimming areas.
	www.architectureweek.com /2006/1011/news_1-2.html (696 words)

	Frei otto architekt (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
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	frei-otto-architekt.kalb-pol.katowice.pl.cob-web.org:8888 (550 words)

	Frei Otto wins RIBA Royal Gold Medal - German Architecture News 2004
		German architect and engineer Frei Otto, who is seen as the pioneer of tensile and gridshell structures in modern architecture, has won the RIBA’s Royal Gold Medal.
		Otto is celebrated for his groundbreaking tent-like structures which revived the tent as a feature of modern architecture and was a pivotal influence on architects such as Richard Rogers, Michael Hopkins and Ted Cullinan.
		Explaining the award, RIBA president George Ferguson told BD: “He has always been one of my engineering and architectural heroes and has a genuine claim to be one of the real greats of the 20th century.
	germany.archiseek.com /news/2004/000036.html (199 words)

	Frei Otto - Great Buildings Online
		Frei Otto was born in Siegmar, Saxiny in 1925.
		As the scale of his projects increased, Otto pioneered a computer-based procedure for determining their shape and behavior.
		An atypical architect, Otto usually acts as a catalyst for and provides research support to other architects.
	www.greatbuildings.com /architects/Frei_Otto.html (241 words)

	Frei Otto ( - ) Artwork Images, Exhibitions, Reviews
		Otto Mueller, Adam and Eve, 1920 - 1922
		Dix was born, educated and taught in Germany and served as a machine gunner on the frontline of the European battlefields in World War 1.
		Otto Dix was born in 1891 in Untermhausen, Thuringia, the son of an ironworker.
	www.wwar.com /masters/o/otto-frei.html (1429 words)

	Frei Otto sculptors and architects information (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		It is said that he was interred in a French POW camp and, with his aviation engineering training and lack of materal and an urgent need for housing, began experimenting with tents for shelter.
		Otto is the world's leading authority on lightweight Tensile structuretensile and membrane structures, and has pioneered advances in structural mathematics and civil engineering.
		Otto's career bears a similiarity to Buckminster Fuller's architectural experiments: both taught at Washington University in St. Louis in the late 1950's, both were architects of major pavilions at the Expo 67Montreal Expo of 1967, both were concerned with space frames and structural efficiency, and both experimented with inflatable buildings.
	www.artbrain.co.uk.cob-web.org:8888 /sculptors-architects/frei-otto.htm (359 words)

	RIBA: Frei Otto collects the Royal Gold Medal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The German architect and engineer Frei Otto received the Royal Gold Medal at the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) on Wednesday 16 February 2005.
		George Ferguson, President of the RIBA, presented the medal at a fl tie dinner, in association with Rolls-Royce Motor Cars, at the organisation’s art deco headquarters in London.
		The Royal Gold Medal presentation 2005 is in association with Rolls-Royce Motor Cars, sponsored by Architen Landrell, and supported by Buro Happold, the RIBA Journal and Hobs Reprographics.
	www.riba.org /go/RIBA/News/Press_4390.html (785 words)

	Back on the Grid \| Metropolis Magazine
		Frei Otto’s engineering technique gets new energy from a structure by Glenn Howells Architects.
		Built mostly from wood, the gateway to the gardens reflects its setting as well as serving another role: propelling a particular strand of lightweight timber engineering, pioneered by German visionary Frei Otto, further along its essentially infant path.
		The underside of the roof—also visible from outside through the plate-glass windows—features the unmistakable diamonds of a grid shell, a lattice of hundreds of crisscrossing timber laths that combine to share the structure’s distributed load and create large interior spans.
	www.metropolismag.com /cda/story.php?artid=2343 (569 words)

	red dot online: Exhibition on the Work of Frei Otto
		In the second half of the 20th Century, no other German architect was greeted with greater international recognition than Frei Otto, whose main works include the German Pavilion for the Montreal World’s Fair in 1967 and the mobile roof of the Stiftsruine (Church Ruins) in Bad Hersfeld of 1968, among many others.
		He was already a cause of initial excitement in 1954 with his dissertation, “The Hanging Roof”, and since that time he has continued to be a source of important impulses and initiatives.
		Frei Otto is a pioneer in the areas of the ecology, environmental compatibility and resource research; themes that are on everyone’s tongues today.
	en.red-dot.org /1379.html (328 words)

	Architectural Record \| Frei Otto Wins RIBA Gold Medal
		Frei Otto, 79, the German architect and engineer, has won the latest Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) Gold Medal, it was announced today.
		Otto’s pioneering tensile structures and grid shells have been widely influential.
		Otto has been a visiting Professor at Washington, Yale, Berkeley and Harvard universities, as well as at MIT, and published numerous works on tensile and pneumatic structures.
	www.architecturalrecord.com /news/daily/archives/041007riba.asp (242 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Professor Frei Otto, architect and engineer, has devoted his entire career to the invention, perfection and deployment of lightweight suspended tensile structures as a relatively unprecedented column-free form for the economic and poetic accommodation of large institutions, with particular emphasis upon sports facilities, exhibition halls and places of public assembly.
		Otto opened his own office in 1953, designing both tented and cable network structures including “tents” for the West German Garden Exhibitions in Kassel and Cologne (1955 and 1957) and two path-breaking, large cable suspended roofs at the German Pavilion, Expo Montreal, 1967, and the Olympic Stadium in Munich, 1972.
		He has combined his research with an equally pioneering approach to the development of ecological forms, compatible with the larger goal of building a sustainable environment for the future of mankind.
	www.wolffund.org.il /full.asp?id=129 (406 words)

	frei otto (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
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	freiotto.blogradio.dk.cob-web.org:8888 (368 words)

	Frei Otto: Complete Works - Wal-Mart
		Frei Otto, awarded the Royal Gold Medal this year by the Royal Institute of British Architects, is one of Germanybs most innovative architects in the second half of the 20th century.
		Frei Ottobs systematic research of a lightweight and adaptable construction, his early dedication to environment and ecology as well as his impressive personality turned him into an outstanding architect.
		He also collaborated on the Japanese Pavilion for the EXPO 2000 in Hanover, and the project for Stuttgartbs main railway station.
	www.walmart.com /catalog/product.gsp?product_id=3998795 (594 words)

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