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Topic: FRELIMO

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RENAMO

Republic of Mozambique

Communist state

Politics of Mozambique

Viva, Viva a FRELIMO

Samora Machel

Mozambique

History of Mozambique

Graca Machel

Socialdemokratiska arbetarpartiet

	FRELIMO: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		FRELIMO was founded in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania on 25 June 1962, when three regionally based nationalist organizations – the Mozambican African National Union (MANU), National Democratic Union of Mozambique (UDENAMO), and the National African Union of Independent Mozambique (UNAMI) merged into one broad based guerrilla movement.
		In later years, reflecting its move towards social democratic views FRELIMO received active support from Margaret Thatcher's government in the UK and Mozambique became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.
		Despite his education in the Communist bloc countries, Chissano was not a hard-line Marxist and called for democratic, multi-party elections in 1994 that put an end to single-party rule.
	wikipedia.openfun.org /wiki/FRELIMO (446 words)

	Untitled Document
		Along with ZANU in Zimbabwe, Frelimo was one of the few liberation organisations sustained and supported by China to achieve state power, in part due to the adoption of avowedly Maoist tactics.
		Frelimo's problem, Bowen asserts, was that it thought it could change the peasantry through collective production, the setting up of co-operatives and urbanisation through establishing communal villages.
		The opposition to a fraction of "middle class" agricultural producers was rooted in a hostility by Frelimo, shared by the Portuguese colonialists, to an emergent middle class that may develop economic and political independence and resist the state.
	web.africa.ufl.edu /asq/v5/v5i3a10.htm (854 words)

	PDGS - Seminar Governance, Security and Military Institutions in Democracies - The Center for Civil-Military Relations ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The revolution in Lisbon leading to the rapid withdrawal of Portuguese forces from Mozambique, combined with the policies of a Frelimo government hostile to the settler population, resulted in the immediate departure of 90% of the 120,000 Portuguese residing in Mozambique.
		Frelimo was extremely aggressive and dogmatic in establishing a one- party Socialist state along Marxist-Leninist lines.
		Mozambique's cycle of misery and death was broken by the collapse of the Soviet Union, the subsequent end of the Cold War, and the dismantling of the apartheid regime in South Africa, with its subsequent democratization.
	www.pdgs.org.ar /pon-bruneau2.htm (3083 words)

	Mozambique-Insurgency Against Portugal, 1963-1975
		Frelimo set no timetable for their eventual independence and Portugal ultimately came apart from within, with the overthrow of the government in Lisbon in 1974, by a military regime tired of being bled year-in and year-out by a war that apparently could not be won.
		Frelimo units continued to expand with occasional company size attacks (65-150 men) during the closing months of year; and a reorganization of the military structure was undertaken to facilitate centralized control of guerrilla operations.
		For Frelimo, the years 1970 through 1974 contained no unique and signficant operations, but were characterized by an intensification of all guerrilla activities, a widening of the conflict into the Manica and Sofala districts, a tremendous increase in urban terrorism, and a marked increase in the brutality and psychological warfare directed at the Portuguese forces.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/report/1984/WCW.htm (18035 words)

	Mozambique - History and Politics
		There is a group of Frelimo old guard MPs under the leadership of Armando Guebuza vying for control of the party, and opposed to the liberalization of the Mozambican economy, the loss of patronage and rent-seeking opportunities, and the foreign penetration it brings in its wake.
		Frelimo may also have contributed to his downfall by leaking certain details of private discussions, and some will rejoice at the departure of so formidable a parliamentary opponent.
		Frelimo has a history of schism, and is now beginning to look more like its old self: a broad coalition of different interests.
	www.iss.co.za /AF/profiles/Mozambique/Politics.html (4067 words)

	History of MOZAMBIQUE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Frelimo begins its campaign in northern Mozambique in 1964, launching ten years of a bitter struggle.
		By 1974 Frelimo controls the whole of the northern part of the colony and is moving south.
		Collectivism proves economically disastrous, and Frelimo's troubles are compounded by the unremitting hostility of the neighbouring white regimes in South Africa and Rhodesia.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad29 (1189 words)

	afrol News - Your Portal to Africa!
		In a Frelimo press release the Central Committee confirms it had decided this "at the expressed will of its comrade, President Joaquim Chissano, not wanting to stand candidate again at the presidential elections of 2004." The decision was taken at an extraordinary meeting of the committee this night.
		Frelimo holds Chissano's decision was to be considered as of "elevated dignity, political consciousness by a great statesman with a vision of the future for both his people and his country." The committee thus accepted the President's decision to retire.
		Frelimo is set to elect a new presidential candidate, supposedly to be made at the next Frelimo Congress in June next year.
	www.afrol.com /html/News2001/moz014_chissano_3term.htm (805 words)

	Portugal Mozambique Independence War 1962-1975
		Frelimo was formed in neighbouring Tanzania in 1962 by exiled Africans from Mozambique who were seeking to overthrow Portuguese colonial rule in their country.
		Frelimo subsequently restructured itself as a Marxist-Leninist party and tried to revive the country's shattered economy, but its efforts were hampered by its commitment to collective agriculture and by the destructive activities of the dissident Mozambican group known as Renamo.
		Frelimo's strategy was not immediately clear, but, after serious internal dissent, the ascendant leadership committed itself to an armed challenge.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/mike/mozambique1962.htm (490 words)

	Cascon Case MOZ: Mozambique Civil War 1975-94 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The pro-Soviet orientation, together with Frelimo's domination by Maconde groups in the north and its long-standing hostility toward the colonists and the white-minority-ruled Rhodesia and South Africa, underlay several sources of opposition to Frelimo.
		Frelimo's hostility to neighboring white minority governments was manifested in support for ZANLA (the Zimbabwean nationalist guerrillas in Rhodesia) and the ANC (African National Congress in S. Africa).
		Frelimo's Marxist orientation with its Soviet support had waned, along with South African and US support for Renamo.
	web.mit.edu /cascon/cases/case_moz.html (371 words)

	Key Actors in the War and Peace Process
		Frelimo converted from a broad-based ‘front’ to a Marxist-Leninist vanguard party in 1977 and adopted ambitious economic and social programmes.
		Frelimo won 52 per cent of national assembly seats in the parliamentary elections of 1994, dominating in Maputo, the south and their original heartland in the north-east.
		Relations between the Vatican and the Frelimo government were strained in the late 1970s after the nationalisation of church property, the expulsion of missionaries and the persistent harassment of churchmen in Mozambique.
	www.c-r.org /accord/moz/accord3/keyactors.shtml (4033 words)

	“Como Deus está connosco (), estamos certos que o eleitor moçambicano acompanhará a vontade de Deus”. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Frelimo had to avoid feeding the war socially and it had to prevent the Western world (to which it was definitively turning) from refusing to give loans on a pretext of an absence of religious freedom in the country.
		Frelimo therefore started to reduce its pressure on churches and, thus, as early as Easter 1980, the Bishop of Nampula could write that in his diocese "church buildings closed illegally re-opened and the relations between missionaries and authority returned to normal."4
		Frelimo on its side seems to have struck a deal with the Igreja Universal de Deus whereby it (at least) rented two floors of its Central Committee's building in exchange for support to the party.
	www.brad.ac.uk /research/ijas/finnbp2.htm (3661 words)

	AfricaFiles \| The Mozambique elections: RENAMO demands a recount
		Perhaps not surprisingly, the Frelimo regional party headquarters were adjacent to the new administration building while Renamo's headquarters were abandoned and the thatched roof of their building had collapsed.
		After all, Frelimo is rightly suspicious that Renamo governors might be tempted to play the same game of working with Frelimo inside the government while threatening to undermine, as was often the case in the dynamics that emerged in the CNE.
		Frelimo is also obviously frustrated and refuses to bend to Renamo's demands in this regard, particularly because a hard fought constitutional settlement was lost immediately before the elections when Renamo refused to honour its commitments, calculating that it stood to win more power through the ballot box.
	www.africafiles.org /article.asp?ID=3651 (2475 words)

	Historical Context: War and Peace in Mozambique
		Frelimo’s expansion in the late 1960s from its strongholds near the Tanzanian border into the north-western province of Tete, represented a major psychological blow to the Portuguese.
		At Frelimo’s 3rd Party Congress in February 1977, the liberation movement was formally transformed into a Marxist-Leninist vanguard party with a mission ‘to lead, organise, orientate, and educate the masses, thus transforming the popular mass movement into a powerful instrument for the destruction of capitalism and the construction of socialism’.
		Frelimo’s refusal to grant Renamo a greater role in government signals a shift towards the mode of dominant one-party politics already established in South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Tanzania and Zimbabwe.
	www.c-r.org /accord/moz/accord3/rupiya.shtml (3919 words)

	We've Seen Museveni, Gadaffi, Please Let's Welcome Chissano (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		FRELIMO was so contemptuous of Renamo, it said the people had voted for it out of the kind of fear people have for Kony in the north.
		FRELIMO openly said Dlakhama and Renamo will "disappear", and began re-organising itself and building up its strength in peacetime, waiting to bury the opposition at the 1999 elections.
		FRELIMO cannot find a candidate from outside the south, however good they might be, who can defeat Dlakhama in 2004.
	www.africanews.com /article487.html (955 words)

	Research & Teaching>>Mozambique>>Historical Background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Frelimo rejected the offer and finally the MFA managed to override the government and grant independence to Mozambique.
		In 1977, after Frelimo's third congress, the establishment of representative structures of governance under a single party system was initiated.
		The process was concluded in 1978 with the installation of peoples' assemblies that provided a platform for people to air their views about governance and influence the decision-making process.
	www.hrdc.unam.na /mz_history.htm (793 words)

	Mozambique, by Jeremy Coulson (6.2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In 1964, FRELIMO began a movement of guerilla warfare against the Portuguese, starting a trend of civil war that would ravage Mozambique for decades.
		Portugal struck a mutual cease-fire agreement with FRELIMO and gave Mozambique its independence in June of 1975.
		In a reaction to this, FRELIMO leader Samora Moisès Machel instituted a Marxist government in Mozambique.
	maic.jmu.edu /journal/6.2/profiles/profilemozambique.htm (598 words)

	FRELIMO ends congress aimed at reform, names Chissano successor
		Guebuza was Tuesday confirmed by the newly-elected central committee as FRELIMO's presidential candidate in the 2004 vote, in which Mozambicans will choose a successor to President Joaquim Chissano, standing down after 16 years in power.
		The long-time leader was, however, retained as president of FRELIMO, prompting comments by some observers that he will effectively remain in charge, with Guebuza a nominal figurehead.
		Guebuza, 59, joined FRELIMO in 1965, three years after it was founded to liberate Mozambique from Portuguese colonial rule.
	www.namibian.com.na /2002/june/africa/0269AA606C.html (413 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The chairman of Frelimo is the President of Mozambique, Joaquim Chissano.
		In the end, Frelimo was left as the only governing party after the departure of the Portuguese, but turned to the Soviet Union for they were incapable of ruling on their own.
		Elections were held in 1994 with a Frelimo President, 133 Frelimo in the Assembly and 117 Renamo representatives.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~tegilrei/parties.html (207 words)

	Mozambique History Timeline - historic overview of Mocambique, Africa
		Frelimo convinces the new Portuguese military government that it is ready to take over control of Mozambique.
		Frelimo is working for women's liberation, against the system of bridal price and does not approve of polygamy.
		Members of Frelimo are not allowed to belong to a church and the many traditional healers are not accepted.
	crawfurd.dk /africa/mozambique_timeline.htm (4218 words)

	Chissano warns Mozambicans of threat posed by AIDS
		Frelimo members, Chissano continued, should also be in the forefront of the battle against crime and corruption.
		Frelimo, he added, was pursuing economic policies "so that each Mozambican producer, regardless of his province or district, feels integrated actively and without prejudice in enjoying the fruits of what is produced elsewhere in the country, while the goods he produces feed other people far from his home or workplace".
		He stressed Frelimo's commitment to overcome imbalances and asymmetries: the party wanted the entire country, and not just parts of it, to be attractive to local and foreign investors.
	www.aegis.com /news/pana/2001/PA011233.html (553 words)

	FRELIMO (Mozambique) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The current flag of FRELIMO (Frente de Libertaçâo de Moçambique) is red with a rifle and a hoe crossed saltire under a star, all yellow, on the upper hoist.
		The flag of FRELIMO is a red rectangle with, at the upper left corner, a star topping a hammer and a hoe, crossed, all in gold."
		According to William Crampton: World of Flags, Studio, 1990, the former flag of FRELIMO was inspired on that of ANC, added with W fimbriations and a red hoist triangle extending about 1/3.
	flagquest.com /FOTW/flags/mz}flm.html (181 words)

	TIME Europe \| TIME Trail: Mozambique (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Frelimo was firmly in control of both the government and the armed forces in the new nation, but many in Mozambique had serious questions about Frelimo's ability to convert its revolutionary fervor into long-term political and economic success.
		Frelimo also implemented a centrally-planned agricultural system and nationalized other enterprises, but both these policies failed, leading to a rethink of its economics in the mid-1980s.
		At one point, Renamo threatened the Frelimo regime's control in each of the country's ten provinces and was closing in on the capital city, Maputo.
	www.time.com /time/europe/moztrail (1042 words)

	Freedom in the World 1998-99: Mozambique (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Frelimo will seek to encourage a far greater voter turnout than the roughly 15 per cent of registered voters who participated in the country's first municipal elections in June.
		Frelimo's sweeping victory in all 33 contests was tainted, however, by a boycott by the main opposition party, the Mozambique National Resistance (Renamo), and the Democratic Union, the only other party represented in the parliament.
		The judiciary is inadequately funded, understaffed, and subject to Frelimo influence.
	www.freedomhouse.org /survey99/country/mozam.html (805 words)

	[No title]
		Guebuza was chosen by Frelimo's central committee in 2002, when Chissano indicated that he did not wish to stand for a further term.
		Guebuza was appointed National Political Commissar of the Frelimo army in 1970, and when the colonial regime collapsed after the 1974 coup d'etat in Lisbon, he was appointed interior minister in the transitional government that paved the way for full independence in 1974.
		From 1994 onwards, Guebuza was head of the Frelimo group in the new multiparty parliament, and in 2002 he was elected the Frelimo General Secretary.
	www.int.iol.co.za /index.php?sf=2813&click_id=68&art_id=vn20041017104001157C681947&set_id= (955 words)

	Chronology of War and Peace in Mozambique
		Frelimo announces the return of all church property nationalised in the 1970s.
		In the face of tensions between Renamo and Frelimo and a slow deployment of ONUMOZ, elections are postponed until October 1994.
		An all-Frelimo cabinet is appointed, still dominated by southerners, but with higher technical qualifications than previous administrations and an improved balance of age, ethnicity and gender.
	www.c-r.org /accord/moz/accord3/chronol.shtml (3349 words)

	REDI News Features (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		According to final results, FRELIMO scored significant victories in Maputo city (the capital), Matola, Manhica, Xai-Xai, Chokwe, Manjacaze, Chibuto, Maxixe, Inhambane and Vilanculos, in the southern provinces of Maputo, Gaza and Inhambane, and in Dondo, Chimoio, Manica, Catandica, Tete, Moatize, Quelimane, Mocuba, Gurue and Milange, in the central provinces of Sofala, Manica, Tete and Zambezia.
		FRELIMO's lead had already been announced after the partial and intermediary results but, according to the electoral law, only the electoral commission has legal powers to announce final results, which still have to be validated by the Constitutional Council.
		FRELIMO, which fought for the independence of Mozambique from the Portuguese has been ruling the country since 1975.
	www.sardc.net /Editorial/Newsfeature/040501.htm (726 words)

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